The Control Handbook: Control System Applications, Second Edition (Electrical Engineering Handbook)

Heat Exchanger Models......Page 7
Simplified System Models......Page 10
A Dynamic Model......Page 12
Variable Input Control: PID......Page 13
Gain Scheduling......Page 14
34.5 Advanced Control Design......Page 15
Time-Domain Wave Excitation......Page 20
32.5 Models for Maneuvering in a Seaway......Page 21
Observers and Wave Filtering......Page 22
References......Page 23
Overview of Vehicle Motion Control Problems......Page 26
32.7 Example Positioning Control of a SurfaceVessel......Page 27
Unconstrained Control Allocation......Page 28
Constrained Control via Input Scaling......Page 29
Simulation Case Study......Page 30
32.8 Example: Course Keeping Autopilot for a Surface Vessel......Page 31
Quantum Measurement Feedback LQG Control......Page 32
Acknowledgment......Page 33
References......Page 35
Fuel-Consumption Optimization......Page 36
Idle Speed Control......Page 46
Closed-Loop Air–Fuel Ratio Control......Page 54
2.4 Transmission Controls......Page 58
Tip-In/Back-Out Drivability......Page 62
Cancellation of VCT-Induced Air/Torque Disturbance......Page 67
2.6 Diagnostics......Page 70
Misfire Detection......Page 71
VCT Monitoring......Page 72
References......Page 78
3.1 Introduction......Page 81
Static Tire Model......Page 82
Dynamic Tire Model......Page 85
3.3 Vehicle Suspensions Control......Page 87
Introduction......Page 90
Driver Intent Recognition......Page 91
Vehicle Lateral State Estimation......Page 92
Roll Angle Estimation with ESC Sensor Set......Page 95
Enhanced Roll Angle Estimation......Page 96
RollStability Control......Page 102
Introduction......Page 107
Active Differentials......Page 108
Control Design......Page 109
On-Vehicle Results......Page 113
Introduction......Page 116
Control-Oriented Vehicle Models......Page 117
Active Steering Controller Design......Page 121
Double-Lane Change with Active Steering......Page 123
Integrated Braking and Active Steering Control......Page 128
Double-Lane Change with Active Steering and Differential Braking......Page 131
Summary......Page 136
References......Page 137
Motivation......Page 141
Modeling Requirements......Page 142
Mechanical Systems......Page 143
Engine Systems......Page 144
Electric Systems......Page 145
Offline Optimization......Page 146
Dynamic Programming......Page 147
Connection to the Minimum Principle......Page 148
Online Optimization......Page 150
Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategies......Page 151
Extensions of the ECMS Approach......Page 152
Modeling Tools......Page 153
System Description and Modeling......Page 154
Optimal Solution......Page 156
References......Page 157
5.1 Introduction......Page 159
5.2 Background: PEMFC Basics......Page 160
5.3 Control of Fuel Cell Subsystems......Page 162
5.4 Anode Water Management......Page 163
5.5 One Dimensional, Channel to Channel, GDL and Membrane Model......Page 166
Overview of Modeling Domains......Page 167
Anode Channel Model......Page 168
Cathode Channel Model......Page 169
Water Transport through the Gas Diffusion Layer......Page 170
Membrane Water Transport......Page 172
5.7 Liquid Water Front Propagation in the GDL......Page 173
Membrane Water Transport......Page 175
5.8 Fitting Water Transport Parameters......Page 177
5.9 Fuel Cell Terminal Voltage......Page 179
Apparent Current Density and Reduced Cell Area......Page 182
5.11 MPC Application......Page 184
Hybrid Model for Control......Page 187
Hybrid Automaton......Page 188
Discrete Time Piecewise Affine System......Page 189
Linearization of Nonlinear Model and Parameter Identification......Page 190
MLD Model Validation......Page 191
Switching MPC Controller......Page 193
Simulation Results......Page 194
Simulation with Switching MPC......Page 195
5.12 Conclusions and Future Work......Page 197
References......Page 198
Section II: Aerospace......Page 202
6. Aerospace Real-Time Control System and Software......Page 203
Advancement of Control Systems That Are Enabled by Computing Systems......Page 204
Increasing Role of Control System Engineers with the Technology Advancement......Page 205
Layered System Architecture......Page 206
System Architecture Development Approach......Page 208
Example: Aircraft Flight Control System Architecture......Page 209
Example: IMA for Boeing 787......Page 210
Overview......Page 211
Layered Architecture......Page 212
Component-Based Architecture......Page 213
Application Layers......Page 214
Example: Aircraft FCS Application Layer Software Architecture......Page 215
Overview......Page 216
DO-178B Standard......Page 217
Mil-STD-2167/Mil-STD-498/IEEE 12207 Standards......Page 219
Capability Maturity Model Integration......Page 220
Waterfall versus Iterative Development Process......Page 221
Simulation for Concept Development and Verification & Validation (V&V)......Page 222
Hardware-in-the-Loop V&V......Page 223
6.6 Integrated System and Software Engineering and Model-Driven andModel-Based Development......Page 224
6.7 Software Reuse and Software Product Lines for Aerospace Systems......Page 225
6.8 Conclusions......Page 226
References......Page 227
7.1 Introduction......Page 228
7.2 Stochastic Decision Making with Uncertainty......Page 230
A Priori Probabilities......Page 231
Reward Multiplier Probabilities......Page 233
Reward Probabilities......Page 234
Reward Functions......Page 235
7.3 Aerial Surveillance......Page 236
Problem Formulation......Page 238
Review of Particle Swarm Optimization......Page 241
Application of PSO to the Surveillance Problem......Page 242
Comparison of Reward Functions for Stochastic Decision Making......Page 243
Defensive Surveillance Examples......Page 244
References......Page 248
8.1 Introduction......Page 250
8.2 Historical Perspective......Page 253
8.3 Linear Control Allocation......Page 254
Unconstrained Linear Control Allocation......Page 255
Constrained Linear Control Allocation......Page 257
Linear and Quadratic Programming Optimization Methods......Page 260
Quadratic Programming......Page 263
8.4 Control Interactions......Page 264
8.5 Effect of Actuator Dynamics on the Performance of Constrained Control Allocation Algorithms......Page 266
8.6 Nonlinear Control Allocation......Page 269
Affine Control Allocation......Page 270
Nonlinear Programming for Separable Nonlinearities......Page 271
References......Page 272
9.1 Agent Model......Page 274
Aggregation Potential......Page 275
Analysis of Swarm Motion......Page 278
Swarm Cohesion Analysis......Page 280
9.3 Formation Control......Page 281
9.4 Social Foraging......Page 283
Plane Resource Profile......Page 285
Quadratic Resource Profile......Page 286
Gaussian Resource Profile......Page 287
Aggregation......Page 289
Formation Control......Page 290
Social Foraging......Page 291
9.6 Further Issues and Related Work......Page 295
References......Page 296
Section III: Industrial......Page 297
10.1 Introduction......Page 298
10.2 Servo Control......Page 300
10.3 Machine Tools and Machining Processes......Page 302
10.4 Monitoring and Diagnostics......Page 305
10.5 Machining Process Control......Page 308
10.6 Supervisory Control and Statistical Quality Control......Page 310
References......Page 312
11.1 Introduction......Page 316
11.2 Control Methods in Semiconductor Manufacturing......Page 317
11.3 Prototypical Example: Lithography Process......Page 320
Surface Preparation and Resist Coating......Page 321
Soft Bake......Page 322
Alignment and Exposure......Page 323
Final Steps......Page 326
11.4 Stepper Matching (Factory Control)......Page 327
11.5 Rapid Thermal Processing......Page 328
11.6 Plasma Etching......Page 329
11.7 Chemical–Mechanical Planarization......Page 331
References......Page 332
12.1 Introduction and Overview......Page 334
Polymerization Reaction Mechanisms......Page 335
Polymerization Processes......Page 337
Process Characteristics and Control Problems......Page 338
Advanced Control Strategies I: Steady-State Operation......Page 339
Advanced Control Strategies II: Grade Transition......Page 343
Characteristics of Discontinuous Processes......Page 344
Control of Batch Polymerization Processes I: Feedback Control......Page 345
Control of Batch Polymerization Processes II: Optimal Control......Page 348
12.5 Summary and Conclusions......Page 354
References......Page 355
34.1 Introduction......Page 1
34.2 AC&R Fundamentals......Page 2
Feedback Mechanism: A Pendulum Analogy......Page 3
Input–Output Pairs......Page 5
Mass Flow Devices......Page 6
32.3 Maneuvering Hydrodynamics and Models......Page 8
Hysteretic On–Off Control......Page 11
Example: Intertemporal Hedging......Page 16
A Dynamic Model of the Combustion......Page 4
Quantum Process Tomography......Page 19
Optical Cavity......Page 9
Nomenclature......Page 17
References......Page 18
30.7 Summary......Page 24
32.9 Conclusion......Page 34
Control Allocation......Page 25
References......Page 39