The continental drift controversy. / 3, Introduction of seafloor spreading

The Continental Drift Controversy......Page 1
Volume III: Introduction of Seafloor Spreading......Page 3
Contents......Page 5
Foreword......Page 10
Acknowledgments......Page 12
Abbreviations......Page 14
Introduction......Page 15
1.2 Dott reexamines the Squantum Tillite......Page 17
1.3 Comparisons of paleomagnetic and paleoclimatic evidence: the 1959 Newcastle symposium and its 1961 publication Descriptive Palaeoclimatology......Page 23
1.4 Reviews of Descriptive Palaeoclimatology......Page 29
1.5 Speculations on mechanism in the early 1960s......Page 34
1.6 The 1962 anthology Continental Drift and MacDonalds review of it......Page 41
1.7 Blackett turns to paleoclimatology......Page 47
1.8 Deutsch proposes continental drift without polar wandering......Page 49
1.9 The 1963 Newcastle NATO conference......Page 52
1.10 Bucher continues to criticize mobilism at the NATO conference......Page 57
1.11 Harland and Rudwick link mobilism, the Great Infra-Cambrian Ice Age and the burgeoning of Cambrian fauna......Page 63
1.12 Responses of some biogeographers to the paleomagnetic case for continental drift......Page 68
1.13 Hamilton welcomes paleomagnetisms support of mobilism......Page 81
1.14 Kay and Colbert reassess mobilism because of its paleomagnetic support......Page 83
1.15 Japanese rock magnetists avoid accepting the paleomagnetic case for mobilism......Page 92
1.16 Further poles from Australia, 1958-1964......Page 97
1.17 Further poles from Africa: the Salisbury (Harare) Group and further work at the Bernard Price Institute, Johannesburg, 1959-1964......Page 101
1.18 Convergence of paleomagnetism and paleoclimatology at Canberra, 1959-1966......Page 108
Notes......Page 125
2.2 Gutenbergs career......Page 131
2.3 Gutenberg supports mobilism during the 1920s and 1930s......Page 133
2.4 In the 1950s Gutenberg reconsiders mobilism and appeals to paleomagnetism......Page 137
2.5 Vening Meinesz reconsiders mobilism......Page 139
2.6 Vening Meinesz becomes favorably inclined toward mobilism because of its paleomagnetic support......Page 142
2.7 MacDonald denies mantle convection and Runcorn responds......Page 145
2.8 MacDonald renews his attack on the paleomagnetic case for mobilism......Page 152
2.9 Harold Jeffreys, his career......Page 153
2.10 Jeffreys renews his attack on mobilism in the first Harold Jeffreys Lecture......Page 156
2.11 Bullards journey to mobilism: his early career......Page 159
2.12 Bullard considers mantle convection and measures ocean floor heat flow......Page 163
2.13 Bullard begins to consider mobilism seriously......Page 168
2.14 Bullard recognizes that all obstacles to the paleomagnetic case had been removed and becomes a mobilist......Page 173
2.15 Bullard squabbles with geologists about the contributions of geology and geophysics to the mobilism debate......Page 181
2.16 Arthur Holmes attitude to the paleomagnetic case for mobilism......Page 189
2.17 Mobilisms solution to divergent APW paths, its difficulty-free status......Page 194
2.18 On the general failure to recognize the difficulty-free status of the paleomagnetic case for mobilism......Page 197
2.19 Unreasonableness of fixist responses......Page 201
2.20 Telling it like it was not, revisionist accounts of the paleomagnetic case for mobilism......Page 202
2.21 Presentation of the mobilist interpretation of the paleomagnetic results, Runcorns tactical error......Page 204
2.22 Waiters and actors: taking the paleomagnetic support for mobilism seriously......Page 210
3.1 Harry Hess, seafloor spreading, and revisionist history......Page 214
3.2 Harry Hess, the man......Page 215
3.3 Hesss early career, 1932-1950: a preview......Page 218
3.4 Hess views island arcs as evolving into mountain belts......Page 219
3.5 Hess discovers guyots and explains their origin......Page 228
3.6 Hess adopts mantle convection and rejects mobilism during his early career......Page 233
3.7 Hesss middle career, 1950-1959: a preamble......Page 236
3.8 Hess on mantle convection, oceanic crust and upper mantle, and mid-ocean ridges, early 1950s......Page 237
3.9 In the early 1950s Hess applies the olivine-serpentine transformation to formation of guyots and mid-ocean ridges......Page 241
3.10 Hess (1955) revises his theory of mountain formation from island arcs......Page 245
3.11 Hess (1955) continues to oppose mobilism......Page 248
3.12 Hess (1959) switches to mobilism because of its paleomagnetic support......Page 249
3.13 Hess (1959, 1960) reevaluates his views about ocean basins......Page 253
3.14 Hess (1960) comes up with seafloor spreading......Page 259
3.15 Hess (1960) explains how seafloor spreading solves many problems......Page 263
3.16 Fishers work on trenches; he teams up with Hess......Page 270
3.17 Lamonts view of trenches, 1954-1959......Page 275
3.18 Fishers Ph.D. dissertation (1952-1956) and his continued work on trenches......Page 277
3.19 C.B. Officer and companys solution to the origin of trenches......Page 279
3.20 Fisher and Hesss joint paper......Page 281
3.21 Hess, the scientist......Page 287
4.2 Robert Dietz, the man......Page 296
4.3 Dietz argues for meteorite and asteroid impacts, 1946-1964......Page 300
4.4 Dietz recalls his pre-1954 attitude toward mobilism: a 1987 interview......Page 305
4.5 Dietzs marine geological work before going to London in 1954 and his later recollections compared......Page 306
4.6 In London, Dietz (1956) learns about mobilisms paleomagnetic support......Page 312
4.7 Dietz proposes ocean basin formation by asteroid impact......Page 314
4.8 Dietz (1959) invokes continental drift and motions of seafloor to explain absence of pre-Cretaceous seamounts......Page 316
4.9 Presentation and defense of seafloor spreading by Dietz, 1961-1962......Page 318
4.10 The priority muddle over seafloor spreading......Page 326
4.11 Dietz, the scientist......Page 332
5.1 Introduction......Page 336
5.2 H.W. Menard, the man......Page 337
5.3 Menards pre-1950 views about mobilism before arriving at NEL......Page 338
5.4 Menard and Dietzs collaborative work, 1949-1954......Page 339
5.5 From the Mendocino Escarpment to fracture zones: Menards 1953 solution......Page 342
5.6 Menards 1955 theory of fracture zones......Page 345
5.7 Menards 1958 solution to the origin of mid-oceanic elevations......Page 349
5.8 Menard provides fixists with isthmian connections and rejects mobilism, 1958......Page 353
5.9 The discovery of magnetic lineations in the northeastern Pacific, 1952-1961......Page 354
5.10 Menards views in flux, 1959......Page 359
5.11 Key factors behind Menards shift in attitude about ridges and fracture zones......Page 362
5.12 Menards seafloor stretching hypothesis, 1960......Page 364
5.13 Menard, the scientist......Page 368
6.1 Introduction......Page 374
6.2 William Maurice Ewing, the man......Page 375
6.3 Ewings anti-mobilist attitude at the beginning of the 1950s......Page 380
6.4 Ewing and Tolstoys views about the origin of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge......Page 382
6.5 Bruce Heezen, the making of a marine geologist8......Page 390
6.6 Marie Tharp, the making of an oceanographic cartographer......Page 394
6.7 The discovery of the median rift valley......Page 396
6.8 Lamonts ``4500 mile undersea crack,´´ is it continuous?......Page 406
6.9 Heezens Earth expansion, 1957-1959......Page 409
6.10 Holmes and Heezen correspond about Earth expansion......Page 413
6.11 Heezen comes to rely on paleomagnetism as support for Earth expansion, 1959-1960......Page 416
6.12 Maurice and John Ewings 1959 explanation of ocean ridges......Page 424
6.13 Maurice Ewings 1960 Vetlesen Prize talk: his fixist explanation of the Atlantic Basin......Page 426
6.14 Responses to Ewings Vetlesen Prize talk......Page 429
6.15 Heezens continued defense and later abandonment of Earth expansion, 1960-1966......Page 434
6.16 The Ewing-Heezen rift......Page 436
6.17 Heezens stress on collecting ones own data and resentment of Hess......Page 437
6.18 The effect of the Ewing-Heezen split on Heezen......Page 439
6.19 Ewing (1962) assesses the relative merits of mobilism and fixism in explaining sediments of ocean basins......Page 445
References......Page 451
Index......Page 477