The Color of justice : race, ethnicity, and crime in America

Content: 1. Race, ethnicity, and crime: American's continuing crisis --
Race, ethnicity, and justice in America --
Is discrimination just a myth? --
The colors of America: racial and ethnic categories --
Politics of racial and ethnic labels --
The quality of criminal justice data on race and ethnicity --
The crime and immigration controversy --
Sorting out the issues on immigration, unauthorized immigration, and crime --
The geography of racial and ethnic justice --
Disparity versus discrimination --
A theoretical perspective on race, ethnicity, and crime --
Alternative theories. 2. Victims and offenders: myths and realities about crime --
Popular images of victims and offenders: a racial hoax --
Media and crime --
Racial hoaxes --
Race and gender of crime victims --
Broader picture of the crime victim --
The National Crime Victimization Survey --
Household victimization --
The effect of urbanization --
Personal victimization --
Lifetime likelihood of victimization --
Homicide victimization --
A more comprehensive picture of the crime victim --
Picture of the typical offender --
Official arrest statistics --
Problems with UCR data --
Arrest data --
Perceptions of offenders by victims --
Problems with NCVS Offender data --
Perceptions of offenders --
Self-report surveys --
Characteristics of offenders --
Theoretical explanations for the racial gap in offending --
Community influence on the racial gap in offending rates --
Drug offenders --
Picture of the typical criminal offender --
Crime as an intraracial event --
National Crime Victimization Survey --
Uniform Crime Report Homicide Reports --
Crime as an interracial (hate) event --
Ethnic youth gangs --
Gang myths and realities --
Varieties of ethnic gangs --
African American --
Native American --
Asian American --
Hispanic --
White. 3. Race ethnicity, social structure, and crime --
Snapshot of social inequality and criminal justice --
Inequality and crime --
Long-term trends and the recession --
Two societies? --
Economic inequality --
Income --
Wealth --
The "family thing": inheritance --
The growing gap between the very rich and most Americans --
Unemployment --
Poverty status --
Insurance coverage --
Social capital and cultural capital --
The debate over the Underclass --
Community social structure --
Residential segregation --
Residential segregation and crime --
The impact of crime and drugs --
Well-being --
Theoretical perspectives on inequality and crime --
Social Strain Theory --
Differential Association Theory --
Social Disorganization Theory --
Culture Conflict Theory --
Conflict Theory --
Routing Activity Theory --
Limits of current theories --
Inequality and social reform --
The impact of the Civil Rights Movement. 4. Justice on the street? The police and racial and ethnic minorities --
Unequal justice? --
Contextual approach --
Long history of conflict --
The police and a changing America --
Public attitudes about the police --
Perceptions of police officer conduct --
Policing racial and ethnic minority communities --
The African American Community --
The Hispanic Community --
The Native American Community --
Asian, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islanders --
The Middle Eastern Community --
Police use of deadly force --
Disparity versus discrimination in police shootings --
Long-term changes in police use of deadly force --
Controlling police shootings --
"Police brutality" : police use of physical force --
Discrimination in arrests? --
Impact of the War on Drugs --
Impact of an arrest record --
Reducing disparities in police use of force and arrests: recent research --
Traffic stops: racial profiling --
The use of race in law enforcement --
Profiling contexts --
The data on traffic stops --
Interpreting traffic stop data --
The PERF Policy on traffic enforcement --
Eliminating bias in traffic enforcement --
The impact of formal policies: the case of the customs Bureau --
The impact of the Media on police conduct --
National-level progress on racial disparities? --
Continued progress? The impact of the recession --
Street stops and frisks --
Special issue: stereotyping and routine police work --
Verbal abuse --
Police officer attitudes and behavior --
Police corruption and people of color --
Police-community relations programs --
Special PCR units --
Community policing and problem-oriented policing --
Responding to community concerns --
Reducing office misconduct --
Citizen complaints against the police --
Citizen oversight of the police --
Police employment practices --
"Not your father's police department" --
Trends in African American and Hispanic employment --
The Law of Employment Discrimination --
The Affirmative Action controversy --
Discrimination in assignment --
The impact of diversity --
Officers of color as supervisors and chief executives. 5. The Courts: a quest for justice during the pretrial process --
African Americans in court: The Case of the Scottsboro Boys --
The situation today --
Decision regarding counsel and bail --
Racial minorities and the Right to Counsel --
Racial minorities and bail decision making --
Charging and plea bargaining decisions --
Prosecutors' charging decisions --
Prosecutional discretion in the context of mandatory minimum sentences and habitual offender laws --
The effect of offender race and victim race on charging decisions --
Prosecution of pregnant women who abuse drugs: racial discrimination? --
Race and plea bargaining decisions. 6. Justice on the Bench? --
Trial and adjudication in Criminal Court --
Race / ethnicity and the criminal trial --
Trial and adjudication in the Twenty-First Century --
Selection of the jury pool --
Racial discrimination in selection of the jury pool --
The exclusion of Mexican-Americans from jury service --
Techniques for increasing racial diversity --
The peremptory challenge: racial profiling in the courtroom? --
The Supreme Court and the peremptory challenge: from Swain to Batson --
Race and jury selection in the Twenty-First Century --
Exonerating the innocent: rape, race, and mistaken eyewitness identification --
Rape, race and misidentification --
Playing the "race card" in a criminal trial --
Race-conscious jury nullification: Black Power in the courtroom? --
Randall Kennedy's critique. 7. Race and sentencing: in search of fairness and justice --
Race and sentencing: is the United States moving forward or backward? --
Racial disparity in sentencing --
Five explanations for racial disparities in sentencing --
Empirical research on race and sentencing --
When does race / ethnicity matter? --
Race / ethnicity and sentencing: direct and indirect effects --
Are Hispanics sentenced more harshly than all other offenders? --
Are illegal immigrants sentenced differently than U.S. citizens? --
Are Asian Americans sentenced more leniently than all other offenders? --
Native Americans and sentencing disparity: disparity in State and Federal Courts --
Race / ethnicity, gender, age, and employment: a volatile combination? --
Differential treatment of interracial and intraracial sexual assault --
Offender-victim race and sentences for sexual assault --
The effect of race on sentencing for various types of crimes --
The liberation hypothesis and offenders convicted of violent felonies --
Racial discrimination in the sentencing of misdemeanor offenders? --
Sentencing and the War on Drugs --
Racial disparities in sentences imposed for drug offenses --
Sentencing of drug offenders in State Courts --
Sentencing of drug offenders in Federal Courts --
Does it make a difference? Comparison of the sentencing decisions of African American, Hispanic, and White judges --
Decision making by African American and White Federal judges --
Decision making by African American and White State Court judges --
Reasons for similarities in decision making. 8. The color of death: race and the death penalty --
The constitutionality of the death penalty --
Furman v. Georgia --
Post-Furman decisions --
Attitudes toward capital punishment --
Race and the death penalty: the empirical evidence --
Statistical evidence of racial disparity --
Pre-Furman studies --
Post-Gregg studies --
Race and the Federal capital sentencing process --
Explanations for disparate treatment --
McClesky v. Kemp: the Supreme Court and racial discrimination in the application of the death penalty --
The aftermath of McCleskey: calls for reform or abolition of the death penalty --
The Racial Justice Act --
The death penalty in the Twenty-First Century --
The Movement to Reform the Death Penalty --
The Movement to Abolish the Death Penalty. 9. Corrections in America: a portrait in color --
The incarcerated: prison and jail populations --
Minority overrepresentation --
Racial and ethnic female prisoners --
Federal racial and ethnic prisoners --
Security levels of facilities --
Race, ethnicity, and recidivism --
Historic trends --
Impact of the War on Drugs --
Incarceration rates --
Jails and minorities --
The role of jail --
Minority overrepresentation --
Community corrections --
Parole: early release from prison --
Success and failure of parole --
Probation: a case of sentencing discrimination? --
Community corrections: a Native American example --
Theoretical perspectives on the racial distribution of correctional populations --
Adjustment to prison --
Hostility among released inmates --
Race and religion --
Prison gangs --
Aryan Brotherhood --
Black Guerilla Family --
Mandingo Warriors --
Mexican Mafia --
Neta --
Texas Syndicate --
Women in prison. 10. Minority youth and crime: minority youth in court --
Young racial minorities as victims and offenders --
Juveniles as victims of crime --
Juveniles as offenders --
Juveniles of color and the police --
Race / ethnicity and the Juvenile Justice System --
Race / ethnicity and Juvenile Court outcomes in five jurisdictions --
Race / ethnicity, gender, and age: Juvenile justice in Nebraska --
Transfer of juveniles to Criminal Court --
Explaining disparate treatment of juvenile offenders --
Juveniles under correctional supervision. 11. The color of justice --
Explaining persistent racial and ethnic disparities --
Explaining the disparities: systematic discrimination? --
Past and present --
The stubborn persistence of racial and ethnic disparities.