The coliform index and waterborne disease : problems of microbial drinking water assessment

The Coliform Index And Waterborne Disease: Problems Of Microbial Drinking Water Assessment......Page 1
Preface......Page 5
Acknowledgements......Page 7
List Of Abbreviations......Page 9
Contents......Page 3
1.1 Introduction......Page 11
1.2 The Evolution Of Sanitary Science......Page 14
1.3 Waterborne Outbreaks......Page 16
1.4 Public Health Significance......Page 20
Introduction......Page 24
Animals And Birds......Page 26
Water Distribution......Page 27
Household Plumbing Systems......Page 29
1.6 Risk Assessment......Page 31
Eu Legislation......Page 35
Us Legislation......Page 40
Monitoring Requirements......Page 42
1.8 Conclusions......Page 46
2.1 The Origins Of Indicator Organisms......Page 48
Criteria For Indicator Organisms......Page 49
2.2 The Development Of Coliforms As Indicator Organisms......Page 50
Definition Of The Coliform Group......Page 51
There Is No Relationship Between Parasitic Protozoans And Viruses......Page 62
False Positive Results......Page 63
2.3 Coliforms As Indicators Of Water Quality......Page 53
Coliform Regrowth In The Aquatic Environment......Page 54
Coliform Regrowth In Distribution Systems......Page 55
Suppression Of Coliform Growth By High Background Bacterial Growth......Page 58
Coliforms Are Not Indicative Of A Health Threat......Page 59
2.4 The Relevance Of Coliforms And Faecal Coliforms As Faecal Indicators In Tropical Conditions......Page 65
2.5 The Use Of Faecal Coliforms As Opposed To Total Coliforms......Page 67
2.6 Conclusions......Page 69
3.1 The Multiple Tube Method  Most Probable Number Method......Page 70
Enumeration Of Coliforms......Page 71
The Confirmatory Stage......Page 73
Completed Tests......Page 75
Enumeration Of Faecal Coliforms And E. Coli By The Mpn Method......Page 76
Statistical Considerations Of The Mpn Method......Page 77
Shortcomings Of The Mpn Method......Page 78
Glassware......Page 80
Choice Of Volumes......Page 81
? Total Coliforms:......Page 83
? Thermotolerant Coliforms And......Page 84
Factors Which Influence Membrane Filtration Sensitivity......Page 87
Physiological Injury......Page 88
The Type Of Diluent Used......Page 89
Media Composition......Page 90
3.3 Conclusions......Page 92
4.1 The Presence- Absence Technique......Page 94
4.2 Defined Substrate Technology  Enzyme Detection Methods......Page 95
4.3 Rapid Methods......Page 99
4.4 Immunodiagnostic Techniques......Page 103
Gene Probes......Page 104
General Concepts......Page 105
Multiplex Pcr......Page 107
Sensitivity And Selectivity......Page 108
Quantification Of Pcr Target Sequence......Page 109
The Future Of Molecular Methods In Water Analysis......Page 110
4.6 Conclusions......Page 111
5.1 Faecal Streptococci......Page 112
Enumeration Techniques......Page 116
5.2 The Faecal Coliform/ Faecal Streptococci  Fc/ Fs Ratio......Page 117
5.3 Clostridium Perfringens......Page 118
5.4 Bacteriophage......Page 120
5.5 Bifidobacteria......Page 123
5.6 Rhodococcus Spp......Page 124
5.7 Heterotrophic Plate Count Bacteria......Page 125
5.8 Other Indicator Organisms......Page 127
5.9 Alternative Indicators For Tropical Environments......Page 129
Faecal Sterols......Page 130
Urobilins......Page 131
5.11 Conclusions......Page 132
6.1 Giardia Lamblia......Page 133
6.2 Cryptosporidium Spp.......Page 138
6.3 Viruses......Page 146
Opportunistic Bacterial Pathogens......Page 153
Campylobacter Spp.......Page 155
Enterohaemorrhagic E. Coli e. Coli 0157:h7......Page 157
Mycobacteria......Page 158
Aeromonads......Page 159
Primary Bacterial Pathogens......Page 160
6.5 Conclusions......Page 163
7.1 Introduction......Page 165
Lack Of Understanding......Page 169
Definition Of What Information Is Required......Page 170
Is The Coliform Index A Good Enough Safeguard?......Page 171
7.3 Future Action......Page 172
7.4 The Final Analysis......Page 173
References......Page 176