The Codex of Justinian: A New Annotated Translation with Parallel Latin and Greek Text

VOLUME 1: Introductory matter and books I-III
Contents
Introductory matter
	Illustrations
	Notes on contributors
	List of Titles in the Codex of Justinian
	Justice Fred H. Blume and the Translation of Justinian's Codex (Timothy Kearley)
	Revising Justice Blume's Translation of Justinian's Codex (Bruce W. Frier)
	The Codex of Justinian: The Life of a Text through 1,500 Years (Simon Corcoran)
	Bibliography
	Abbreviations
The Codex of Justinian: Text and Translation
The Introductory Constitutions
(ed. John Noel Dillon, Bruce W. Frier)
	Confirmation of the Codex of Justinian
	Correction of the Codex of Justinian and its second edition
First Book (ed. John Noel Dillon)
	1. The High Trinity and the Catholic Faith, and That No One Shall Dare to Discuss It Publicly
	2. Holy Churches, Their Property and Privileges
	3. Bishops, Clerics, and the Superintendents of Orphanages, Foundling-Hospitals, Hospices, Hermitages, and Monasteries; Their Privileges; Military Peculium; the Ransoming of Captives; Marriages Forbidden and Permitted to Clergymen
	4. Episcopal Adjudication and Various Chapters Relating to the Rights, Responsibilities, and Reverence of Bishops
	5. Heretics, Manichaeans, and Samaritans
	6. Holy Baptism Shall Not Be Repeated
	7. Apostates
	8. No One May Carve or Paint a Statue of the Savior Christ in Stone or Marble
	9. Jews and Worshippers of the Heavens (Caelicolae)
	10. No Heretic or Pagan or Jew May Have, Possess, or Circumcise a Christian Slave
	11. Pagan Sacrifices and Temples
	12. Those Who Flee to Churches and There Raise an Outcry
	13. Those Who Are Manumitted in Churches
	14. Laws, Constitutions of the Emperors, and Edicts
	15. Mandates of the Emperors
	16. Decrees of the Senate
	17. The Clarification of Ancient Law and the Authority of the Jurists Who Are Cited in the Digest
	18. Ignorance of Law and of Fact
	19. Petitions Submitted to the Emperor, and Concerning Which Things It Is or Is Not Permitted to Supplicate
	20. When a Petition Given to the Emperor Constitutes Joinder of Issue (Litis Contestatio)
	21. While a Case Is Pending or after Appeal or a Final Ruling, No One Is Permitted to Supplicate the Emperor
	22. If Anything Has Been Requested or Obtained Through Deception Contrary to the Law or Public Good
	23. Various Rescripts and Pragmatic Sanctions
	24. Statues and Likenesses
	25. Those Who Take Refuge at Statues
	26. The Office of the Praetorian Prefects of the East and of Illyricum
	27. The Office of the Praetorian Prefect of Africa and the Organization of the Same Diocese
	28. The Office of the Urban Prefect
	29. The Office of the Master of Soldiers
	30. The Office of the Quaestor
	31. The Office of the Master of Offices
	32. The Office of the Count of the Imperial Finances
	33. The Office of the Count of the Privy Purse
	34. The Office of the Count of the Imperial Patrimony
	35. The Office of Proconsul and Legate
	36. The Office of the Count of the East
	37. The Office of the Augustal Prefect
	38. The Office of Vicar (Vicarius)
	39. The Office of the Praetors
	40. The Office of Provincial Governor
	41. No One Is Permitted to Govern His Homeland Without Special Permission from the Emperor
	42. Quarterly Reports Both Civil and Military
	43. The Office of Prefect of the Watch
	44. The Office of Prefect of the Food Supply
	45. The Office of Civil Judges
	46. The Office of Military Judges
	47. No Baths Shall Be Provided for the Military Counts or Tribunes
	48. The Office of Various Judges
	49. All Civil and Military Judges Shall Remain for Fifty Days in Cities or Certain Places after Laying Down Their Office
	50. The Office of One Officiating in Place of a Judge
	51. Judicial Advisors (Adsessores), Private Secretaries (Domestici), and Public Secretaries (Cancellarii) of Judges
	52. The Rations and Fodder (Annonae et Capitus) of Governors, Judicial Advisors, and Others Who Hold Public Office, and of Those Who Have Obtained Other Ranks
	53. Contracts of Judges or Those Who Serve Them; Prohibited Gifts to Them; and That They May Not Build Houses for Themselves During Their Time in Office Without a Pragmatic Sanction
	54. The Amount of Fines That Are Imposed by Judges
	55. Defenders of the Cities
Second Book (ed. Bruce W. Frier)
	1. Notice (of an Impending Action)
	2. Summoning to Court
	3. Informal Pacts
	4. Settlements
	5. Mistake in Computation
	6. Pleading in Court
	7. The Advocates of the Various Courts
	8. The Treasury Advocates
	9. A Mistake by Advocates or by Those Drawing Up Complaints and Supplications
	10. A Judge Shall Supply What the Advocates for Parties Omit
	11. For What Reason Infamy Will Be Visited on a Person
	12. Procurators
	13. Powerful Persons Shall Not Lend Legal Aid to Litigants or Transfer Actions to Themselves
	14. Those Who Affix Real Estate Placards with the Names of the Powerful or Who Fraudulently Use Their Names in a Lawsuit
	15. No Private Person Shall Fasten Placards to His or Another’s Property nor Hang Up Royal Curtains
	16. No One Is Allowed, Without a Judge’s Authority, to Place Seals on Property Held by Another
	17. Neither the Treasury nor a Municipality Shall Provide Legal Representation by Acting as a Procurator in a Lawsuit
	18. Management of Affairs
	19. Acts Done Through Force or Fear
	20. Deceit
	21. Restoration of Rights to Those Less Than 25 Years Old
	22. A Son under 25 Who Is in His Father’s Power
	23. The Sureties of Those Under 25
	24. If a Tutor or Curator Participates
	25. If Restoration of Rights Is Sought in the Same Shared Case
	26. If (Restoration of Rights Is Sought) Against an Adjudged Matter
	27. If Against a Sale
	28. If Against the Sale of a Pledge
	29. If Against a Gift
	30. If Against a Manumission
	31. If Someone Under 25 Wants Restoration Against a Settlement or Partition
	32. If Against a Payment Made by a Debtor Or by Himself
	33. If Against a Dowry
	34. If Against His Own Delict
	35. If Against Usucapion
	36. If Against the Treasury
	37. If Against a Creditor
	38. If That He Abstain From an Inheritance
	39. If That He Acquire an Inheritance or Possession of an Estate or Anything Else That He Has Failed to Accept
	40. Cases in Which Restoration of Rights Is Unnecessary
	41. To Whom and Against Whom There Can Be No Restoration of Rights
	42. If a Person Under 25 Says He Is, or Is Shown to Be, of Age
	43. If Restoration of Rights Is Requested Repeatedly
	44. Those Who Have Received the Privilege of Full Majority
	45. If He Ratifies After Reaching Full Majority
	46. Where and Before Whom a Review of Restoration Should Be Conducted
	47. Counterclaims Made in a Trial for Restoration of Rights
	48. Case for Restoration of Rights Can Also Be Brought Through a Procurator
	49. After Restoration of Rights Is Requested, Nothing New Shall Be Done
	50. Restoration (of Rights) of Soldiers and of Those Absent on Public Business
	51. The Wives of Soldiers or of Those Absent on Public Business
	52. The Time Within Which Those under 25, Other Persons Who Can Be Restored, and Their Heirs May Receive Restoration of Rights
	53. For What Reasons Rights Are Restored to Those Who Are of Age
	54. Alienation for the Purpose of Changing a Lawsuit
	55. Private Arbitration
	56. Giving a Surety
	57. The Abolition of Formulas and of the Obtaining of Actions
	58. The Oath to Be Taken over Vexatious Litigation
Third Book (ed. Serena Connolly)
	1. Trials
	2. The Fees and Expenses Incurred in Various Courts, and the Clerks of the Court
	3. Delegated Judges
	4. Those Who Have Jurisdiction to Appoint Judges, and Those Who May Be Appointed as Such
	5. No One Shall Be Judge in His Own Case or Pass Judgment on Himself
	6. Those Who Do and Do Not Have Legal Capacity in Court
	7. No One Shall Be Compelled to Bring a Civil or Criminal Action Against his Will
	8. The Order of Trials
	9. Joinder of Issue
	10. Excessive (or Premature) Claims
	11. Continuances
	12. Holidays
	13. The Jurisdiction of All Judges, and the Appropriate Court
	14. When the Emperor Judges Between Minors, Widows, and Sick People, and That They Shall Not Be Compelled to Appear
	15. Where Crimes Should Be Tried
	16. Where Trials over Possession Should Be Conducted
	17. Where a Testamentary Trust Should Be Demanded
	18. Where a Person Should Be Summoned Who Has Promised to Pay at a Specified Place
	19. Where an Action in Rem Must Be Tried
	20. Where an Action Concerning an Inheritance is to Be Tried and Where the Appointed Heirs Should Demand to Be Put into Possession
	21. Where an Action Concerning Public or Private Accounts Should Be Brought
	22. Where an Action Concerning Personal Status Should Be Brought
	23. Where One May Be Sued Concerning His Status as a Decurion or Junior Official or Any Other Status
	24. Where Senators or Those Holding the Title of Clarissimus May Be Sued Civilly or Criminally
	25. Situations in Which Persons in the Imperial Service May Not Raise Objection to the Venue
	26. Where Fiscal Cases or Those Pertaining to Imperial Property or to Men Belonging Thereto May Be Conducted
	27. When One is Permitted, Without a Judge, to Avenge Oneself or (a Breach of) Public Fidelity
	28. An Undutiful Will
	29. Undutiful Gifts
	30. Undutiful Dowries
	31. The Action for an Inheritance
	32. The Action for Recovery of Owned Property
	33. Usufruct, Habitation, and the Services of Slaves
	34. Servitudes and Water
	35. The Lex Aquilia
	36. Dividing an Inheritance
	37. Division of Common Property
	38. Matters Common to an Action to Divide an Inheritance and One to Divide Common Property
	39. The Action to Settle Boundaries
	40. Co-Parties in the Same Litigation
	41. Noxal Actions
	42. The Action to Produce
	43. The Game of Dice and Dice Players
	44. Concerning Sacred Places and Expenses on Funerals

VOLUME 2: Books IV-VII
Fourth Book (ed. Denis P. Kehoe)
	1. Credit and Oaths
	2. Claims for Fixed Sums
	3. Recommendations
	4. The Prohibited Sequestration of Money
	5. Claim for Restitution
	6. Claim for Restitution over the Reason Things Were Given
	7. Claim for Restitution on Account of an Immoral Purpose
	8. Claim for Restitution of Stolen Property
	9. Claim for Restitution by Statute, and When There is No Purpose or an Unlawful Purpose
	10. Obligations and Actions
	11. How Actions Arise from the Heir and Against the Heir
	12. A Wife Is Not to Be Sued for Her Husband, or a Husband for His Wife, or a Mother for Her Child
	13. A Son Is Not to Be Sued for His Father, or a Father for His Emancipated Son, or a Freedman for His Patron
	14. Whether a Slave, after Manumission, Is Held Liable for His Own Act
	15. When the Treasury or a Private Person Can Exact Payment from the Debtors of their Debtor
	16. Actions Concerning Heirs
	17. To What Extent Heirs Should Be Sued for the Delicts of the Deceased
	18. A Promise to Pay an Existing Debt
	19. Proofs
	20. Witnesses
	21. The Reliability of Documents, Their Loss, Making Counter-Receipts, and Matters That Can Be Transacted Without Written Documentation
	22. What Is Done Has Greater Value Than What Is Contrived in Pretence
	23. Gratuitous Loan for Use
	24. The Action on Pledge
	25. The Action on Shippers and Managers
	26. Business That is Said to Have Been Transacted with a Person Who Is in Another’s Power, or Regarding the Peculium, or on an Order, or Regarding What Has Been Turned to One’s Profit
	27. Through Which Persons Acquisition Is Made for Us
	28. The Senatus Consultum Macedonianum
	29. The Senatus Consultum Velleianum
	30. Money Not Paid
	31. Offsets
	32. Interest on Debts
	33. Maritime Loans
	34. Deposit
	35. Mandate
	36. If a Slave Has Mandated That He Be Purchased
	37. (Action on) Partnership
	38. Contracting a Purchase
	39. The Sale of an Inheritance or a Right of Action
	40. Property That Cannot Be Sold and Those Who Are Forbidden to Purchase
	41. Items That Should Not Be Exported
	42. Eunuchs
	43. Fathers Who Have Sold Children
	44. Rescinding a Sale
	45. When It Is Permitted to Withdraw from a Purchase
	46. If a Sale Has Been Made because of Public Payments
	47. A Farm Cannot Be Purchased Without Its Tax Assessment or Arrears
	48. The Risk and Advantage of Property Sold
	49. Actions on Purchase and Sale
	50. If Someone Buys for Another Person or for Himself Under Another Person’s Name or with Another Person’s Money
	51. Property Belonging to Others That Is Not to Be Alienated, and the Prohibited Alienation or Hypothecation of Property
	52. Alienation of Property held in Common
	53. Persons Managing Another Business Are Not Forbidden the Alienation of Their Own Property
	54. Pacts Made Between the Buyer and Seller
	55. If a Slave Should Be Sold to Be Exported
	56. If a Slave Is Sold upon Condition Not to Be Prostituted
	57. If a Slave Has Been Alienated under the Condition That He Be Manumitted, or the Contrary
	58. Aedilician Actions
	59. Monopolies and Illicit Gatherings of Merchants, Artisans, or Contractors, As Well As Prohibited and Illicit Pacts of Bath-keepers
	60. Periodic Markets
	61. Imposts and Confiscations
	62. New Imposts Cannot Be Established
	63. Commerce and Merchants
	64. Exchange of Property and the Action with Special Terms
	65. Lease and Hire
	66. Emphyteutic Right
Fifth Book (ed. Thomas A.J. McGinn)
	1. Engagement (Sponsalia), Payments of Earnest Money for Engagement, and Payments for Engagement Negotiations
	2. If the Governor of a Province or Persons Connected to Him Give Engagement Gifts
	3. Prenuptial Gifts, Gifts on Account of Marriage, and Engagement Gifts
	4. Marriage
	5. Incestuous and Void Marriages
	6. Forbidden Marriage between a Female Minor Ward and a Tutor, Curator, or Their Children
	7. If Persons of Any Degree of Authority or Their Subordinates Attempt Marriage with Women Subject to Their Jurisdiction
	8. Marriages Requested by Rescript
	9. Remarriage
	10. If a Woman, Whose Husband Has Left Her a Usufruct, Remarries
	11. Constitution of a Dowry through Formal and Informal Promise
	12. Dowry Law
	13. The Action on the Dowry Merged with That on Stipulation, and the Nature Ascribed to Dowries
	14. Agreements about Dowries, Prenuptial Gifts, and Non-Dowry Property of the Wife
	15. Dowry Promised But Not Paid
	16. Gifts Between Husband and Wife, by Parents to Children, and Ratification of Them
	17. Divorce and the Abolition of the Action on Misconduct
	18. How to Sue for the Dowry When a Marriage Ends
	19. Return of the Dowry during Marriage
	20. No Sureties or Mandators Shall Be Given for Dowry
	21. Property Removed
	22. A Husband’s Property Shall Not Be Adjudged to a Wife in Place of the Dowry
	23. Dowry Land
	24. Persons with Whom Children Ought to Reside or by Whom They Ought to Be Raised Following a Divorce
	25. Providing Support for Children and Parents
	26. Concubines
	27. Illegitimate Children, Their Mothers, and in What Situations They Are Rendered Legitimate
	28. Tutelage Granted under a Will
	29. Confirming a Tutor
	30. Statutory Tutelage
	31. Those Seeking to Have Tutores or Curatores
	32. Where Application Is Made for Tutores and Curatores
	33. Tutores and Curatores of Persons with the Rank of Illustris or Clarissimus
	34. Those Who Can Appoint, and Those Who Can Be Appointed As, Tutores and Curatores
	35. When a Woman Can Discharge the Responsibility of Tutelage
	36. In What Situations a Tutor or a Curator Can Be Appointed for Someone Who Has a Tutor
	37. Management by Tutores and Curatores, and Money Belonging to Wards That Should Be Lent out at Interest or Placed in Deposit
	38. Liability of Tutores and Curatores
	39. When Wards May Sue or Be Sued Because of the Act of a Tutor or Curator
	40. If, Out of Several Tutores or Curatores, All or One Can Sue or Be Sued on Behalf of the Ward
	41. A Tutor or Curator Shall Not Farm Taxes
	42. A Tutor or Curator Who Has Not Given Security
	43. Suspect Tutores and Curatores
	44. Appointing a Tutor or Curator for a Lawsuit
	45. Persons Who Act in Place of a Tutor
	46. A Mother Promises Security Against Loss
	47. A Tutor Has Been Appointed Against the Wishes of the Mother
	48. A Tutor Shall Assist with a Lawsuit after the Ward Reaches Adulthood
	49. Where Wards Shall Be Raised
	50. Providing Support to a Minor Ward
	51. The Action on Tutelage
	52. Dividing a Tutelage and Deciding Which Part Is Appropriate for each Tutor
	53. A Plaintiff's Oath
	54. The Heirs of Tutores
	55. If a Tutor Fails to Manage
	56. Interest Due to Wards
	57. Sureties of Tutores and Curatores
	58. Countersuit
	59. Giving Authorisation
	60. Conclusion of Tutelage or Curatorship
	61. A Manager Appointed by a Tutor or Curator
	62. Excuses and Their Time-Limits
	63. Excuses Granted under False Pretenses
	64. A Tutor Is Absent on Public Business
	65. Veteran Status as an Excuse
	66. Number of Children as an Excuse
	67. Age as an Excuse
	68. Disability as an Excuse
	69. Number of Tutelages as an Excuse
	70. Curatores of Lunatics and Prodigals
	71. Real Properties and Other Property of Wards Are Not to Be Alienated or Placed Under Lien without a Judicial Decree
	72. When a Judicial Decree Is Not Needed
	73. If Someone, While Unaware, Has Bought a Ward’s Property Without a Judicial Decree
	74. Confirmation by an Adult Ward Who Has Reached the Age of Full Legal Majority of an Alienation Made without Issuance of a Judicial Decree
	75. Suing Public Officials
Sixth Book (ed. Simon Corcoran et al.)
	1. Runaway Slaves and Runaway Freedmen and Slave Craftsmen of Cities, Both Those Assigned to Various Jobs and Those Belonging to the Privy Purse or the Imperial Domain
	2. Thefts and the Corruption of a Slave
	3. The Services (Operae) of Freedmen
	4. The Property of Freedmen and the Right of Patronage
	5. If an Alienation (of Property) Has Been Made in Fraud of a Patron
	6. Respectful Conduct (Obsequium) to be Shown to Patrons
	7. Freedmen and Their Children
	8. The Right of Gold Rings and the Restoration of Free Birth
	9. Who Can Be Admitted to the Possession of an Estate and Within What Time
	10. When the Shares of Non-Claimants Accrue to the Benefit of Claimants
	11. Possession of an Estate According to a Will
	12. Possession of an Estate Contrary to a Will, Which the Praetor Promises to Children
	13. Possession of an Estate Contrary to the Will of a Freedman, Which Is Given to Patrons or Their Children
	14. "Whereby Children” (Unde Liberi)
	15. "Whereby Statutory Heirs and Whereby Cognates" (Unde Legitimi et Unde Cognati)
	16. The Edict Relating to the Order of Succession
	17. The Carbonian Edict
	18. "Whereby Husband and Wife" (Unde Vir et Uxor)
	19. The Repudiation of Possession of the Estate
	20. Hotchpot (Collatio)
	21. A Soldier's Will
	22. Who Can Make a Will, and Who Cannot
	23. Wills: How Wills Are Drawn Up
	24. Designating Heirs, and What Persons Cannot Be Designated as Heirs
	25. Designations or Substitutions (of Heirs), or Restitutions Made under a Condition (in a Trust)
	26. Substitutions for Minors and Other Substitutions
	27. Designating or Substituting Compulsory Heirs or Slaves
	28. Offspring Who Are Passed Over or Disinherited
	29. Designating Posthumous Children as Heirs, or Disinheriting or Passing Over Them
	30. The Right to Consider (Whether to Enter into an Inheritance), and Accepting or Acquiring an Inheritance
	31. Rejecting or Refusing an Inheritance
	32. How Wills Are Opened, Inspected and Copied
	33. Repealing the Edict of the Deified Hadrian, and How a Named Heir is Placed in Possession
	34. If Someone Prevents or Compels Another's Writing a Will
	35. Those Ineligible to Succeed on the Ground of Unworthiness, and the Senatus Consultum Silanianum
	36. Codicils
	37. Legacies
	38. The Meaning of Words and Things
	39. If a Will's Purpose Was Not Heeded
	40. Coerced Widowhood and the Repeal of the Lex Julia Miscella
	41. Bequests Made in a Will or Codicils as Punishment
	42. Testamentary Trusts (Fideicommissa)
	43. Common Rules on Legacies and Trusts, and the Abolition of the Authorization to Seize Property
	44. An Untrue Reason Cited for a Legacy or Trust
	45. Property Bequeathed as a Legacy or a Trust Subject to a Duty (Sub Modo)
	46. Conditions Placed on Legacies, Trusts, and Manumissions
	47. Interest and Income from Legacies and Trusts
	48. Uncertain Persons
	49. The Senatus Consultum Trebellianum
	50. On the Lex Falcidia
	51. Abolishing Escheated Property
	52. Those Who Transmit Inheritances before the Opening of the Will
	53. When a Legacy or Trust Falls Due
	54. That One Be Sent in Possession To Preserve Legacies or Trusts, and When Security Should be Given
	55. Sui Heredes, Legitimate Children, and Grandchildren from a Daughter Succeeding on Intestacy
	56. On the Senatus Consultum Tertullianum
	57. On the Senatus Consultum Orfitianum
	58. Heirs under the Civil Law
	59. Common Issues Concerning Successions
	60. Property of the Mother and of the Mother’s Family
	61. Property That Is Acquired for Children in Power from Marriage or Otherwise, and Its Management
	62. Inheritances of Decurions, Shipowners, Officials Serving the Praetorian Prefecture, and Workers in State Arms Factories
Seventh Book (ed. Noel Lenski)
	1. Manumission by Rod and before a Council
	2. Testamentary Manumission
	3. Repeal of the Lex Fufia Caninia
	4. Manumissions Granted by Trust
	5. The Abrogation of Manumission as a Prisoner of War
	6. The Abrogation of Latin Freedom and Its Transformation into Roman Citizenship through Certain Methods
	7. A Manumitted Slave Owned in Common
	8. The Manumission of a Slave Tendered as a Pledge
	9. The Manumission of Municipal Slaves
	10. Those Manumitted by One Who Is Not their Owner
	11. Those Who Cannot Manumit, and That No Manumission Be Made in Fraud of Creditors
	12. Those Who Cannot Receive Freedom
	13. For What Reasons Slaves Receive Liberty as a Reward
	14. Free-born Persons Who Are Manumitted
	15. General Rules Concerning Manumissions
	16. Cases for Freedom
	17. Abolishing the Sponsorship of Liberty
	18. Those Who Are Not Permitted to Claim Liberty and the Property of Those Who Are Not Forbidden to Claim Liberty
	19. The Order of Trials
	20. Detection of Collusion
	21. The Status of Decedents Shall Not be Questioned after Five Years
	22. Long-Time Prescription, Which May Be Used in Favor of but Not Opposed to Liberty
	23. The Peculium of One Who Has Gained Liberty
	24. Abolishing the Senatus Consultum Claudianum
	25. Abolishing Naked Ownership through Quiritary Right
	26. Usucapion by the Buyer or through Settlement
	27. Usucapion Pursuant to a Gift
	28. Usucapion Pursuant to a Dowry
	29. Usucapion by One Acting in Place of the Heir
	30. General Rules of Usucapion
	31. The Transformation of Usucapion, and Eliminating the Distinction between Res Mancipi and Res Nec Mancipi
	32. Acquiring and Retaining Possession
	33. Long-Time Prescription of Ten or Twenty Years
	34. In What Cases Long Time Prescription Does Not Apply
	35. Those Against Whom Long-Time Prescription Cannot Be Used as a Defense
	36. (Prescription) Against a Creditor
	37. Prescription of Four Years
	38. Suits of Ownership for Imperial or Temple Property May Not be Barred through a Defense of Prescription
	39. Prescription of Thirty or Forty Years
	40. Repeal of the One-Year Prescription of an Italic Contract, Various Grace Periods, Exceptions, Prescriptions, and their Interruption
	41. Alluvium and Swamps and Pastures Transferred to Another Status
	42. The Verdicts of Praetorian Prefects
	43. How and When a Judge Should Give His Verdict When Both Parties Are Present or One Is Absent
	44. Reading Draft Trial Verdicts
	45. Verdicts and Interim Orders of All Judges
	46. A Verdict Rendered Without Naming a Definite Sum
	47. Verdicts Given for Indemnification of One's Interest
	48. When Judgment Is Said to Have Been Given by One Who Is Not the Appropriate Judge
	49. Punishment of a Judge Who Adjudicated Corruptly or of Someone Who Caused a Judge or Opponent to be Corrupted
	50. A Verdict May Not be Rescinded
	51. Fruits and the Expenses of Litigation
	52. An Adjudicated Matter
	53. Execution of a Judgment
	54. Interest on an Adjudicated Matter
	55. If Several Persons are Condemned by One Verdict
	56. Those Not Harmed by an Adjudicated Matter
	57. Warnings, Letters, Proclamations, and Signed Responses Do Not Have the Force of an Adjudicated Matter
	58. If a Decision was Given as a Result of False Documents or Testimony
	59. Those who Confess
	60. Transactions and Adjudications between Third Parties Do Not Harm Anyone Else
	61. Legal Referrals (to the Emperor)
	62. Appeals and Consultations
	63. Time Periods and Their Reinstatements for Appeals and Consultations
	64. When It Is Not Necessary to Appeal
	65. Whose Appeals May Not Be Accepted
	66. If Death Intervenes While an Appeal is Pending
	68. If One Out of Many (Co-Litigants) Appeals
	69. If Appeal Is Made from Provisional Possession
	70. It Is Not Permitted to Appeal a Third Time in One and the Same Case or to Reconsider Cases after Two Verdicts of Judges Which a Decision of the Prefects has Confirmed
	71. Who Can Surrender Property to Creditors
	72. The Possession and Sale of Property by the Authority of a Judge and Separations of Property
	73. The Privilege of the Treasury
	74. The Privilege of Dowry
	75. The Recovery of Property Fraudulently Alienated

VOLUME 3: Books VIII-XII
Eighth Book (ed. Bruce W. Frier)
	1. Interdicts
	2. The Interdict Granting Possession of Property (Bonorum Possessio)
	3. The Interdict on Legatees
	4. The Interdict on Dispossession by Force (Unde Vi)
	5. If the Possession of an Absent Person Was Disturbed Through Force or Otherwise
	6. The Interdict Uti Possidetis
	7. Production of Documents
	8. Producing or Leading Away Children or Producing a Free Person
	9. Sufferance (Precarium) and the Salvian Interdict
	10. Private Buildings
	11. Public Works
	12. Accounts for Public Buildings and the Leaders of Cities
	13. Pledges (Pignora)
	14. Cases in Which an Implied Pledge Is Contracted
	15. If Another Person's Property Is Pledged
	16. What Property Can and Cannot Be Pledged, and How a Pledge Is Contracted
	17. Those Whose Rights in a Pledge Are Superior
	18. Those Who Succeed to the Position of Prior Creditors
	19. If a Prior Creditor Sells a Pledge
	20. If Property Held in Common Is Pledged
	21. The Praetorian Pledge, and That Also in the Actions of Debtors the Grant of a Praetorian Pledge May Occur
	22. If Property Is Seized to Enforce a Judgment
	23. If a Pledge is Given as a Pledge
	24. Offspring to a Pledge, and Accessions Generally
	25. Release of a Pledge
	26. A Pledge Is Also Held for a Debt by Promissory Note (Chirographum)
	27. Sale of Pledges
	28. A Debtor Cannot Prevent the Sale of Pledges
	29. If Suit Is Brought After a Pledge Is Sold
	30. Redemption of a Pledge
	31. If One or More Heirs of a Creditor or Debtor Pays or Receives His Share of a Debt
	32. If Payment Does Not Follow a Pledge Agreement
	33. Acquiring Ownership (of a Pledge)
	34. Pledge Agreements and Abolition of the Forfeiture Clause for Pledges
	35. Defenses or Prescriptions
	36. Property in a Pending Lawsuit
	37. Contracting a Stipulation and Bringing It into Effect
	38. Invalid Stipulations
	39. Joint Promisees and Joint Promisors
	40. Sureties (Fideiussores) and Mandators
	41. Novations and Delegations
	42. Payments and Releases
	43. Formal Releases (Acceptilationes)
	44. Evictions
	45. A Creditor is Not Liable for Eviction
	46. Paternal Power (Patria Potestas)
	47. Adoptions
	48. Emancipations of Children
	49. Ungrateful Children
	50. Resumption of Civil Rights (Postliminium) and Persons Ransomed from Enemies
	51. Exposed Free and Slave Infants and Those Who Purchase Newborns or Undertake Raising Them
	52. What is Long-Standing Custom?
	53. Gifts
	54. Gifts Made Subject to a Duty, under a Condition, or for a Definite Time
	55. Revocation of Gifts
	56. Gifts in Contemplation of Death
	57. Annulling the Penalties for Celibacy and Childlessness, and Abolishing the 10 Percent Rule
	58. The Right Resulting from Children (Ius Liberorum)
Ninth Book (ed. Thomas A.J. McGinn)
	1. Those Who Cannot Bring Criminal Prosecutions
	2. Criminal Accusations and Their Registration
	3. Producing and Transporting Defendants
	4. Custody of Defendants
	5. Repression of Private Prisons
	6. A Defendant or Accuser Dies
	7. Cursing the Emperor
	8. The Lex Julia on Treason (Maiestas)
	9. The Lex Julia on Adultery and Criminal Fornication
	10. A Tutor Violates His Former Female Ward
	11. Women Involved with Their Own Slaves
	12. The Lex Julia on Public Force or on Private Force
	13. Abduction of Never-Married Women, Widows, and Female Monastics
	14. Disciplining Slaves
	15. Disciplining Close Relatives
	16. The Lex Cornelia on Murderers
	17. Those Who Have Killed Their Parents or Children
	18. Sorcerers, Astrologers, and Others Like Them
	19. Violation of Tombs
	20. The Lex Fabia
	21. The Lex Visellia
	22. The Lex Cornelia on Falsifications
	23. Those Who Write Themselves into a Testament
	24. Counterfeit Money
	25. Changing One’s Name
	26. The Lex Julia on Corrupt Solicitation (Ambitus)
	27. The Lex Julia on Provincial Extortion
	28. The Crime of Public Embezzlement
	29. The Crime of Sacrilege
	30. Rebels and Those Who Dare to Rally the Common People Against Public Order
	31. When a Private Law Action Excludes a Criminal Prosecution and Whether Both Can Be Raised by the Same Person
	32. The Crime of Misappropriating an Inheritance
	33. Theft by Force
	34. The Crime of Double-Dealing (Stellionatus)
	35. Affronts (Iniuriae)
	36. Defamatory Publications
	37. Cattle Rustlers
	38. Levees on the Nile Shall Not Be Burst
	39. Those Who Conceal Bandits and Persons Guilty of Other Criminal Offenses
	40. Wanted Persons
	41. Judicial Examination Under Torture
	42. Dismissals of Prosecution
	43. General Dismissal
	44. That a Criminal Trial Be Ended Within a Fixed Period of Time
	45. The Senatus Consultum Turpillianum
	46. Malicious Prosecutors
	47. Punishments
	48. Without the Emperor’s Order, Certain Judges Shall Not Be Permitted to Order Confiscations
	49. Property of the Exiled and the Condemned
	50. The Property of Suicides
	51. Those Who Have been Sentenced and Restored
Tenth Book (ed. Dennis P. Kehoe)
	1. The Right of the Treasury
	2. Suing Debtors to the Treasury
	3. The Faith and Law of Auctions by the Treasury, and Higher Bids
	4. The Sale of Property Belonging to the Treasury and Owned in Common with Private Citizens
	5. The Treasury Should Not Evict From Property That It Has Sold
	6. Those Who Have Received Money on Loan from the Public Accounts
	7. Creditors Have Priority over Penalties Owed the Treasury
	8. Interest Rates of the Treasury
	9. Reconsidering Verdicts Issued against the Treasury
	10. Ownerless Property and Its Incorporation (into Imperial Property)
	11. Informers (Delatores)
	12. The Abolition of Petitions for (Escheated) Property
	13. Those Who Inform on Themselves
	14. If a Partner in Imperial Generosity Dies Without an Heir
	15. Treasure Troves
	16. The Annona (Tax on Land) and (Other) Taxes
	17. Indictions
	18. Extraordinary Charges
	19. Tax Collecting
	20. Excessive Exactions
	21. Seizing and Selling Pledges on Account of Taxes
	22. Public Receipts (Apochae) and Tax Assessments of Decurions
	23. The Tax for Categories of the Imperial Finances
	24. Labor Services Shall Not Be Exacted from Taxpayers
	25. No One Is to Be Granted Immunity
	26. Items Stored in Public Granaries (Horrea)
	27. No One Shall Be Permitted to Excuse Himself from Purchase of Supplies and the Service of Securing Grain
	28. Payment of Taxes for Properties That Have Been Bestowed (by the Emperor), or Relieved (of Taxes), Transferred, or Commuted in Cash
	29. Payment of Bronze
	30. Auditors (Discussores)
	31.
	32. In What Ways Decurions, Their Sons, and Those Who Are Considered Decurions Are Freed from the Condition of (Serving on) the City Council
	33. If a Freedman or Slave Aspires to Be a Decurion
	34. Properties of Decurions Are Not to Be Alienated without a Decree
	35. When and to Whom the Fourth Part of the Goods of Decurions Is Owed, and the Method of Their Distribution
	36. Imposing a Tax Assessment on Gainful Acquisitions
	37. Offering an Honorarium (Salarium)
	38. If a Decurion Leaves the City and Prefers to Dwell in the Country
	39. Townsmen and Natives (Originarii)
	40. Residents and Where Someone Appears to Have His Domicile, and Those Who Live in Another City for the Sake of Studies
	41. Offices and Services Not to be Continued between Father and Son, and Intervals (between Such Duties)
	42. Services Associated with Personal Fortunes (Patrimonia)
	43. How Public Services Are Assigned
	44. Those Who Have Taken Up Services of Their Own Accord
	45. Those Who Have Received a Dispensation from the Emperor
	46. Dispensation from Service
	47. Decrees of the Decurions about Granting Certain People Immunity
	48. Excuses (Excusationes) from (Civic) Services
	49. Services and Payments from Which No One May Excuse Himself
	50. Those Who Excuse Themselves on the Basis of Age
	51. Those Who (Excuse Themselves) Because of Disease
	52. Those Who Have Merited a Dispensation Because of the Number of Children or Poverty
	53. Professors and Doctors
	54. Athletes
	55. Those Who Have Been Released from Their (Military) Oath Without Completing Their Service
	56. The Civic Services from Which Those Are Excused Who, After Completing Service or an Advocacy, Remain in the Provinces Without Their Benefits, and Their Privileges
	57. Lessees (Conductores) of Treasury Imposts
	58. Persons of Freed Status
	59. Infamous Persons
	60. Indicted Defendants
	61. Those Sent into Exile or Removed from the Council
	62. Sons in Power and How a Father Is Held Liable for Them
	63. The Risk of the Parent’s Successors
	64. In What Place Women Should Acknowledge Services and Offices Appropriate to Their Sex
	65. Embassies
	66. Excusing of Artisans
	67. Nominating More Qualified People for Services
	68. If an Appointment Has Been Made on Account of Enmity
	69. The Recuperation of Expenses
	70. If Someone Dies after His Appointment
	71. Tax Officials, Scribes, Bookkeepers, and Assessors
	72. Tax Collectors, Bureau Chiefs, and Bookkeepers
	73. Weighers (Ponderatores) and the Payment of Gold
	74. Conveyers (Prosecutores) of Public Gold
	75. Not Usurping What Is Provided from Public Tax Payments
	76. Crown Gold
	77. Peace Officers (Irenarchae)
	78. The Price of Silver That Is Paid into the Treasuries
Eleventh Book (ed. Dennis P. Kehoe)
	1. Eliminating the Merchants Tax
	2. Shipowners and Shipmasters Transporting Public Supplies
	3. Properties of Shipowners
	4. Ships Not to Be Exempted
	5. That Nothing Be Added to a Public Cargo
	6. Shipwrecks
	7. Miners, Mines, and the Procurators of Mines
	8. Purple Dye Collectors, Weavers, Procurators of Weaving, Moneyers, and Transport Workers
	9. Clothing Entirely of Purple and Embroidered with Gold, and Dyeing with Sacred Purple
	10. Arms Makers (Fabricenses)
	11. The Value of Old Coinage
	12. No One Is Allowed to Fasten Pearls, Emeralds, and Sapphires on Bridles, Saddles, and Belts, and Palace Artisans
	13. Marines
	14. Associations of the City of Rome
	15. Privileges of the Members of Associations of the City of Rome
	16. Bakers
	17. Swine Dealers, Wine Contractors, and Other Members of Associations
	18. Members of the Guild (of Firefighters), Sellers of Papyrus, and Money Changers
	19. Liberal Studies of the City of Rome and Constantinople
	20. The Vehicles of Persons of Official Rank
	21. Privileges of the City of Constantinople
	22. The Metropolis of Beirut
	23. The Grain Tax of the City of Rome
	24. The Grain for the City of Constantinople
	25. City Food Supplies
	26. Able-bodied Beggars
	27. Tiber Sailors
	28. Grain for Alexandria
	29. The Chiefs (Primates) of Alexandria
	30. The Right of a Municipality
	31. The Administration of Public Property
	32. Selling a City’s Property
	33. Debtors of Cities
	34. The Risk of Nominators
	35. The Risk of Those Who Have Stood Surety for Magistrates
	36. In What Order Each Person Should Be Sued
	37. No Free Person Should Be Compelled Unwillingly to Perform a Transaction for a Municipality
	38. The Expense of an Enjoined Service Belongs to All the Colleagues
	39. Those Who Are Sued in Connection with an Office That They Administered
	40. Payments and Releases of a City’s Debtors
	41. Spectacles, Stage Actors, and Pimps
	42. Expenses of Public Games
	43. Aqueducts
	44. Eliminating Gladiators Altogether
	45. Hunting of Wild Animals
	46. The May Festival (Maiuma)
	47. That the Use of Arms Without the Emperor’s Knowledge Be Forbidden
	48. Farmers Enrolled in the Census or Bound Tenants
	49. Removing the Capitation of Citizens from the Census
	50. Cases in which Bound Tenants Registered in the Census Can Accuse Owners
	51. Bound Tenants in Palestine
	52. Bound Tenants in Thrace
	53. Bound Tenants in Illyricum
	54. No One Should Take up into his Patronage Villages or their Farmers
	55. Farmers Should not be Called Away to Any Duty
	56. Inhabitants of a Mother-Village Are Not Permitted to Transfer Their Properties to an Outsider
	57. No Villager Should Be Held Liable for Debts of Other Villagers
	58. Censuses, Census-Takers, Adjusters, and Inspectors
	59. All Deserted Farmland, and When Unproductive Lands Are Imposed on Productive Lands
	60. Farms of Serving Frontier Troops and Lands, Marshes, and Pastures on the Frontiers or Belonging to Fortresses
	61. Pastures Belonging to the Public and the Privy Purse
	62. Patrimonial, Woodland and Emphyteutic Farms and their Lessees
	63. Slaves and Bound Tenants of Patrimonial, Woodland, and Emphyteutic Farms
	64. Fugitive Bound Tenants from Patrimonial, Emphyteutic, and Woodland Properties
	65. Payment of Taxes for Patrimonial and Emphyteutic Farms
	66. Farms Belonging to the Privy Purse and Woodlands of the Divine Household
	67. Farms and Woodland Pastures of the Imperial Property
	68. Imperial Farmers and Slaves, or Those Belonging to the Treasury or the Privy Purse
	69. Treasury Properties and Offspring Who Are Born from Imperial Bound Tenants and Others of Free Condition
	70. Diverse Urban and Rural Properties Belonging to Temples and Towns and All Revenue Accruing to Towns
	71. The Leasing of Properties Belonging to Cities, the Treasury, Temples, or the Privy Purse or the Crown
	72. Lessees and Procurators or Managers of Properties Belonging to the Treasury and the Augustan Household
	73. Those Who Are Not Permitted to Enter into a Lease of Properties Belonging to the Treasury
	74. Tax Obligations of Farms Belonging to the Treasury, the Privy Purse, or the Crown, or Cities or Temples
	75. Privileges of the Augustan Household or the Privy Purse and the Tax Duties from Which They Have an Exemption
	76. The Imperial Herd
	77. Palaces and Imperial Houses
	78. Cypress Trees from the Grove of Daphne or Perseus in Egypt Are Not to Be Cut Down or Sold
Twelfth Book (ed. Charles F. Pazdernik)
	1. Official Positions of Rank
	2. Praetors and the Honor of the Praetorship, and the Abolition of the Gleba, Follis, and "7 Solidi"
	3. Consuls, and That Money Not Be Scattered by Them; and Prefects, Masters of Soldiers, and Patricians
	4. Equality in Rank of the Praetorian Prefect, the City Prefect, and the Master of Soldiers
	5. The Grand Chamberlain and All Chamberlains and Their Privileges
	6. Quaestors, Masters of Offices, Counts of Imperial Benefactions and of the Privy Purse
	7. The Chief Secretary, First Assistant Chief Secretary, and Notaries
	8. That the Order of Rank Be Preserved
	9. Masters of the Bureaus
	10. Counts of the Imperial Council
	11. Counts and Tribunes of the Imperial Guard
	12. Counts of Military Affairs
	13. Counts and Chief Physicians of the Imperial Palace
	14. Counts Who Govern Provinces
	15. Professors Who, Teaching in the City of Constantinople, Have Received the Countship by Statute
	16. Decurions and Silentiaries
	17. The Household Garrison and Guards
	18. Color Guards
	19. Chief Clerks of the Imperial Bureaus and Others Who Serve in the Imperial Bureaus
	20. Imperial Couriers
	21. Chiefs of Staff of the Couriers
	22. Inspectors of the Public Post
	23. Palatine Officials of the Imperial Benefactions and of the Privy Purse
	24. Inspectors of Horses
	25. The Domestic Staff (Castrensiani) and Workers (of the Imperial Household)
	26. Palace Doorkeepers
	27. Quartering Masters
	28. Privileges of Those Who Serve In the Imperial Palace
	29. Privileges of the Imperial Guard
	30. The Military Peculium of Palatine Officials
	31. The Equestrian Rank
	32. The Rank of “Most Perfect”
	33. Those Who Can and Cannot Be in the Imperial Service, and Also Slaves Aspiring to Such Service or to an Official Position of Rank, and That No One May Enjoy at the Same Time Two Positions of Such Service or an Official Position of Rank and a Position in Such Service
	34. That Merchants Shall Not Hold a Position in the Imperial Service
	35. Military Matters
	36. The Military Peculium of Soldiers and of the Staff of the Praetorian Prefecture
	37. Distribution of Military Provisions
	38. Baking and Transport of Military Provisions
	39. Military Clothing
	40. Compulsory Quartering (Metata) and the Commutation Payments Therefor
	41. Accoutrements Not to Be Furnished to Quartered Persons
	42. Leave of Absence
	43. Recruits
	44. Custody of the Shores and the Roads
	45. Deserters and Those Who Conceal Them
	46. Veterans
	47. Sons of Military Officials Who Die in War
	48. Bestowal of Votive Offerings (Oblatio Votorum)
	49. Chief Accountants, Quartermasters, Secretaries, Principal Assistants, Accountants, and Shorthand Writers of the Exalted Seat (of the Praetorian Prefect) and of the Other Judges, Civil and Military
	50. The Public Post and Transport and Supplementary Transport
	51. Post Warrants for Travel with Subsistence and Lodging
	52. Subordinate Officials of the Praetorian Prefect, and Their Privileges
	53. Subordinate Officials of the City Prefect
	54. Subordinate Officials of the Masters of Soldiers, and Their Privileges
	55. Subordinate Officials of a Proconsul and a Legate
	56. Subordinate Officials of the Count of the East
	57. Members of the Provincial Administration, Chiefs of Staff, Department Heads, and Quartermasters-General
	58. Subordinate Officials of the Prefect of the Food Supply
	59. Various Official Staffs and Subordinate Officials of Magistrates and Their Certificates of Appointment
	60. Court Clerks and Tax Collectors
	61. (Unlawful) Gain of Advocates and Extortions by Official Staffs or Subordinates
	62. The Office of the Quartermaster-General
	63. Announcers (Nuntiatores) of Occasions of Public Rejoicing or of (New) Consuls and Those Who Give Notice of Constitutions and Other Imperial and Magisterial Enactments Shall Not Receive Immoderate Fees by Levy or from Unwilling Persons
Glossary of Roman Law Terms
Chronological List of the Constitutions in Justinian’s Codex