The Chinese In Southeast Asia And Beyond: Socioeconomic and Political Dimensions

Contents......Page 6
Part I: The Chinese in Malaysia and Singapore......Page 8
Introduction......Page 10
The Forces and Directions of Change......Page 18
Chinese Society in 1903......Page 20
Chinese Society in Transition, 1904–1942......Page 21
Chinese Society Between 1942 and 1957......Page 25
Chinese Society after the Independence, 1957–1968......Page 31
The Change in the Chinese Society Between 1969 and 1990......Page 33
Chinese Society after 1990......Page 39
The Prospect......Page 41
Chinese Business before 1904......Page 44
The Change in the Patterns of Chinese Business Activities before World War II......Page 46
Chinese Business between 1945 and 1971......Page 50
Chinese Business under the New Economic Policy (NEP)......Page 57
Chinese Business after 1990s......Page 63
Summary and Conclusion......Page 68
Early Hokkien Immigrants and their Social Structure......Page 70
Economic Pursuits of Early Hokkiens and Their Contributions......Page 76
Economic Change in Malaysia and the Hokkien Entrepreneurs......Page 83
The Contributions of Hokkiens to the Education of Malaysia and Singapore......Page 90
Migration and Settlement of the Early Gan Clansmen (before 1912)......Page 100
The Growth of Gan Clansmen in Singapore and Malaya (1912–1965)......Page 104
The Founding and the Development of the Gan Clan Associations in Malaysia and Singapore (1965–1990)......Page 109
The Holding of the First and Second World Gan Clansmen Conventions in Singapore and Malaysia (1991–1993)......Page 117
Conclusion: Kinship and Organization......Page 121
The Origins of the Chinese Kinship Associations in Singapore and Malaysia......Page 124
The Structure, Functions, and Development of Early Chinese Kinship Association......Page 129
Present Conditions and Future of the Chinese Kinship Associations in Singapore and Malaysia......Page 137
The totality and organism of history......Page 144
Scientific methods for the study of the Ethnic Chinese history of Singapore and Malaysia......Page 145
History of the ruling class or history of the ruled......Page 147
The centrality of China and the periphery of Ethnic Chinese communities......Page 149
Colonial viewpoint or Ethnic Chinese viewpoint......Page 151
The issue of Overseas Chinese nationalism......Page 152
Sun’s Relationship with the Overseas Chinese......Page 156
Sun’s Perception of the Overseas Chinese’s Role in the Revolution......Page 158
The Response of the Chinese in Singapore and Malaya......Page 166
Conclusion......Page 181
8. Tongmenghui, Sun Yat-sen, and the Chinese in Singapore and Malaya: A Revisit......Page 184
Singapore as the Center of Tongmenghui Activities in Southeast Asia (1906–1909)......Page 185
Penang as the Center of Tongmenghui Activities in Southeast Asia (1910–1912)......Page 191
How did the Chinese in Singapore and Malaya Respond to Tongmenghui’s and Sun Yat-sen’s Appeals......Page 201
What did Tongmenghui and Sun Yat-sen Mean to the Chinese in Singapore and Malaya......Page 209
Increased Politicization of the Chinese and the Rise of Overseas Chinese Nationalism......Page 210
Breakdown of Social Barriers and Increased Social Cohesion in the Chinese Communities in Singapore and Malaya......Page 212
The Emergence of New Ideas and the Spread of Modern Chinese Education......Page 213
Conclusion......Page 215
Lim Lian Geok: The Man and His Career......Page 218
Lim Lian Geok’s Struggle for the Chinese Education......Page 225
Lim Lian Geok and Chinese Politics in Malaysia......Page 251
The Impact of Lim Lian Geok on the Chinese Community in Malaysia......Page 259
Conclusion......Page 263
Part II: The Chinese in Southeast Asia and Beyond......Page 266
10. Social Change in the Ethnic (Overseas) Chinese Communities: A Historical Perspective......Page 268
Social Change during the Ming Qing Period......Page 272
Social Change in the Period Between the Two World Wars......Page 275
The emergence of Ethnic Chinese industry and the rise of Ethnic Chinese capitalists......Page 276
Economic volatility......Page 277
The struggle between the Left and the Right in the Ethnic Chinese communities......Page 278
The development of Ethnic Chinese (Overseas Chinese) nationalism......Page 279
The development of education and culture......Page 280
The spread of new ideas......Page 281
Rapid Social Change during the Post-World War II Era......Page 283
The relationship between Ethnic Chinese and China was weakened......Page 284
Lifting the political consciousness among Ethnic Chinese......Page 285
Development of Ethnic Chinese local identity......Page 286
The trend toward localization of Ethnic Chinese education and culture......Page 287
The Future Trends......Page 288
The Nature of Chinese Capitalism......Page 292
Accumulation of the Chinese Capital......Page 297
The Chinese capitalists......Page 300
Chinese Capitalist Institutions......Page 313
The Development of Chinese Capitalism......Page 322
Summary and Conclusion......Page 326
The Rise of Ethnic Chinese Economic Power in East and Southeast Asia......Page 328
Confucianism and the East and Southeast Asian Economic Miracle......Page 329
The Nature of Ethnic Chinese Business in East and Southeast Asia......Page 332
Confucianism and the Business Ideology of the Ethnic Chinese......Page 335
Impact of Confucianism on Ethnic Chinese Business Management......Page 338
Introduction......Page 344
The Origins of the Overseas Chinese Nationalism......Page 346
Development of the Overseas Chinese Nationalism......Page 348
Decline of the Overseas Chinese Nationalism......Page 362
Conclusion......Page 366
Causes of the Revolution......Page 368
The Problem of the Main Stream......Page 370
The Role of Dr Sun Yat-sen......Page 373
The Role of the Overseas Chinese......Page 374
Response of the Nanyang Chinese to the Revolution......Page 376
Nanyang Chinese Communities as the Center of Revolutionary Activities Between 1908 and 1911......Page 381
Nanyang Chinese Communities Became a Rendezvous for Revolutionary Refugees......Page 382
Nanyang Chinese’s Financial Contributions......Page 383
15. Hakka Chinese in Southeast Asian History......Page 386
Hakka Chinese Settlement Patterns and Their Economic Pursuits......Page 387
Hakka Chinese Social Organizations......Page 391
Hakka Chinese and Overseas Chinese Entrepreneurship......Page 398
The Past......Page 404
The Present......Page 409
The Future......Page 414
International environment and China’s position in the world in the 19th and early 20th centuries......Page 418
Dr Sun Yat-sen and Chinese consciousness......Page 419
Dr Sun Yat-sen’s revolutionary deeds......Page 422
The unfinished revolution......Page 424
Rich and powerful China......Page 425
A democratic China......Page 426
International situation and China’s position in the 21st century......Page 428
United to strengthen China and Chinese race......Page 430
Dr Sun Yat-sen and China’s “Open Door” policy......Page 431
Dr Sun Yat-sen and the future of China......Page 434
Conclusion......Page 435
Index......Page 438