The Chemist’s Companion Guide to Patent Law

The Chemist‘s Companion Guide to Patent Law......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 7
Disclaimer......Page 11
Preface......Page 13
1.2 Patents as Property......Page 17
1.3 Patent Rights Are Rights to Exclude......Page 18
1.4 Patents Do Not Convey Freedom to Operate the Invention......Page 20
1.5 Contrasting Freedom to Operate with Patentability......Page 21
1.6 Assignment and Recording of Patents......Page 31
1.7 Why Have Patents?......Page 32
2.1 An Overview of the Patent Process in the United States......Page 35
2.2 Post Grant Procedures at the USPTO......Page 62
2.2.a Patent Maintenance Fees......Page 63
2.2.b Reissue Applications and Patents......Page 65
2.2.c Ex Parte Procedures......Page 70
2.2.d Inter Partes Procedures......Page 74
2.3 Inequitable Conduct in Patent Prosecution......Page 76
3.1 What is Prior Art?......Page 96
3.2.a §102(a)......Page 99
3.2.b §102 (e)......Page 104
3.2.d §102(g)......Page 106
3.3 Prior Art That Is an Absolute Bar......Page 111
3.3.a §102 (b)......Page 112
3.3.c §102(d)......Page 115
3.4 Section 102 References in Support of Obviousness Rejections......Page 116
3.5 Double Patenting......Page 118
3.6 Obviousness-Type Double Patenting......Page 120
3.7 Prior Art Hypothetical Example 1......Page 121
3.8 Hypothetical Example 2......Page 124
4.1 Inventorship and Ownership of U.S. Patents......Page 133
4.2 Patent Validity and Correct Listing of Inventorship......Page 137
4.3 Determining Inventorship......Page 142
5.2 Independent and Dependent Claim Types......Page 150
5.3 Claim Structure......Page 154
5.4 Transition Phrases......Page 158
5.5 Markush Claiming in Chemical Patents......Page 162
5.6 Claim Construction......Page 164
6.1 The Six Requirements of Patentability......Page 172
6.2 Statutory Subject Matter of the Utility Requirement......Page 174
6.3 What Makes a Chemical Invention Useful?......Page 177
7. Basic Requirements of Patentability: Novelty......Page 184
7.1 Requirements of the Prior Art to Defeat Novelty......Page 185
7.2 Anticipation in Chemical Patents......Page 186
7.3 Anticipation of a Claimed Genus by a Species Falling Within that Genus......Page 196
7.4 Anticipation of a Species Claim by a Prior Art Genus......Page 203
7.5 Anticipation of a Range by a Prior Art Species Falling Within that Range......Page 208
7.6 Inherent Anticipation......Page 209
8.1 The Basis for the Nonobviousness Requirement......Page 214
8.2 Understanding §103(a)......Page 215
8.3 Graham Factors Analysis of Obviousness......Page 219
8.4 Focusing the Obviousness Inquiry: Prima Facie Obviousness and the Chemical Invention......Page 223
8.5 Application of the TSM Test to the Chemical Arts......Page 226
8.6 Prior Art as a Whole Must Be Considered for TSM Tests......Page 233
8.7 Obviousness and Unpredictability in the Art......Page 235
8.8 Unexpected Results as Secondary Indices of Nonobviousness......Page 241
8.8.a Unexpected Results Must Be Taught by, or Flow from the Patent Application......Page 243
8.8.b Unexpected or Superior Results Can Be Demonstrated Through a Single Property......Page 244
8.8.c Unexpected Results: Different in Degree or Different in Kind?......Page 245
8.8.d The Claimed Invention Must Be Tested Against the Closest Prior Art......Page 249
8.9 Prima Facie Obviousness Based Primarily on Similarity of Chemical Structure......Page 250
8.9.a Isomers and Homologues......Page 251
8.9.b Enantiomers......Page 254
8.10 Obviousness of a Species or Genus in Light of a Prior Art Genus......Page 266
8.11 Obviousness of Ranges......Page 275
8.12 Changing the Sequence of Ingredient Addition......Page 284
8.13 Obviousness of Combining Equivalents Together for Same Known Purpose......Page 286
8.14 Substituting Equivalents Known for the Same Purpose......Page 288
8.15 Purified Forms of Compounds or Materials......Page 290
9. Basic Requirements of Patentability: Written Description, Enablement, and Best Mode......Page 297
9.1 The Written Description Requirement......Page 298
9.2 Enablement......Page 319
9.3 Best Mode......Page 328
Afterword and Sources......Page 334
Acknowledgments......Page 336
Cases Cited......Page 337
Index......Page 343