The Charter of the United Nations : a commentary

Contents
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
Preface
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
List of Authors
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
I.  Administrative Tribunal of the Organization of American States
II.  Arbitral Awards
Table of Cases
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
III.  Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission
IV.  European Court of Human Rights
(p. xvii) V.  European Union
	Court of Justice of the European Union
	General Court
VI.  Inter-American Court of Human Rights
VII.  International Court of Justice
	1948
	1949
	(p. xviii) 1950
	1951
	1952
	1954
	1955
	1956
	1957
	1958
	(p. xix) 1959
	1960
	1961
	1962
	1963
	1966
	1969
	1970
	1971
	1972
	(p. xx) 1973
	1974
	1975
	1976
	1978
	1980
	1981
	1982
	1984
	1985
	1986
	1987
	1988
	1989
	1990
	1991
	(p. xxii) 1992
	1993
	1994
	1995
	1996
	1997
	1998
	1999
	2000
	2001
	2002
	2003
	2004
	2005
	2006
	2007
	2008
	2009
	2010
	2011
	2012
VIII.  International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
IX.  International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
X.  International Labour Organization Administrative Tribunal
XI.  International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
(p. xxviii) XII.  Permanent Court of International Justice
	1922
	1923
	1924
	1925
	1926
	1927
	1928
	1929
	(p. xxix) 1930
	1931
	1932
	1939
XIII.  Special Court for Sierra Leone
	Appeals Chamber
XIV.  Special Tribunal for Lebanon
XV.  United Nations Administrative Tribunal
XVI.  United Nations Appeals Tribunal
(p. xxxi) XVII.  United Nations Dispute Tribunal
XVIII.  United Nations Human Rights Committee
XIX.  WTO
XX.  Domestic Cases
	Austria
	Belgium
		Tribunal Civil (Brussels)
	Bosnia and Herzegovina
		Constitutional Court
		High Representative
	Canada
		Federal Court
	Croatia
		Constitutional Court
	(p. xxxii) Cyprus
	Denmark
	Egypt
		Court of First Instance
	Germany
		Federal Constitutional Court
		Federal Supreme Court in Criminal Matters
		Federal Supreme Court in Civil Matters
		Higher Regional Court of Naumburg
	Greece
	Ireland
	Israel
	Italy
		Court of Cassation
		Supreme Court
	Japan
		Tokyo District Court
	(p. xxxiii) Kenya
		High Court
	Netherlands
		District Court (Civil Law Section)
		District Court of Utrecht
		Hague Appeal Court
		Hague District Court
	Switzerland
		Federal Supreme Court
	Syria
	Turkey
	United Kingdom
		High Court
		Court of Appeal
		House of Lords
		Supreme Court
	United States
International Instruments
Table of Instruments
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
Instruments pertaining to international Institutions
	African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights
	African Union (AU)
	Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
	Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR)
	Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD)
	Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
	European Union
	Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
	International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
	International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) (World Bank)
	International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
	International Civil Service Commission (ICSC)
	International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
	International Court of Justice
	International Criminal Court
	International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
	International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia (ICTY)
	International Development Association (IDA)
	International Finance Corporation (IFC)
	International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
	International Labor Organization (ILO)
	International Law Commission
	International Maritime Organization (IMO)
	International Monetary Fund (IMF)
	International Narcotics Control Board (INCB)
	International Refugee Organization
	International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
	International Trade Organization (ITO)
	International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)
	League of Arab States
	League of Nations
	North Atlantic Treaty Organization
	Organization of American States (OAS)
	Organization of African Unity (OAU)
	Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ)
	Special Tribunal for Lebanon
	United Nations
	Agreements
	Charters
	Covenants
	Declarations
Institutions
	United Nations Administrative Tribunal (UNAT)
	United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL)
	United Nations Dispute Tribunal (UNDT)
	United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
	United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
	Principles
Resolutions
	Commission on Human Rights
	Economic and Social Council
	ESCWA (Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia)
	General Assembly
	Human Rights Council
	Security Council
	Trusteeship Council
	Rules
	Universal Postal Union (UPU)
	World Health Organization
	World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
	World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
	World Tourist Organization (UNWTO)
	World Trade Organization
National Instruments
	Austria
	Canada
	Germany
	The Netherlands
	Switzerland
	United Kingdom
	United States
List of Abbreviations
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
We the Peoples of the United Nations Determined
And for these Ends
The Charter of the United Nations
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
Have Resolved to Combine Our Efforts to Accomplish these Aims
Chapter I  Purposes and Principles
	Article 1
	Article 2
Chapter II  Membership
	Article 3
	(p. cxxxv) Article 4
	Article 5
	Article 6
Chapter III  Organs
	Article 7
	Article 8
Chapter IV  The General Assembly
	Composition
		Article 9
	(p. cxxxvi) Functions and Powers
		Article 10
		Article 11
		Article 12
		Article 13
		Article 14
		Article 15
		Article 16
		Article 17
	Voting
		Article 18
		Article 19
	Procedure
		Article 20
		Article 21
		Article 22
Chapter V  The Security Council
	Composition
		Article 23
	Functions and Powers
		Article 24
		Article 25
		Article 26
	Voting
		Article 27
	(p. cxl) Procedure
		Article 28
		Article 29
		Article 30
		Article 31
		Article 32
Chapter VI  Pacific Settlement of Disputes
	Article 33
	(p. cxli) Article 34
	Article 35
	Article 36
	Article 37
	Article 38
(p. cxlii) Chapter VII  Action with Respect to Threats to the Peace, Breaches of the Peace, and Acts of Aggression
	Article 39
	Article 40
	Article 41
	Article 42
	Article 43
	(p. cxliii) Article 44
	Article 45
	Article 46
	Article 47
	Article 48
	(p. cxliv) Article 49
	Article 50
	Article 51
Chapter VIII  Regional Arrangements
	Article 52
	Article 53
	Article 54
Chapter IX  International Economic and Social Co-Operation
	Article 55
	Article 56
	Article 57
	Article 58
	Article 59
	(p. cxlvi) Article 60
Chapter X  The Economic and Social Council
	Composition
		Article 61
	Functions and Powers
		Article 62
		Article 63
		Article 64
		Article 65
		Article 66
	Voting
		Article 67
	Procedure
		Article 68
		Article 69
		Article 70
		Article 71
		Article 72
Chapter XI  Declaration Regarding Non-Self-Governing Territories
	Article 73
	(p. cxlix) Article 74
Chapter XII  International Trusteeship System
	Article 75
	Article 76
	Article 77
	(p. cl) Article 78
	Article 79
	Article 80
	Article 81
	Article 82
	Article 83
	(p. cli) Article 84
	Article 85
Chapter XIII  The Trusteeship Council
	Composition
		Article 86
	Functions and Powers
		Article 87
		(p. clii) Article 88
	Voting
		Article 89
	Procedure
		Article 90
		Article 91
Chapter XIV  The International Court of Justice
	Article 92
	Article 93
	Article 94
	Article 95
	Article 96
Chapter XV  The Secretariat
	Article 97
	Article 98
	Article 99
	Article 100
	(p. cliv) Article 101
Chapter XVI  Miscellaneous Provisions
	Article 102
	Article 103
	Article 104
	Article 105
(p. clv) Chapter XVII  Transitional Security Arrangements
	Article 106
	Article 107
Chapter XVIII  Amendments
	Article 108
	Article 109
(p. clvi) Chapter XIX  Ratification and Signature
	Article 110
	Article 111
(p. clvii) Article 1
Chapter I  Organization of the Court
	Article 2
	Article 3
Statute of the International Court of Justice
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
	Article 4
	Article 5
	Article 6
	Article 7
	Article 8
	Article 9
	Article 10
	Article 11
	(p. clix) Article 12
	Article 13
	Article 14
	Article 15
	(p. clx) Article 16
	Article 17
	Article 18
	Article 19
	Article 20
	Article 21
	Article 22
	Article 23
	Article 24
	Article 25
	Article 26
	Article 27
	Article 28
	Article 29
	Article 30
	Article 31
	Article 32
	Article 33
Chapter II  Competence of the Court
	Article 34
	Article 35
	Article 36
	Article 37
	Article 38
Chapter III  Procedure
	Article 39
	Article 40
	Article 41
	Article 42
	Article 43
	Article 44
	(p. clxvi) Article 45
	Article 46
	Article 47
	Article 48
	Article 49
	Article 50
	Article 51
	Article 52
	Article 53
	(p. clxvii) Article 54
	Article 55
	Article 56
	Article 57
	Article 58
	Article 59
	Article 60
	Article 61
	Article 62
	Article 63
	Article 64
Chapter IV  Advisory Opinions
	Article 65
	Article 66
	Article 67
	Article 68
Chapter V  Amendment
	Article 69
	Article 70
Drafting History
	Daniel-Erasmus Khan
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
		(p. 1) Drafting History
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Main Text
(p. 2) A.  The Genesis of the Charter: An Overview *
B.  Stages in the Creation of the New World Organization
	I.  Proposals by Individuals and Private Groups
	(p. 8) II.  Planning by the Experts
	III.  The United Nations in the Proclamations of the Leading Statesmen on the War Aims
	IV.  The Dumbarton Oaks Conference67
	V.  The Yalta Compromise
	VI.  The Founding Conference at San Francisco
	VII.  Ratification and Entry into Force
C.  Transition from League of Nations to United Nations
	Footnotes:
Reform
	Thilo Rensmann
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
		(p. 25) Reform
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Main Text
A.  Notion of Reform
B.  Reform and the Charter
	I.  The Charter as a Programme For Reform
	II.  The Charter as a Constraint on Reform
		1.  UN Reform Without Reforming the Charter
		2.  UN Reform By Means of Reforming the Charter
			(a)  Reform Through Formal Amendment
			(p. 31) (b)  Reform Through Practice
			(c)  Reform Through (Re-)Interpretation
			(d)  Reform Through Informal Charter Amendment
		3.  Reform of the UN and Reform of the UN System
(p. 34) C.  Phases of Reform
	I.  Collective Security and Cold War
		1.  The Ideal of Collective Security and the Reality of Cold War
		2.  Unredeemed Promise of a Review Conference
		3.  Informal Adaptation of the Collective Security System to the Exigencies of the Cold War
			(a)  Limitation of the Veto Power
			(b)  Introduction of the ‘Franchise Model’
			(c)  Shift of Power from the SC to the GA
			(d)  The ‘Invention’ of Peacekeeping Forces
			(e)  The Enhanced Political Role of the SG
			(f)  The ‘Intergovernmentalization’ of the Secretariat
	II.  Decolonization and the Shift to Development
		1.  From War-Time Alliance to Universal Membership: Reform of the Admissions Procedure
		2.  Self-determination and Human Rights: The Constitutional Underpinnings of Decolonization
		3.  Equitable Representation of the Newly Independent Member States in the SC and ECOSOC
		4.  Shift of the Reform Agenda to Development
			(p. 44) (a)  Original Design: Functional Decentralization and Economic Liberalism
			(b)  Diversification and Duplication within the UN Development System
			(c)  The Challenge of Coordination: Study on the Capacity of the UN Development System
			(d)  Reforming Global Economic Governance: the Attempt to Establish a New International Economic Order
			(e)  Adapting the Structure of the UN System to the New International Economic Order
	III.  Reforming For Survival: Focus on Administrative and Budgetary Reform
	IV.  End of the Cold War and the Revitalization of the Collective Security System
		1.  Continuity and Change in the Post-Cold War Era
		2.  The New Activism of the SC
		3.  An Agenda for Peace
		4.  SC Reform
		5.  An Agenda for Development
		6.  A New SG and a New Millennium: UN Reform Regains Momentum
	V.  New Threats to Collective Security and the 2005 World Summit
		1.  A Fork in the Road
		2.  2005 World Summit Outcome
			(a)  Peace and Security
			(b)  Development
			(c)  Human Rights
	VI.  World Summit Follow-Up and Future Prospects for Reform
		1.  Peace and Security
			(a)  SC Reform
			(b)  Peacekeeping
			(c)  Responsibility to Protect
		2.  Development and System-Wide Coherence
		3.  Human Rights
		4.  Environment
		5.  Management
(p. 69) D.  Outlook
	Footnotes:
Interpretation of the Charter
	Stefan Kadelbach
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
		(p. 71) Interpretation of the Charter
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Main Text
A.  Introduction
B.  Rules of Interpretation
	I.  The Vienna Convention and Customary International Law
	II.  The Interpretation of Founding Instruments of International Organizations
	III.  Constitutional Interpretation of the Charter
	IV.  Rules of Interpretation as Applied to the Charter
		1.  Constitutional and Contractual Elements
		2.  Wording
		3.  Context
		4.  Object and Purpose
		5.  Subsequent Practice
		6.  Other Relevant Rules of International Law
		7.  Travaux Préparatoires
C.  The Charter in the Practice of Its Interpreters
	I.  General Remarks
	II.  UN Institutions
		1.  The International Court of Justice
		2.  The General Assembly
		3.  The Security Council
			(a)  Charter Interpretation
			(b)  Interpretation of Security Council Resolutions
		4.  The Secretary-General
	III.  Member States
D.  Interpretation and Revision
E.  Concluding Remarks
	Footnotes:
Preamble
	Rüdiger Wolfrum
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
		(p. 101) Preamble
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Main Text
A.  Introduction*
B.  Legislative History
C.  Practice
	Footnotes:
Ch.I Purposes and Principles, Article 1
	Rüdiger Wolfrum
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
Article 1
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A.  Introduction*
B.  Interpretation
(p. 116) C.  Practice
	Footnotes:
Ch.I Purposes and Principles, Article 2
	Andreas Paulus
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
(p. 121) Article 2
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A.  Introduction*
B.  Drafting History
C.  Foundational Principles of International Law
D.  ‘in pursuit of the Purposes stated in Article 1’
E.  The Organization and its Members
	I.  Organization
	II.  Members
	III.  Non-members and the Charter Principles (Article 2 (6))
(p. 131) F.  Constitution or Treaty?
	Footnotes:
Ch.I Purposes and Principles, Article 2 (1)
	Bardo Fassbender
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
(p. 133) Article 2 (1)
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Sovereignty
Equality
Sovereign Equality
A.  Introduction
(p. 136) B.  Historical and Philosophical Background
	I.  Sovereignty in the ‘International Law of Co-existence’
	II.  Equality of States
(p. 144) C.  Drafting History
D.  Elaboration of the Principle in the Practice of the United Nations
	I.  Draft Declaration on Rights and Duties of States
	II.  The Friendly Relations Declaration
	III.  Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources
	IV.  Decisions of the International Court of Justice
E.  The Substance of Sovereign Equality in Present International Law
	I.  Sovereign Equality as a New Concept
	II.  The Scope of Application ratione personae
	III.  Sovereign Equality as Constitutional Autonomy
	IV.  Equal Status under the Constitution of the International Community
		1.  Rights Protecting Constitutional Autonomy
		2.  Rights of Participation in the International Community
		3.  Sovereign Equality in the United Nations
		4.  Equality of States in their Mutual Relations
	V.  Sovereign Equality in an Age of Globalization
F.  The Untamed Side of Sovereignty
	Footnotes:
Ch.I Purposes and Principles, Article 2 (2)
	Robert Kolb
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
(p. 166) Article 2 (2)
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A.  On the Genesis of Article 2 (2)*
B.  The Scope and the Interpretation of the Good Faith Requirement
	I.  The Obligation Covered by the Good Faith Clause
	II.  The Addressees of the Obligation
	III.  The Systematic Setting of Article 2 (2): Its Relation to Articles 1 and 2 (1)
	IV.  The Purpose-Oriented Interpretation of Article 2 (2): Commitment to Community Objectives
C.  The Specific Content of the Obligation of Good Faith in the Framework of the Charter
	I.  Good Faith as a General Legal Principle in International Law
	II.  Good Faith as a Directive for Interpretation
	III.  Good Faith as an Element of Constitutional Decision-Making to Secure Cooperation
D.  The Application of Good Faith in the UN Practice
	I.  Case Practice
		1.  Voting Rights and Veto Power
		2.  Effects of Recommendations of UN Organs (especially the General Assembly)
		3.  Prohibition of Abuse of Procedure49
	II.  Treaty Practice
(p. 180) E.  Conclusion
	Footnotes:
Ch.I Purposes and Principles, Article 2 (3)
	Christian Tomuschat
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
(p. 181) Article 2 (3)
UN Materials
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A.  Historical Background
B.  Systematic Context
(p. 186) C.  Elaboration of the Principle of the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes in the Practice of the United Nations
	I.  The Friendly Relations Declaration
	II.  The Manila Declaration
	III.  UNGA Resolution 40/9
	IV.  Declaration on the Prevention and Removal of Disputes and Situations which May Threaten International Peace and Security, and on the Role of the United Nations in this Field
	V.  United Nations Decade of International Law
	VI.  Millennium Declaration
	VII.  World Summit Outcome
	VIII.  The Rule of Law
(p. 188) D.  The Scope of Application ratione personae
	I.  Member States of the United Nations
	II.  Third States
	III.  United Nations
	IV.  Other International Organizations
E.  The Substance of Obligation
	I.  Legally Binding Effect
	II.  Content
	III.  Obligation of Conduct
	IV.  Ius Cogens?
(p. 192) F.  International Disputes
	I.  Disputes and Situations
	(p. 193) II.  The International Character of Disputes
	III.  Other Characteristics
G.  Peaceful Means
	I.  Exclusiveness
	II.  Prohibition of Recourse to Armed Force
	III.  Other Measures that Violate Rights
	IV.  Countermeasures
(p. 198) H.  Settlement
I.  Justice
	I.  Drafting History
	II.  Meaning
	III.  The Manila Declaration
	Footnotes:
Ch.I Purposes and Principles, Article 2 (4)
	Oliver Dörr, Albrecht Randelzhofer
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
(p. 200) Article 2 (4)
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A.  Fundamental Significance
B.  History of the Prohibition of the Use of Force
	I.  Pre-Twentieth Century
	II.  The Hague Conventions
	III.  The League of Nations Covenant
	(p. 206) IV.  The Geneva Protocol of 1924
	V.  The Briand-Kellogg Pact
	VI.  Article 2 (4) of the Charter
(p. 208) C.  Scope and Content of the Prohibition
	I.  The Notion of ‘Force’
		1.  The Problem of Political and Economic Force
		2.  The Problem of Physical Non-Armed Force
		(p. 211) 3.  The Problem of Indirect Force
	II.  Addressees of the Prohibition
	III.  The Prohibition and ‘International Relations’
	IV.  Territorial Integrity and Political Independence
	V.  Threat of Force
D.  Exceptions to the Prohibition
	I.  Measures Against Former Enemy States
	(p. 220) II.  SC Enforcement Actions
	(p. 222) III.  Self-Defence
	IV.  Humanitarian Intervention
	V.  Protection of Nationals Abroad
	VI.  Wars of National Liberation
E.  Special Problems
	I.  Article 2 (4) as Customary International Law
	II.  Article 2 (4) as Part of International Ius Cogens
	III.  Article 2 (4) and Individual Responsibility
F.  Concluding Remarks
	Footnotes:
Ch.I Purposes and Principles, Article 2 (5)
	Helmut Philipp Aust
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
(p. 235) Article 2 (5)
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A.  Introduction
B.  Drafting History
C.  The Obligation to Assist the Organization in ‘Every Action’
	I.  The Scope of the Provision
	(p. 239) II.  Practice in the Context of Enforcement Action under Chapter VII of the Charter
	III.  Practice in Other Contexts
	IV.  Evaluation of the Practice
	V.  The Special Issue of Permanent Neutrality
D.  The Obligation to Refrain from Giving Assistance
	I.  The Scope of the Provision
	II.  Practice of the Security Council
	III.  Practice of the General Assembly
	IV.  Evaluation of the Practice
E.  Article 2 (5) and General International Law
	I.  UN Enforcement Action and Non-Belligerency
	II.  Non-Assistance under Article 2 (5) and Complicity in the Law of State Responsibility
F.  Conclusion: Towards an Obligation of Loyal Cooperation?
	Footnotes:
Ch.I Purposes and Principles, Article 2 (6)
	Stefan Talmon
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
(p. 252) Article 2 (6)
Select Bibliography
A.  Introduction
	I.  The United Nations and Non-Member States
	II.  Article 2 (6) and the pacta tertiis Rule
	III.  Nature of the Provision
	IV.  Practical Significance of the Provision
B.  Historical Background
	I.  Article 17 of the Covenant of the League of Nations
	II.  Drafting History of Article 2 (6)
	III.  Draft Declaration on the Rights and Duties of States
C.  The Addressees of the Obligation
	I.  The United Nations Organization
	II.  Member States of the United Nations
	III.  Non-Member States
D.  The Text of the Provision
	I.  ‘Shall ensure’
	II.  ‘States which are not Members of the United Nations’
	(p. 263) III.  ‘Act in accordance with these Principles’
	IV.  ‘So far as may be necessary for the maintenance of international peace and security’
E.  Article 2 (6) as the Precursor of a Universal System of Collective Security Based upon the UN Charter
	I.  A Universal System of Collective Security Based upon the UN Charter
	II.  Indications of a Universal System of Collective Security in the Charter
	III.  United Nations and State Practice
		1.  Decisions Addressed to all States, International Organizations, and Other Non-State Actors
		2.  Non-Member States and Other Actors as Target of Preventive and Enforcement Measures
		3.  Implementation of Preventive and Enforcement Measures by Non-Member States
			(a)  Early Practice
			(b)  Federal Republic of Germany prior to 1973
			(c)  Republic of Korea prior to 1991
			(d)  Switzerland prior to 2002
			(p. 275) (e)  Cook Islands
		4.  Opinion of Member States
	(p. 276) IV.  The ICJ’s Namibia and Kosovo Advisory Opinions
	V.  Legal Basis of a Universal System of Collective Security
		1.  The ‘Reparations for Injuries’ Approach: Objective Security Order
		2.  The Charter as an ‘Objective Regime’
		3.  The Charter as the ‘Constitution’ of the International Community
		4.  A System Based on Customary International Law
	Footnotes:
Ch.I Purposes and Principles, Article 2 (7)
	Georg Nolte
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
(p. 280) Article 2 (7)
(p. 281) Select Bibliography
A.  Introduction: Is Article 2 (7) Obsolete or as Relevant as Ever?
B.  Article 2 (7) in the Context of the Other Charter Principles
C.  The Text and UN Practice
	I.  ‘Nothing…Shall Authorize the United Nations’
	II.  ‘To Intervene’
		(p. 286) 1.  The Early Debates
		2.  Specific Forms of Action
			(a)  The Inclusion of an Item in the Agenda
			(b)  Discussion and Establishment of Committees
			(c)  General and Specific Recommendations
		3.  Modern Developments
	III.  ‘In Matters…Essentially Within the Domestic Jurisdiction’
		1.  Matters Within the Domestic Jurisdiction
		(p. 293) 2.  ‘Essentially’
		3.  UN Practice
			(a)  General Significance of the Domestic Jurisdiction Clause
			(b)  Treaties and Domestic Jurisdiction
			(c)  Provisions of the UN Charter in General
			(d)  Human Rights
			(e)  Provisions Regarding Non-Self-Governing Territories
			(p. 300) (f)  Self-Determination and Minority Rights
			(g)  Maintenance of International Peace and Security
				(aa)  Internal Conflicts
				(bb)  Conflict Prevention
				(cc)  Peacekeeping Operations
			(h)  Trade Relations and Economic Sanctions
			(i)  Governmental Systems and Elections
			(p. 307) (j)  Internally Displaced Persons
	IV.  ‘Of Any State’
	V.  ‘Or Shall Require…to Submit Such Matters…to Settlement …’
	VI.  ‘But…Shall Not Prejudice the Application of Enforcement Measures’
(p. 310) D.  Who Decides?
E.  Conclusion
	Footnotes:
Self-Determination
	Stefan Oeter
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
		(p. 313) Self-Determination
Select Bibliography
Main Text
A.  The Right of Self-Determination as a Concept of the UN Charter
(p. 317) B.  Historical Developments
	I.  Evolution of Self-Determination as a Legal Concept
	II.  Chapters XI and XII of the UN Charter
	(p. 320) III.  UN Practice and Decolonization
	(p. 322) IV.  The UN Human Rights Covenants
	(p. 323) V.  The Practice of the ICJ
C.  Basic Preconditions and Components of the Right of Self-Determination
	I.  The Bearers of the Right of Self-Determination
	II.  Components of the Right of Self-Determination
		1.  Internal Self-Determination
		(p. 329) 2.  External Self-Determination—the Special Case of Decolonization
		3.  Unification with a Third State
		4.  Is there a Right to Secession?
		5.  Self-Determination and Democracy
	III.  Self-Determination and Third States—Issues of Recognition and Intervention
	Footnotes:
Ch.II Membership, Article 3
	Ulrich Fastenrath
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
Article 3
Select Bibliography
A.  General
B.  The Group of Original Members
C.  Signature and Ratification
D.  Special Features
E.  List of the Fifty-one Original Members
	Footnotes:
Ch.II Membership, Article 4
	Ulrich Fastenrath
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
(p. 341) Article 4
Select Bibliography
A.  The Concept of Membership: Between Conditional and Absolute Universality*
	I.  The Concepts of Conditional and Absolute Universality
	II.  The Controversy about the Criteria for Membership
	(p. 344) III.  The Deadlock over the Admissions Procedure from 1946 to 1955
	(p. 345) IV.  The Realization of the (Quasi-) Universality of the United Nations
B.  The Material Criteria and the Procedure for Admission
	I.  The Criteria for Admission and their Relevance in Practice: Article 4 (1)
		1.  Statehood
		(p. 348) 2.  Peace-Loving Requirement
		3.  Acceptance of the Obligations Contained in the UN Charter
		4.  Judgment of the UN on the Ability and Willingness to Carry out the Obligations Contained in the Charter
	II.  The Admissions Procedure: Article 4 (2)
		1.  The Functions of the Security Council and the General Assembly
		2.  The Admissions Procedure: Article 4 (2)
C.  Special Problems
	I.  Divided States
	II.  Merger, Secession, or Dismemberment of States
	III.  ‘Withdrawal’ and ‘Re-entrance’
D.  Observer Status
	I.  The Notion of ‘Observer Status’ and Its Function
	II.  Categories of Permanent Observers
		1.  Non-Member States and Entities
		2.  Intergovernmental Organizations and Institutions
		3.  National Liberation Movements
	III.  The Limited Rights to Participation of Observers
	IV.  The Privileges and Immunities of Observer Missions
	Footnotes:
Ch.II Membership, Article 5
	Christian Tams
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
(p. 362) Article 5
Select Bibliography
A.  Introduction*
B.  Drafting History
C.  Interpretation
	(p. 366) I.  Prerequisites
	II.  Procedure
	III.  Effects
	IV.  Restoration of Membership Rights and Privileges
	V.  Evasion
D.  Concluding Observations
	Footnotes:
Ch.II Membership, Article 6
	Christian Tams
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
(p. 374) Article 6
Select Bibliography
A.  Generalities
B.  Drafting History
(p. 378) C.  Requirements for the Application of Article 6
	I.  Substantive Conditions
		1.  ‘has persistently violated’
		2.  ‘the Principles contained in the present Charter’
	II.  Procedural Requirements (‘expelled…by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council’)
(p. 381) D.  The Legal Effects of Expulsion
E.  Practice
	I.  Israel and South Africa
	II.  The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY)
F.  Practice of Other International Organizations
G.  Assessment
	Footnotes:
Ch.III Organs, Article 7
	Matthias Lippold, Andreas Paulus
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
Article 7
Select Bibliography
A.  Introduction and travaux préparatoires of Article 7
B.  Principal Organs, Article 7 (1)
C.  Subsidiary Organs, Article 7 (2)
	I.  Definition, Systematic Interpretation, and Preconditions for a Lawful Establishment
		1.  Definition of the Term: Subsidiary Organ
		2.  Independence
		3.  Preconditions for Establishing a Subsidiary Organ
			(a)  Literal and Systematic Interpretation of Article 7 (2)
			(b)  Joint Subsidiary Organs
			(c)  Form
		4.  Scope of the Power to Create Subsidiary Organs
			(a)  Principle of Attribution of Powers, Implied Powers, Inherent Powers
			(p. 403) (b)  Subsidiary Organs Ultra Vires?
	II.  Subsidiary Organs in Practice
		1.  Composition and Participation
		2.  Functions and Practice
		(p. 410) 3.  Duration
		4.  Scope of Powers of the Subsidiary Organ and Legal Status
(p. 412) D.  Treaty Organs and United Nations Family: Specialized Agencies, Treaty Organs, and Conferences
E.  Remedies
	Footnotes:
Ch.III Organs, Article 8
	Anja Papenfuæ, Sabine von Schorlemer
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
(p. 416) Article 8
Select Bibliography
A.  Introduction
B.  Origins
	I.  League of Nations
	II.  UN Drafting History
C.  Legal Content
	I.  General Characteristics and Importance of Article 8
	(p. 419) II.  The Wording of Article 8 and Problems of Interpretation
		1.  ‘United Nations’
		2.  ‘Shall Place No Restrictions’
		3.  ‘Eligibility of Men and Women’
		4.  ‘To Participate in Any Capacity’
		5.  ‘In its Principal and Subsidiary Organs’
	III.  UN Practice
		1.  The Period 1945 to 1975
		2.  The Period 1975 to 1985
		3.  The Period 1985 to 2000
		(p. 431) 4.  The Period 2000 to date
			Table 1  Women in the UN Secretariat in 2000 and 2009. Gender distribution by level and change in percentage
D.  Problems of Application
	I.  Legal Protection
		1.  Competence of Women to Invoke Article 8
		2.  The CEDAW Optional Protocol
	(p. 439) II.  Relationship between Article 8 and Article 101 (3)
		1.  The SG’s Authority in Staff Matters
		2.  Relation of Gender and ‘Geographical Distribution’
		3.  Relation of Gender and ‘Qualification’
	III.  Other Problems
		1.  Political Resistance
		(p. 441) 2.  The Problem of Reverse Discrimination
		3.  Attractiveness of a UN Career
		4.  Developing Countries
E.  Perspectives
	Footnotes:
Ch.IV The General Assembly, Composition, Article 9
	Siegfried Magiera
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
Article 9
(p. 446) Select Bibliography
A.  Significance of the General Assembly
B.  Composition of the General Assembly
	I.  Member States
	II.  Observers
		1.  Basis
		(p. 449) 2.  Categories of Observers
		3.  Participation of Observers
(p. 451) C.  Representation in the General Assembly
	I.  Representatives and Delegations
		1.  Representatives
		2.  Delegations
		3.  Permanent Representatives
	II.  Size of Delegations
		1.  Number of Representatives
		2.  Additional Members
		3.  Compatibility with United Nations Charter
	III.  Composition of Delegations
	IV.  Delegation of Representatives
		1.  Right of Delegation
		(p. 453) 2.  Duty of Delegation
		3.  Representation by other Member States
	V.  Instruction of Delegations
	VI.  Expenses
D.  Right of Representation in the General Assembly
	I.  Credentials
		1.  Form
		2.  Scope
	II.  Examination of Credentials
		1.  Credentials Committee
		2.  Objections
	(p. 455) III.  Scope of Examination
		1.  Undisputed Governments
		2.  Disputed Governments
			(a)  In Cases of Rival Claimants
			(b)  In Cases without Rival Claimants
	Footnotes:
Ch.IV The General Assembly, Functions and Powers, Article 10
	Eckart Klein, Stefanie Schmahl
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
Article 10
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A.  The Systematic Position*
(p. 464) B.  The Power of Discussion
	I.  Definition and Scope
	II.  Objects
	III.  Limitations
C.  The Power to Make Recommendations
	I.  Position
	II.  Execution
	III.  Limitations
	IV.  Addressees of Recommendations
D.  Form and Legal Nature of Recommendations
	I.  Concept
	II.  The Practical Use of Terms
	III.  Legal Nature and Legal Effect
	IV.  Other Significance, Especially Political Effect
E.  UN Reform
F.  Evaluation
	Footnotes:
Ch.IV The General Assembly, Functions and Powers, Article 11
	Eckart Klein, Stefanie Schmahl
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
(p. 491) Article 11
Select Bibliography
A.  Article 11 (1)*
	I.  General Meaning
	II.  Powers of Consideration and Recommendation
		1.  The Scope of the Power of Consideration
		2.  The Scope of the Power of Recommendation
		3.  Initiative
	III.  Subjects of Consideration and Recommendation
		1.  General Principles of Cooperation in the Maintenance of International Peace and Security
		2.  The Principles Governing Disarmament and the Regulation of Armaments
B.  Article 11 (2)
	I.  General Meaning
	II.  The Power of Discussion
		1.  Terms and Meaning
		2.  Subject
		3.  Limits
		4.  Submission Requirement
		5.  The Relationship between Article 11 (2) Clause 1 and Article 10
	III.  The Power of Recommendation
		1.  Subject and Exercise of the Power
		2.  Addressees of Recommendations
		3.  Limits
		(p. 502) 4.  The Effect of Referral According to Article 11 (2) Clause 2
C.  Article 11 (3)
	I.  General Meaning
	II.  Scope and Definition
		1.  The Exercise of the Power
		(p. 503) 2.  The Power of Determination
		3.  The Relationship between Article 11 (3) and Article 11 (2) Clause 2
		4.  Reaction by the Security Council
D.  Article 11 (4)
	I.  General Meaning
	II.  Interpretation
E.  Evaluation
	Footnotes:
Ch.IV The General Assembly, Functions and Powers, Article 12
	Eckart Klein, Stefanie Schmahl
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
(p. 507) Article 12
Select Bibliography
A.  General Meaning*
B.  Article 12 (1): A Ban on Recommendations
	I.  Its Relation to Article 11 (2) Clause 2
	II.  Prerequisites of the Norm
	III.  Legal Consequences
C.  The Removal of the Ban on Recommendations
	I.  A Request by the Security Council
	II.  The Convocation of an (Emergency) Special Session by the Security Council
	III.  The Removal of a Matter from the List of Items with which the Security Council is Dealing
	IV.  Adjournment
D.  Evaluation
E.  Notification by the Secretary-General (Article 12 (2))
	I.  General Remarks
	II.  Notification of the General Assembly
	III.  Notification of the Member States
	IV.  The Consent of the Security Council
	V.  The Role of the Secretary-General
	VI.  The Administrative Character of the Provision
	Footnotes:
Ch.IV The General Assembly, Functions and Powers, Article 13
	Carl-August Fleischhauer, Bruno Simma
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
(p. 525) Article 13
Select Bibliography
A.  Introductory Note*
B.  The Legislative History
C.  Studies and Recommendations for the Purpose of Promoting International Cooperation in the Political Field (Article 13 (1) (a), First Alternative)
D.  Studies and Recommendations for the Purpose of Encouraging the Progressive Development of International Law and its Codification (Article 13 (1) (a), Second Alternative)
	I.  The International Law Commission (ILC)
	II.  The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL)
	III.  The Sixth Committee and its Special Committees
	IV.  The Legal Sub-Committee of the Outer Space Committee
	V.  The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III)
	(p. 548) VI.  The Creation of an International Criminal Court (ICC)
	VII.  Other Codification and Progressive Development of International Law Under the Auspices of the General Assembly
E.  Article 13 (1) (b) and Article 13 (2)
	Footnotes:
Ch.IV The General Assembly, Functions and Powers, Article 14
	Donald Riznik, Markus Zöckler
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
(p. 552) Article 14
Select Bibliography
A.  Legislative History*
B.  Controversial Role Model (Article 19 of the Covenant of the League of Nations)
(p. 558) C.  Article 14 within the Framework of the Charter
D.  Textual Interpretation
E.  Practice
F.  Conclusion
	Footnotes:
Ch.IV The General Assembly, Functions and Powers, Article 15
	Philip Bittner, Reinhard Hilger, Helmut Tichy
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
(p. 567) Article 15
A.  Reports of the Security Council
	I.  Their Origin and History
	II.  Annual Reports of the Security Council
	III.  Special Reports of the Security Council
	IV.  Conclusions regarding the Constitutional Relationship between the GA and the SC
B.  Reports of Other Organs
	I.  Their Origin and History
	(p. 571) II.  Reports of the Economic and Social Council
	III.  Reports of the Trusteeship Council
	(p. 572) IV.  Reports of the International Court of Justice
	V.  Reports of the Secretary-General
	VI.  Reports of Subsidiary Organs
C.  Final Remarks on Reports
	Footnotes:
Ch.IV The General Assembly, Functions and Powers, Article 16
	Rudolf Geiger
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
(p. 575) Article 16
	Footnotes:
Ch.IV The General Assembly, Functions and Powers, Article 17
	Thomas Thomma, Peter Woeste
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
(p. 576) Article 17
Select Bibliography
A.  The Context and Origin of Article 17*
B.  General Assembly Committees Involved in the Budgetary Process and their Working Procedures
	I.  Committees
	II.  The Programme Planning Cycle
	III.  Budget Procedure
		1.  Preparation of the Budget Estimates
		2.  Consideration of the Budget Estimates
		3.  Decisions on the Budget
		4.  Implementation of the Budget
C.  The Budget of the Organization
	I.  Scope of Different UN Budgets
	II.  The Size and Nature of the Regular Budget
		Table 1  Parts and Sections of the Regular Budget
	III.  Special Accounts for Peacekeeping Measures
D.  The Apportionment of Expenses of the Organization
	I.  The Scale of Assessments for Apportioning the Expenses
	II.  The Committee on Contributions
	III.  The Measurement of the ‘Capacity to Pay’
	IV.  The Scale of Assessments for Peacekeeping Operations
	V.  The Resulting Share of Assessed Contributions Among Member States
	VI.  The Notion of ‘Expenses of the Organization’
E.  The Financial Situation of the United Nations
F.  Administrative and Budgetary Coordination Between the United Nations and the Specialized Agencies, Article 17 (3)
	I.  The Scope and Extent of Arrangements in the Relationship Agreements
	(p. 612) II.  The Development of Relations Between the United Nations and Specialized Agencies
		1.  Budgetary and Financial Procedures
		2.  Common Services
		3.  Programme Coordination
	III.  The Examination of the Budgets of Specialized Agencies
G.  Past Reforms and New Perspectives
	I.  Budgetary Reform 1986
	(p. 616) II.  Development since 1996
	III.  Reforms in the Past Decade
	IV.  International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS)
	Footnotes:
Ch.IV The General Assembly, Voting, Article 18
	Rüdiger Wolfrum
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
Article 18
Select Bibliography
A.  Introduction*
B.  Legislative History
C.  Interpretation
	I.  Equality of Votes
	II.  Voting
D.  Practice
	I.  Voting In General
	II.  Non-Participation in the Vote
	III.  Consensus
	Annex General Assembly Voting Records112
	Footnotes:
Ch.IV The General Assembly, Voting, Article 19
	Christian Tomuschat
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
(p. 637) Article 19
Select Bibliography
A.  Drafting History
(p. 639) B.  Substantive Requirements
	I.  Member States
	II.  Financial Contributions
	III.  Arrears
(p. 645) C.  Legal Consequences
	I.  The Loss of the Right to Vote
	II.  Relevant Organs
	III.  The Right to Vote
D.  Procedure
	I.  Information by the Secretary-General and Decision by the President or Chairman
	II.  Appeal against a Ruling by the President or Chairman
E.  Authorization to Exercise the Right to Vote in Accordance with Article 19 clause 2
	I.  Substantive Requirements
	II.  Procedure
F.  Special Issues
	I.  Desuetudo
	II.  Change of Government
	III.  State Succession
	IV.  Other Sanctions
	Footnotes:
Ch.IV The General Assembly, Procedure, Article 20
	Christophe Eick
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
Article 20
Select Bibliography
A.  The Origin of the Wording
	I.  Wording Proposals
	II.  The Absence of a Provision for the Siting of Meetings
(p. 660) B.  Regular Sessions
	I.  Frequency
	II.  Prior Notice Period
	III.  Commencement
	IV.  Duration and Closing
	(p. 664) V.  Interruptions
C.  Special Sessions
	I.  Regular Special Sessions
	II.  Emergency Special Sessions
	(p. 666) III.  Prerequisites for all Special Sessions
		1.  A Request by the Security Council
		2.  A Request by the Majority of United Nations Members
		3.  Convening by the General Assembly
	IV.  Additional Prerequisites for Emergency Special Sessions
		1.  A Threat to the Peace
		2.  The Failure of the Security Council to Act
		3.  Emergency Special Session Overlapping with Regular Session
		4.  The Irrelevance of other Emergency Special Sessions
	(p. 673) V.  Terms of Notification and Opening
	VI.  Duration, Closing, and Interruptions
(p. 674) D.  Meeting Places
	I.  Rules of Procedure
	II.  Sessions away from Headquarters
		(p. 675) 1.  The Third General Assembly
		2.  The Sixth General Assembly
		3.  The 43rd General Assembly
		4.  Unsuccessful Attempts to Shift Sessions
	Annex 1:  Regular Sessions
	Annex 2:  Regular Special Sessions
	Annex 3:  Emergency Special Sessions
	Footnotes:
Ch.IV The General Assembly, Procedure, Article 21
	Thomas Fitschen
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
(p. 688) Article 21
UN Materials
Select Bibliography
A.  The Rules of Procedure
	I.  Legal Framework
	II.  Key Features of the Rules of Procedure as Applied in Practice
		1.  Sessions
			(a)  Regular Sessions
			(b)  Special Sessions
			(c)  Emergency Special Sessions
		2.  Participants
		3.  The Secretariat
		4.  The Committees
			(a)  Main Committees
			(b)  General Committee
			(c)  Credentials Committee
			(d)  Other Standing Committees
			(e)  Other Committees
		5.  Conduct of Business
			(a)  Setting up the Agenda
			(b)  Debate
				(aa)  General Debate
				(bb)  Debate by Agenda Item
				(cc)  Informal Thematic Debates
				(dd)  High-Level Meetings
				(ee)  Time Limits
				(ff)  Procedural Motions
				(gg)  Right of Reply
				(hh)  Point of Order
		6.  Decision-making
			(a)  Resolutions and Decisions
			(b)  Majority Required
			(c)  Quorum
			(d)  Amendments
			(e)  Methods of Voting
				(aa)  Roll-call Vote, Electronic Voting System
				(p. 709) (bb)  Adoption without a Vote and Consensus
				(cc)  Vote by Secret Ballot
			(f)  Motion to Take No Action
			(g)  Absence and Non-Participation
			(h)  Explanation of Votes
			(p. 713) (i)  Elections
		7.  Documentation
B.  The President of the General Assembly
	I.  Election
	II.  Functions
		1.  Conduct of Business
		2.  Composition of Committees
		3.  Representation
		4.  The Changing Role of the PGA
	III.  Vice-Presidents
	Footnotes:
Ch.IV The General Assembly, Procedure, Article 22
	Daniel-Erasmus Khan
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
(p. 719) Article 22
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A.  General Overview*
B.  History
C.  Practice
	I.  Survey
	II.  Permanent Subsidiary Organs Based on the Rules of Procedure of the General Assembly40
		1.  Main Committees
		2.  Standing Committees
		(p. 728) 3.  Procedural Committees
		4.  Others
	III.  Other Subsidiary Organs
	IV.  Special Organs
	V.  Joint Subsidiary Organs
	VI.  Treaty Bodies
	VII.  Functions and Duties of the Subsidiary Organs
D.  Extent and Limits of the General Assembly’s Powers to Establish Subsidiary Organs
	I.  Extent of the General Assembly’s Power of Organization
	II.  Limits of the Organizational Power
(p. 735) E.  Procedure for Establishing Subsidiary Organs
	I.  Initiative
	II.  Act of Foundation
	III.  Designation of Members
	IV.  Composition of Subsidiary Organs
F.  Legal Status of Subsidiary Organs within the United Nations
	I.  Subordination of the Subsidiary Organs under the General Assembly
	II.  Status of Semi-Autonomous Organs
G.  Trends in the Development of Subsidiary Organs
	I.  A History of Constant Change
	II.  Recent Developments
	III.  The Establishment of the Human Rights Council in 2006
	IV.  Prospect
Annex: Subsidiary Organs of the General Assembly157
	Footnotes:
Ch.V The Security Council, Composition, Article 23
	Rudolf Geiger
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
Article 23
A.  Composition
(p. 753) B.  Permanent Members
C.  Non-Permanent Members
D.  Reform Proposals
	Footnotes:
Ch.V The Security Council, Functions and Powers, Article 24
	Anne Peters
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
Article 24
UN Materials
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A.  Drafting History*
B.  Practice
C.  The Primary Responsibility for the Maintenance of International Peace and Security
	(p. 766) I.  ‘Responsibility’
		1.  Conceptualization
		2.  The ‘Responsibility to Protect’
	II.  ‘Primary’
		(p. 768) 1.  The Relation to the Powers of the General Assembly
		2.  The Relation to the Powers of the ICJ
			(a)  Absence of Hierarchy and Simultaneous Exercise of Functions
			(b)  Judicial Review of Security Council Decisions
	III.  The Objective of ‘Maintenance of International Peace and Security’
	IV.  The Objective of ‘Prompt and Effective Action by the United Nations’
	V.  Legal Consequences of a Failure to Discharge ‘the Duties under this Responsibility’
D.  Responsibility towards Whom? The Principals of the Council
	I.  General
	II.  Reporting to the General Assembly under Article 24 (3)
		1.  General
		2.  Practice on Annual Reports
		(p. 779) 3.  Special Reports
		4.  The Accountability Function of the Reports
E.  In ‘Accordance with the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations’
F.  The ‘Powers Granted to the Security Council’
	I.  Specific Powers and Implied Powers
	II.  The Various Types of Powers
	III.  Notably the Power to Take ‘Legislative’ Measures
		(p. 783) 1.  Practice
		2.  Admissibility in Principle
		3.  Normative Constraints on Legislative Action of the Council
		4.  Outlook
	Footnotes:
Ch.V The Security Council, Functions and Powers, Article 25
	Anne Peters
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
(p. 787) Article 25
UN Materials
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(p. 790) A.  Drafting History and Practice*
B.  ‘Decisions’ of the Council: Binding Legal Acts
	I.  What Are ‘Decisions’ and How to Identify Them?
	II.  Binding Decisions also outside Chapter VII, Especially under Chapter VI
	(p. 795) III.  Members ‘Agree to Accept and Carry out’
	IV.  The Binding Character of Acts of Subsidiary Organs, Especially of Sanction Committees
C.  The Interpretation of Security Council Resolutions
	(p. 798) I.  Who?
	II.  How?
D.  The Addressees of Obligations Contained in Security Council Decisions
	I.  The Members
	II.  Non-Member States
	III.  Non-State Actors Including Individuals
		(p. 801) 1.  Practice
		2.  Internationally Binding Effect
		3.  ‘Direct Effect’ or ‘Self-Executingness’ in Domestic Law?
		4.  Indirect Legal Effects
E.  ‘[I]n Accordance with the Present Charter’
	I.  The Various Readings of the Phrase
	(p. 809) II.  The Existence of Legal Limits to Security Council Decisions
	III.  Which Legal Limits?
		1.  Both Procedural and Substantive Limits
		2.  Article 24 (2): The ‘Purposes and Principles of the United Nations’
			(a)  Article 1: ‘Purposes of the United Nations’
			(b)  Article 2: ‘Principles’
			(c)  No Exclusiveness of the Purposes and Principles Limitation
		3.  The Entire Charter as a Legal Limit
			(a)  Division of Competences/Prohibition of Ultra Vires Decisions
			(b)  Coverage by a Charter Provision and Proper Interpretation of Charter Terms
		4.  Ius Cogens
		5.  International Customary Law and General Principles of Law
			(a)  Doctrinal Explanations
			(b)  Notably the Principle of Proportionality
			(c)  Notably the Prohibition of an Abuse of Powers
		6.  Human Rights
			(a)  Practical Relevance and Affected Rights
			(b)  Doctrinal Explanation
			(c)  Exceptional Derogation of Human Rights
			(p. 826) (d)  Human Rights: Guideline Quality, Mere ‘Equivalent’ Protection, and Lawful Limitation of their Exercise
		7.  International Humanitarian Law
	IV.  A Limited Power of the Council to Deviate from International Law when Acting under Chapter VII
		1.  No Deviation from the Charter Itself
		2.  No Deviation from General International Law to the Detriment of Third Parties
			(a)  The Historical Meaning of Article 1 (1) for Chapter VII Action
			(p. 831) (b)  Doctrinal Arguments
			(c)  Practice
		3.  Interim Conclusion
	V.  Conclusion: Modified Application of International Legal Standards to Council Decisions
	VI.  Who Decides on the Legality of a Council Decision?
		1.  The Council Itself, but not as a Final Instance
		2.  The ICJ
		3.  Other International Institutions
		4.  UN Members
			(a)  Object of Review and Standards of Review
			(b)  Different Strategies of Members’ Courts
			(c)  Assessment: Allowance to Perform a Decentralized Legality Control as an Extraordinary Means of Last Resort—No Violation of Article 25
	VII.  Consequences for the Security Council Decision Itself
		(p. 843) 1.  Presumption of Legality with the Procedural Consequence of a Continuing Obligation to Carry out
		2.  Voidness (Absolute Nullity) of Decisions Violating Ius Cogens
		3.  Rebuttal of the Presumption of Legality (and Validity)
	VIII.  Consequences for the Members’ Obligation to Carry out Impugned Council Decisions
	IX.  Consequences of an Illegal Council Decision for the UN: International Legal Responsibility
		1.  The Security Council Decision as an Internationally Wrongful Act
		2.  The Members’ Implementing Measures as Internationally Wrongful Acts Attributable to the UN
		3.  So far no International Legal Responsibility for Council Inaction
F.  The Significance of Article 103 for Council Decisions
	I.  The Principle: Prevailing Effect of Council Decisions
	II.  Narrowing or Neutralizing the Prevailing Effect
		1.  No Application of Article 103 to Obligations of the Security Council Itself
		2.  Presumption against the Creation of a Conflict
		3.  No Prevalence of UNSC Decisions over Ius Cogens
		4.  Prevalence over Contrary Customary Law is Unclear
	Footnotes:
Ch.V The Security Council, Functions and Powers, Article 26
	Hans-Joachim Schütz
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
(p. 855) Article 26
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A.  Introduction
	I.  The Systematic Position of Article 26
	II.  Legislative History
B.  Analytical Interpretation
	I.  The Functions and Powers of the Security Council
		1.  Formulation of Plans for the Regulation of Armaments and Submission of Plans to Member States
		2.  The Term ‘Regulation of Armaments’
			(a)  Regulation of Armaments versus Disarmament
			(b)  Individual Components of the Concept of the Regulation of Armaments
		3.  ‘System’ for the Regulation of Armaments
	II.  Goals and Standards of the Work of the Security Council
		1.  The Promotion of the Establishment and Maintenance of International Peace and Security
		2.  Least Diversion of Human and Economic Resources
		3.  Correlation of Goals
	III.  Assistance of the Security Council by the Military Staff Committee and Other Organs
		1.  The Military Staff Committee
		2.  Other Auxiliary Organs
C.  Practice
	Footnotes:
Ch.V The Security Council, Voting, Article 27
	Andreas Zimmermann
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
Article 27
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(p. 874) A.  Development and General Literature
B.  Delimitation between Procedural and Other Matters
C.  Application of Article 27 (3), Voluntary and Obligatory Abstention, Absence
(p. 875) D.  Reform
A.  Development of the Voting System in the Security Council*
	I.  League of Nations
		1.  General Majority Requirements in the Council of the League
		(p. 876) 2.  Notion of ‘Decisions’
		3.  Majority Requirements Concerning ‘Matters of Procedure’
		4.  Voting by Council Members, Parties to a Dispute
		5.  Absent and Abstaining Members of the Council of the League
	II.  Drafting History of the Charter
		1.  Article 27
			(a)  General Majority Requirements
			(b)  ‘Veto’ System
			(p. 879) (c)  Notion of ‘Decisions’
			(d)  Majority Requirements concerning ‘Matters of Procedure’
			(e)  Procedural versus Non-Procedural Matters
			(f)  Voting by Council Members, Parties to a Dispute
			(g)  Absent and Abstaining Members of the Security Council
			(h)  Excursus: Legal Relevance of the San Francisco Declaration36
		2.  Articles 108 and 109 (2) and (3)
		3.  Article 10 ICJ Statute
	III.  Subsequent Amendments to Articles 27 and 109 (1)
B.  Article 27 (1)
	I.  ‘Each member of the Security Council …’
	II.  ‘… shall have one vote.’
	III.  Voting in the Security Council and Substantive Obligations of Members of the Security Council
C.  Article 27 (2)
	I.  ‘Decisions of the Security Council …’
	II.  ‘Decisions of the Security Council …’
		1.  Presidential Statements
		2.  ‘Statements to the Press’ by the President of the Security Council
		(p. 890) 3.  Decisions by Sanctions Committees and Other Subsidiary Organs of the Security Council
	III.  ‘… on procedural matters …’
		1.  General Questions
		2.  Wording
		3.  Object and Purpose
		4.  Contextual Interpretation
		5.  Drafting History
		6.  Proposals to Distinguish Procedural from Substantive Matters
		7.  Categories of Matters and Subsequent Security Council Practice
			(a)  General Considerations
			(b)  Agenda/Conduct of Business
			(c)  Invitations to Participate in the Proceedings of the Security Council
			(d)  Establishment of Subsidiary Organs
				(aa)  General Questions
				(bb)  Fact-finding and On-site Visits
				(cc)  Sanction Committees and Similar Bodies
				(dd)  Ad hoc Criminal Tribunals
				(ee)  Peacebuilding Commission, Peacekeeping Operations, and Territorial Administrations
				(ff)  Standing Committee and Working Groups
			(e)  Decisions under Chapter II
			(f)  Decisions Related to Chapter IV
				(aa)  Requests to the General Assembly under Article 12 (1) in fine
				(bb)  Convocation of a Special Session of the General Assembly
				(cc)  Convocation of a Special Emergency Session of the General Assembly
				(dd)  Seizing the General Assembly with a Question Pursuant to Article 11 (2)
			(g)  Decisions under Chapter VI
			(h)  Decisions under Chapter VII
			(p. 901) (i)  Decisions under Chapter VIII
			(j)  Decisions under Chapter XIV
				(aa)  Article 93 (2) and Article 35 (2) Statute International Court of Justice
				(bb)  Article 94 (2)
				(cc)  Article 96 (1)
			(p. 902) (k)  Decisions under Article 97, 2nd sentence
		8.  Decisions Consisting of Procedural and Substantive Elements
		(p. 903) 9.  Determination of the Procedural or Non-Procedural Character of a Matter
			(a)  General Issues
			(b)  Scope of Application of the ‘Double Veto’
			(c)  Issues of Procedure Related to the ‘Double Veto’
				(aa)  Wording of the Preliminary Question
				(bb)  Role of the President of the Security Council
				(cc)  Non-admission of the Preliminary Question
				(dd)  Order of the Substantive Matter and the Preliminary Question
			(d)  Judicial Determination of the Procedural/Non-Procedural Character of a Matter
			(e)  Evaluation and Continued Relevance of the ‘Double Veto’
	(p. 909) IV.  ‘… shall be made by an affirmative vote …’
	(p. 910) V.  ‘… shall be made by an affirmative vote …’
	VI.  ‘… of nine members’
D.  Article 27 para 3
	I.  ‘Decisions of the Security Council on all other matters …’
	II.  ‘… shall be made by an affirmative vote of nine members …’
	III.  ‘… including the concurring votes of the permanent members …’
		1.  Abstention by Permanent Members
			(a)  Wording
			(p. 913) (b)  Object and Purpose
			(c)  Drafting History
			(d)  Subsequent State Practice
		2.  Non-participation in the Vote by a Permanent Member Present
		3.  Absence of a Permanent Member
			(a)  Subsequent Practice
			(b)  Relevance of a Possible Violation of Article 28 (1)?
			(p. 918) (c)  Voluntary Absence as Implied Abstention
		4.  Obligation to Justify the Exercise of the Veto?
	IV.  ‘… provided that, in decisions under Chapter VI, and under paragraph 3 of Article 52, a party to a dispute shall abstain from voting.’
		1.  ‘… in decisions under Chapter VI …’
			(a)  General Considerations
			(b)  Chapter VI versus Chapter VII
			(c)  Security Council Decisions Related to Proceedings before the International Court of Justice
				(aa)  Decisions under Article 36 (3)
				(p. 921) (bb)  Decisions under Article 94 (2)
				(cc)  Security Council Decisions related to International Court of Justice Proceedings beyond Article 94 (2)
				(dd)  Requests for Advisory Opinions under Article 96 (1)
			(d)  Measures under Articles 5 and 6
		2.  ‘… and under paragraph 3 of Article 52 …’
		(p. 923) 3.  ‘… a party to a dispute …’
			(a)  Relevance of the Distinction between ‘Disputes’ and ‘Situations’
			(b)  Notion of ‘Dispute’
		4.  ‘… a party to a dispute’
		(p. 926) 5.  Determination of the Procedural or Non-procedural Character of a Matter in the Context of Article 27 (3) cl 2
			(a)  Determination of the Existence of a Dispute
			(b)  Determination of the Parties to a Dispute
			(p. 927) (c)  Determination of the Legal Basis of a Given Security Council Decision
		6.  ‘… shall abstain from voting.’
E.  Exercise of the Veto as ‘abus de droit’?
F.  Possible Reform of Article 27
	I.  Veto
	II.  Majority Requirements
G.  Evaluation of Article 27
	I.  Relevance of the ‘Veto’
	II.  Continued Significance of the Voting System underlying Article 27
	III.  Article 27 and Developments Beyond the Charter
		1.  Creation of Informal Fora
		2.  Developments with Regard to the International Criminal Court
			(a)  Security Council Deferrals under Article 16 Rome Statute
			(p. 935) (b)  International Criminal Court and the Crime of Aggression
				(aa)  Rome Statute
				(bb)  Kampala Review Conference
	IV.  Outlook
	Annex:  San Francisco Declaration of 7 June 1945351
Statement by the Delegations of the Four Sponsoring Powers on Voting Procedure in the Security Council
	I
	II
	Footnotes:
Ch.V The Security Council, Procedure, Article 28
	Konrad Bühler
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
Article 28
UN Materials
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A.  Historical Background*
	I.  The League of Nations
	II.  The Drafting History of Article 28
B.  The Structure of Article 28
(p. 943) C.  The Provisional Rules of Procedure of the SC
D.  Article 28 (1): Ordinary Meetings of the SC
	I.  The Obligation ‘To Be Able to Function Continuously’
		1.  The Duty of SC Member States to be Permanently Present at the Seat and Participate in SC Meetings
		2.  The Obligation of the UN Secretariat to Provide Organizational and Logistical Support
	II.  Meetings
		1.  Formal Meetings
			(a)  The Formats of Meetings
				Table 1:  Formats of Meetings22
			(b)  Public and Private Meetings
			(p. 949) (c)  The Interval between Meetings
			(d)  The Convening of Meetings
			(e)  The Programme of Work of the SC
		2.  Informal Meetings
			(a)  Informal Consultations of the Whole
			(b)  Informal Interactive Dialogues
				Table 2:  Examples of Informal Interactive Dialogues (Discussions) from 2007 to 201157
			(c)  ‘Arria-Formula’ Meetings
				Table 3:  Examples of ‘Arria-formula’ Meetings from 2007 to 201058
			(d)  Other Meetings
		3.  Statistics of SC Meetings and Decisions
			Table 4:  Statistics of SC Meetings and Decisions from 2000 to 201168
	III.  Reform of the Working Methods and Transparency
		1.  Reform Initiatives in the SC
			(a)  The SC Informal Working Group on Documentation and Other Procedural Questions (IWG)
			(b)  Presidential Note S/2010/507
			(c)  Open Debates of the SC on Working Methods
		2.  Reform Initiatives in the GA
			(a)  The Open-ended Working Group on the Question of Equitable Representation on and Increase in the Membership of the SC and other Matters Related to the SC (OEWG)
			(p. 966) (b)  The 2005 World Summit Outcome
			(c)  The S-5 Initiative
E.  Article 28 (2): Extraordinary (‘Periodic’) Meetings of the SC
	I.  Obligation of the SC
	II.  Practice
		1.  Practice of Periodic Meetings convened Pursuant to Article 28 (2)
		2.  New Practice of Other High-Level Meetings
			(a)  Meetings at Ministerial Level
				Table 5:  List of High-Level Meetings from 2000 to 2011105
			(b)  Summit Meetings
				Table 6:  Summit Meetings of the SC110
	III.  Special Characteristics of Periodic Meetings
		1.  Level of Representation
		(p. 976) 2.  Convening and Frequency
		3.  Agenda and Format
		4.  Purpose
	IV.  The Revival of Article 28 (2)
		1.  The Continued Legal Validity of Article 28 (2)
		2.  The New Interpretation and Future Use of Article 28 (2)
F.  Article 28 (3): SC Meetings away from the Seat of the Organization
	I.  Discretion of the SC
	II.  Practice
	III.  Special Legal and Practical Issues
		1.  The Convening of Meetings at Other Places
		2.  Relations with the Host Country
		3.  Purpose
		4.  Costs
	IV.  Future Use
	Footnotes:
Ch.V The Security Council, Procedure, Article 29
	Andreas Paulus
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
(p. 983) Article 29
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A.  Overview and History*
B.  Textual and Systematic Interpretation
	I.  The Function of Article 29
	II.  Conditions for the Establishment of Subsidiary Organs
		1.  ‘Subsidiary Organ’
		2.  Performance of Functions of the Security Council
		3.  SC Discretion
C.  Procedures for the Establishment and Dissolution of Subsidiary Organs
D.  Powers and Functioning of Subsidiary Organs
E.  SC Practice
	I.  Introduction
	II.  Permanent Subsidiary Organs or Standing Committees
	III.  Temporary Subsidiary Organs or Ad Hoc Committees
		1.  Introduction
		2.  Ad Hoc Working Groups and Similar Bodies
		3.  Sanctions Committees
		(p. 1004) 4.  The Counter-Terrorism Committee and the Development of the 1267/1989 Sanction Committee
			(a)  The Listing System and its Modus Operandi
			(b)  Legal Problems and Judicial Challenges
			(p. 1007) (c)  Current Status—The Ombudsperson’s Office, Operation of the Ombudsman System
			(d)  Assessment
		5.  UN Commissions Established in the Aftermath of the Gulf War
			(a)  The Boundary Demarcation Commission
			(b)  The Observation Mission
			(c)  Arms Control: From UNSCOM to UNMOVIC
			(d)  The Compensation Commission
	IV.  Peacekeeping and Territorial Administration
	V.  International Criminal Tribunals
		1.  Legal Basis
		2.  The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
			(a)  Drafting History
			(b)  Overview of the Statute
			(c)  Practice
		(p. 1022) 3.  The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
			(a)  Drafting History
			(b)  The Statute
			(c)  Practice
		4.  The Future of Ad Hoc Tribunals
			(a)  From the Completion-Strategy to the Residual Mechanism—The End of the Criminal Tribunals and the Continuation of their Work
				(aa)  History
				(bb)  Content of the Completion Strategy as adopted by the SC
				(cc)The Establishment of a Residual Mechanism
				(dd)  The Statute of the Mechanism
			(p. 1026) (b)  Domestic Tribunals under International Supervision as an Alternative?
			(c)  The International Criminal Court
	Footnotes:
Ch.V The Security Council, Procedure, Article 31
	Rudolf Dolzer, Charlotte Kreuter-Kirchhof
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
(p. 1050) Article 31
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A.  Genesis
B.  Article 31 in the System of Participation Rights of Non-Members of the Security Council
(p. 1055) C.  Article 31 as a Compensatory Rule in Favour of Non-Members of the Security Council
D.  Pre-conditions to Participation: ‘Specially Affected Interests’
(p. 1057) E.  The Right to Participation
F.  Procedure
(p. 1060) G.  The Relevance of Article 31
H.  The Liberal Participation Practice of the Security Council
	Footnotes:
Ch.V The Security Council, Procedure, Article 32
	Rudolf Dolzer, Charlotte Kreuter-Kirchhof
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
(p. 1064) Article 32
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A.  Genesis and Function
B.  The Party to a Dispute
C.  Participation by Non-Members of the United Nations
D.  Procedure
	Footnotes:
Ch.VI Pacific Settlement of Disputes, Article 33
	Christian Tomuschat
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
Article 33
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A.  Chapter VI
B.  Article 33: Issues of Principle
	I.  Relationship Between Article 2 (3) and Article 33
	II.  Article 33 Within the Framework of Chapter VI
	III.  The Security Council and the General Assembly within the Framework of Chapter VI
C.  The Obligations of Parties to a Dispute According to Article 33 (1)
	I.  The Scope of Application Ratione Personae
	II.  The Scope of Application Ratione Materiae
	III.  Legal Obligation
	IV.  The Main Responsibility of the Parties to a Dispute
	V.  Peaceful Means
	VI.  Peaceful Means: Details
		1.  Negotiations
		2.  Fact-finding
		(p. 1078) 3.  Mediation
		4.  Conciliation
		5.  Good Offices
		6.  Arbitration48
		(p. 1080) 7.  International Tribunals
		8.  Regional Agencies
		9.  Other Peaceful Means
	VII.  Free Choice of Means
(p. 1082) D.  The Powers of the Security Council
	I.  The Scope of Application Ratione Personae
	II.  The Scope of Application Ratione Materiae
	III.  The Seizure of the Security Council
	IV.  The Contents of the Powers According to Article 33 (2)
	V.  Political Assessment
	Footnotes:
Ch.VI Pacific Settlement of Disputes, Article 34
	Theodor Schweisfurth
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
(p. 1086) Article 34
UN Materials
(p. 1087) Select Bibliography
A.  Drafting History
B.  The Investigation under Article 34 within the System of the UN Charter
C.  Article 34 and Conflict Prevention
(p. 1092) D.  Applications of Article 34 and other SC Investigation Practices
	I.  Early Applications of Article 34
	II.  Other SC Investigation Practices
	(p. 1093) III.  SC Investigation Practices ‘related’ to Article 34
E.  The Powers of the Security Council under Article 34
	(p. 1095) I.  The Notion of ‘Investigation’
	II.  The Objects of an Investigation under Article 34
		1.  ‘Any Dispute’
		(p. 1097) 2.  ‘Any Situation which Might Lead to International Friction or Give Rise to a Dispute’
	III.  The Purpose of an Investigation under Article 34
	IV.  The Limits of Competence
		1.  Domestic Jurisdiction of a State
		2.  Concurrent Jurisdiction of Regional Organizations
F.  Procedural Questions
	I.  Discretionary Decision
	II.  Adoption of the Agenda Including an Item under Article 34
	III.  The Legal Nature of a Decision to Investigate: Procedural (Article 27 (2)) or Other Matters (Article 27 (3)): Relationship between Articles 34 and 29
	IV.  Binding Effect of the Decision to Investigate on the States Concerned: the Relationship between Article 34 and Article 25
	V.  ‘Determination’ of the Endangering of Peace and Security
	VI.  Continuation of the Investigation after a ‘Determination’?
G.  Conclusion
	Footnotes:
Ch.VI Pacific Settlement of Disputes, Article 35
	Theodor Schweisfurth
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
(p. 1108) Article 35
Select Bibliography
A.  Drafting History
	I.  The Covenant of the League of Nations
	II.  Preparatory Work for the UN Charter
B.  Article 35 within the UN Charter System of Powers of Initiative
(p. 1110) C.  Article 35 and Obligations within Regional Arrangements
D.  The Addressee of the Power of Initiative
	I.  The Urgency of the Matter
	II.  The Organs’ Scope of Authority and Capacity to Act
	III.  Publicity
E.  The Power of Initiative of Member States, Article 35 (1)
F.  The Power of Initiative of Non-Member States, Article 35 (2)
G.  The Procedure in Matters that are Brought to the Attention of the Security Council or the General Assembly under Article 35
	I.  Form and Content
	(p. 1117) II.  The Procedure within the Security Council
	(p. 1118) III.  The Procedure within the General Assembly, Article 35 (3)
	Footnotes:
Ch.VI Pacific Settlement of Disputes, Article 36
	Thomas Giegerich
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
(p. 1119) Article 36
Select Bibliography
A.  Drafting History
B.  Development of Security Council Practice
C.  Conditions for Security Council Action under Article 36
	I.  Principle of Conferred Powers and Relation with other Charter Provisions
	II.  Existence of a Dispute or a Situation of ‘Like Nature’
		1.  A ‘Dispute’ of the Nature Referred to in Article 33
		2.  A Situation of ‘Like Nature’
	III.  Decision-Making Process
(p. 1133) D.  Admissible Content of Security Council Recommendations
	I.  The Basic Rule of Article 36 (1): Limited Security Council Discretion
	II.  The Discretion-Guiding Directive of Article 36 (2)
	III.  The Discretion-Guiding Directive of Article 36 (3)
E.  Potential Addressees of Recommendations
	I.  States and Non-State Entities
	(p. 1143) II.  Other Organs of the United Nations and Regional Organizations
F.  Legal and Political Effects of Recommendations
	Footnotes:
Ch.VI Pacific Settlement of Disputes, Article 37
	Thomas Giegerich
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
(p. 1146) Article 37
Select Bibliography
A.  The Purpose of Article 37 and the Role of the Security Council*
B.  Article 37 (1): Reference of Dispute to the Security Council by the Parties
	I.  Transformation of the Obligation under Article 33 (1)
	II.  The Applicability Ratione Personae
	III.  Failure of the Parties’ Attempts at Dispute Settlement
	IV.  Obligation to Refer Dispute to the Security Council
C.  Article 37 (2): Security Council Recommendations
	I.  Pre-Conditions of Security Council Intervention
		1.  Substantive Requirements: Continuance of Peace-Endangering Dispute
		2.  Procedural Requirement: Reference of Dispute by Parties
	II.  Decision-Making Process: the Security Council’s Obligation to Decide
	III.  The Permissible Content of Recommendations
		1.  Recommendations pursuant to Article 36
		2.  Recommendations of Terms of Settlement
			(a)  Procedural and/or Substantive Recommendations
			(b)  Legal Limits to be Respected by the Security Council when Making Recommendations
			(c)  Provisional Measures
	IV.  Potential Addressees of Recommendations
	V.  Legal and Political Effects of Recommendations
	Footnotes:
Ch.VI Pacific Settlement of Disputes, Article 38
	Thomas Giegerich
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
(p. 1161) Article 38
Select Bibliography
A.  Drafting History, Purpose, and Relevance of Article 38*
B.  The Existence of ‘any Dispute’
C.  Joint Request by All the Parties to such a Dispute
D.  The Powers of the Security Council
	I.  The Security Council’s Broad Discretion
	II.  Limits on the Security Council’s Discretion under the Charter
E.  Potential Addressees of Recommendations
F.  Legal and Political Effects of Recommendations
G.  Limitation or Extension of the Security Council’s Powers by the Parties
	Footnotes:
Peacekeeping
	Michael Bothe
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
		(p. 1171) Peacekeeping
UN Materials
(p. 1172) Select Bibliography
Documentation
Doctrine
Main Text
A.  Introduction—the Concept of Peacekeeping and its Development
B.  Historical Development and Practice
	I.  The League of Nations
	II.  The United Nations—Period of Trial and Error (1949–1964)
	III.  The Consolidation of the Concept—The Middle East after 1973
	IV.  Multidimensional Peacekeeping Operations (1990 Onward)
	V.  Peacekeeping in Crisis—Former Yugoslavia (1992 Onward)
	VI.  The Double Track Approach—Peacekeeping and Mandated Military Enforcement Action
	VII.  In Search of a Division of Tasks—UN Peacekeeping and Regional Organizations
	(p. 1181) VIII.  Current Peacekeeping—A Complex Scene
C.  The Functions of Peacekeeping Operations
D.  The Formation and Structure of Peacekeeping Operations
E.  The Legal Basis for Peacekeeping Operations in the UN Charter
F.  The Rights and Duties of UN Peacekeeping Forces in the Host State
G.  The Relation between the UN and the Participating States
H.  ‘Permanent’ Forces and Stand-By Arrangements
I.  Peacekeeping and other Military Action by Regional Organizations and Ad Hoc Groups of States
J.  Mandated Forces
K.  National Legal Problems of Participation
L.  List of Operations
	UN
	Regional Organizations
		Africa
		America, OAS
		Europe
		CIS
	(p. 1199) Operations Established Ad Hoc by Groups of States
	Mandated Forces224
	Footnotes:
Responsibility to Protect
	Mindia Vashakmadze
	From: The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, Volume I (3rd Edition)
	Edited By: Bruno Simma, Daniel-Erasmus Khan, Georg Nolte, Andreas Paulus, Nikolai Wessendorf, (Assistant Editor)
		(p. 1201) Responsibility to Protect
(p. 1202) Select Bibliography
Main Text
A.  Introduction
(p. 1204) B.  Evolution of the Concept
	I.  The Origin of the Responsibility to Protect: The System of Collective Security and its Crisis
	(p. 1205) II.  The Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (2001)
	III.  The Report of the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change (2004)
	IV.  The Report of the Secretary General ‘In Larger Freedom’ (2005)
	V.  The World Summit Outcome Document (2005)
	VI.  Subsequent Practice (2005–09)
	(p. 1211) VII.  The Report of the Secretary-General on Implementing the Responsibility to Protect (2009)
	VIII.  Conclusions
C.  Instances of Application of the Responsibility to Protect: Political Agenda and/or Normative Tool?
	I.  Instances of Application within the United Nations
		1.  Sudan (2006–11)
		2.  Somalia (2008–11)
		3.  Myanmar (2008)
		4.  DRC/North Kivu (2008)
		5.  Kyrgyzstan (2010)
		6.  Guinea (2010)
		7.  Libya (2011)
		8.  Côte d’Ivoire (2011)
		9.  Syria (2011–12)
		10.  Yemen (2011)
	II.  R2P—Political Agenda and/or Normative Tool
D.  Legal Analysis of the Responsibility to Protect Concept
	I.  Specific and Enforceable Obligations v R2P’s Complexity and Unevenness
	II.  Legal Status of R2P
	III.  Threshold for Triggering R2P and Shifting Responsibilities
(p. 1231) E.  The Impact of R2P on the System of Collective Security
	I.  Enhancing the Role and Legitimacy of the Security Council Action?
	II.  Limiting the Veto Power of the SC Permanent Members?
	III.  The Role of the General Assembly
	IV.  The Role of Regional Organizations
	V.  The Issue of Unilateral/Collective Intervention Outside the System of Collective Security of the UN
	(p. 1236) VI.  Conclusions
	Footnotes: