The central nervous system : structure and function

Contents......Page 8
A Brief Survey......Page 12
Animal Experiments Crucial for Progress......Page 14
Sources of Error in All Methods......Page 15
Revising Scientific Truths from Time to Time......Page 16
I: MAIN FEATURES OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION......Page 18
Structure of the Neuron......Page 20
Coupling of Neurons: Pathways for Signals......Page 27
The Cytoskeleton and Axonal Transport......Page 32
Glial Cells......Page 34
Basis of Excitability and Impulse Propagation......Page 43
Synaptic Transmission......Page 52
Neurotransmitters and Their Receptors......Page 64
The Spinal Cord......Page 83
The Brain Stem......Page 91
The Cerebrum......Page 100
The Cerebellum......Page 105
The Coverings of the Brain......Page 106
The Cerebral Ventricles and the Cerebrospinal Fluid......Page 107
The Blood Supply of the Central Nervous System......Page 111
Development of the Nervous System......Page 120
The Nervous System and Aging......Page 139
Restitution of Function......Page 142
II: SENSORY SYSTEMS......Page 150
Transduction: The Translation of Stimuli to Action Potentials......Page 152
Classification on the Basis of Receptor Properties......Page 154
Receptors and Subjective Sensory Experience......Page 155
Exteroceptors: Cutaneous Sensation......Page 156
Proprioceptors: Deep Sensation......Page 162
The Sensory Fibers and the Dorsal Roots......Page 172
The Central Somatosensory Pathways......Page 178
The Somatosensory Cortical Regions......Page 189
Pain......Page 192
The Eyeball and the Refracting Media......Page 200
The Retina......Page 202
Organization of the Visual Pathways......Page 211
The Visual Cortex and the Final Processing of Visual Information......Page 217
The Cochlea......Page 225
The Auditory Pathways......Page 232
The Auditory Cortex......Page 236
Structure and Function of the Vestibular Apparatus......Page 238
Connections of the Vestibular Nuclei......Page 241
Vestibular Reflexes......Page 243
Receptors and Reflexes of Importance for Body Balance......Page 245
Cortical Processing of Vestibular Signals......Page 248
The Olfactory System......Page 250
The Sense of Taste......Page 254
III: MOTOR SYSTEMS......Page 258
Motoneurons and Muscles......Page 260
Reflexes......Page 268
Muscle Tone......Page 275
Injury of Peripheral Motor Neurons and Regeneration......Page 278
The Pyramidal Tract (The Corticospinal Tract)......Page 282
Other Descending Pathways to the Spinal Cord......Page 288
Control of Automatic Movements......Page 291
Motor Cortical Areas and Control of Voluntary Movements......Page 293
Symptoms Caused by Interruptions of Central Motor Pathways (Upper Motor Neurons)......Page 298
Structure and Connections of the Basal Ganglia......Page 303
The Ventral Striatum......Page 313
Functions of the Basal Ganglia......Page 314
Diseases of the Basal Ganglia......Page 316
Subdivisions and Afferent Connections of the Cerebellum......Page 320
The Cerebellar Cortex and the Mossy and Climbing Fibers......Page 326
Efferent Connections of the Cerebellum......Page 329
Cerebellar Functions and Symptoms in Disease......Page 332
The Eye Muscles and Movements of the Eyes......Page 338
Central Control of Eye Movements......Page 340
IV: THE BRAIN STEM AND THE CRANIAL NERVES......Page 348
Structure and Connections of the Reticular Formation......Page 350
Functions of the Reticular Formation......Page 357
Consciousness......Page 359
Sleep......Page 362
General Organization of the Cranial Nerves......Page 366
The Hypoglossal Nerve......Page 370
The Accessory Nerve......Page 371
The Vagus Nerve......Page 372
The Glossopharyngeal Nerve......Page 375
The Facial and Intermediate Nerves......Page 376
The Trigeminal Nerve......Page 378
The Abducens, Trochlear, and Oculomotor Nerves......Page 381
V: THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 386
General Organization of the Autonomic System......Page 388
Peripheral Parts of the Sympathetic System......Page 391
Peripheral Parts of the Parasympathetic System......Page 397
Functional Aspects of the Autonomic Nervous System......Page 399
Neurotransmitters in the Autonomic Nervous System......Page 403
Sensory Innervation of Visceral Organs and Visceral Reflexes......Page 406
Centers in the Brain Stem for Coordination of Behavior......Page 414
Structure and Connections of the Hypothalamus......Page 415
The Hypothalamus and the Endocrine System......Page 419
Functional Aspects......Page 422
The Hypothalamus and the Immune System......Page 427
The Hypothalamus and Mental Functions......Page 428
VI: LIMBIC STRUCTURES AND THE CEREBRAL CORTEX......Page 432
The Amygdala and Emotions......Page 434
Cortical Control of Autonomic Functions and Emotions......Page 438
Neuronal Groups in the Basal Parts of the Hemispheres: The Basal Forebrain......Page 440
The Hippocampal Formation: Learning and Memory......Page 442
Structure of the Cerebral Cortex......Page 452
Connections of the Cerebral Cortex......Page 460
Functions of the Neocortex......Page 465
Language Functions and "Speech Areas" of the Cerebral Cortex......Page 474
The Division of Tasks between the Hemispheres......Page 475
Literature......Page 482
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B......Page 515
C......Page 516
D......Page 518
E......Page 519
G......Page 520
I......Page 521
L......Page 522
M......Page 523
N......Page 524
O......Page 525
P......Page 526
R......Page 527
S......Page 528
T......Page 530
V......Page 531
Z......Page 532