The Central Intelligence Agency: Security under Scrutiny (Understanding Our Government)

Contents......Page 6
Series Foreword......Page 10
Acronyms......Page 12
Introduction......Page 18
1 A Brief History of the CIA......Page 22
U.S. Intelligence from the Revolution through World War II......Page 23
The Dissolution of OSS and the Origins of the CIA......Page 24
The Creation of the CIA......Page 30
The Early Years of the CIA, 1947–1949......Page 32
The Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949 and Reorganizing the CIA......Page 35
The Origins of CIA Covert Operations......Page 36
The Directorship of Walter Bedell Smith......Page 39
The Directorship of Allen Dulles......Page 43
CIA Covert Operations during the 1950s......Page 46
The Origins of CIA Technical Intelligence—the U-2 and CORONA......Page 49
The Bay of Pigs Invasion......Page 55
The Directorship of John McCone and the Cuban Missile Crisis......Page 58
The CIA and the Vietnam Crisis......Page 61
The Nixon Presidency and the CIA......Page 67
Watergate and the Church and Pike Committee Investigations......Page 70
The Post-1975 Debate over the CIA......Page 73
The Iranian Hostage Crisis......Page 75
President Reagan "Unleashes" the CIA......Page 78
The Iran-Contra Affair......Page 80
The End of the Cold War and the Collapse of Communism......Page 82
Afghanistan, Iraq, the Balkans—and the CIA's Post-Cold War Role......Page 84
A New Threat—Islamic Terrorism......Page 88
The September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attack......Page 91
The Second Iraq War......Page 92
Reorganizing the Intelligence Community......Page 100
The Organizational Framework of American Intelligence......Page 106
The Director of National Intelligence......Page 107
Accountability......Page 109
The Organization of the Central Intelligence Agency......Page 110
Cultures in Conflict......Page 111
The Difficulties of Managing the CIA......Page 113
The White House......Page 114
The Policy Departments and Agencies......Page 115
The Intelligence Community......Page 116
Liaison Challenges within the Executive Branch......Page 119
CIA Liaison with the Legislative Branch......Page 123
A Failure to Communicate......Page 124
The Key to Successful Legislative Liaison: Executive Branch Cooperation......Page 126
The Barrier of Excessive Secrecy......Page 127
Member Motivation......Page 128
Reporting Requirements......Page 129
Co-optation......Page 130
The Raison d'Etre for Intelligence Cooperation......Page 131
The Scope of Foreign Intelligence Liaison......Page 132
Counterintelligence Liaison......Page 134
Liaison with International Organizations......Page 137
3 A World of Secrets: Intelligence and Counterintelligence......Page 142
Early Cold War......Page 144
Technological Spying: The U-2 and Other Interception Projects......Page 148
The Cuban Missile Crisis......Page 151
The Polyakov Defection and HUMINT......Page 152
The Directorate of Science and Technology......Page 153
Vietnam......Page 155
The Team B Exercise......Page 159
The People's Republic of China......Page 160
Soviet Defense Capabilities......Page 162
Central America, the Nicaraguan Contras, and Afghanistan......Page 165
1985—"The Year of the Spy"......Page 166
Brave New World......Page 167
The Counterterrorist Center......Page 169
The Clinton Presidency and the New Terrorist Threat......Page 170
The September 11, 2001, Terrorist Attack, the Iraq War, and the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act......Page 173
4 A New Agency: The Origins and Expansion of CIA Covert Operations......Page 176
Origins of CIA Covert Operations: NSC 4A, NSC 10/2......Page 177
Office of Policy Coordination and the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949......Page 179
Iranian and Guatemalan Coups......Page 180
NSC 5412......Page 183
South Vietnam, Laos, Indonesia......Page 185
Bay of Pigs and Operation MONGOOSE......Page 188
Assassination Planning: Congo, Dominican Republic, South Vietnam, Chile......Page 190
Congress for Cultural Freedom, National Student Association, Operation CHAOS......Page 193
Hughes-Ryan, Angola, Intelligence Oversight Act......Page 197
Iran-Contra......Page 200
Terrorism, al Qaeda, the Kean Commission......Page 206
5 Lapdog or Rogue Elephant? CIA Controversies from 1947 to 2004......Page 210
The Creation of the Agency and the "Internal Security" Ban......Page 211
The 1950s: Unquestioned Support......Page 213
The 1960s: A New Era of Scrutiny......Page 214
Operation CHAOS......Page 216
The Kennedy Assassination and CIA Conspiracy Theories......Page 217
The CIA and Watergate......Page 219
The Post-Watergate Investigations and the "Year of Intelligence"......Page 223
Frank Church and the "Rogue Elephant"......Page 224
Otis Pike and the Imperial Presidency......Page 227
Watchdogs and Whistle-Blowers......Page 229
Internal Conflicts: Team B, the Helms Perjury Case, and the Nosenko Affair......Page 232
The "Year of the Spy"......Page 234
The CIA and Iran-Contra......Page 236
Dark Alliance: The CIA and Drugs......Page 242
The Failure of Intelligence before 9/11......Page 243
The "Sixteen Words" and Intelligence Manipulation......Page 246
Conclusion......Page 250
6 Biographies of Important CIA Administrators......Page 252
7 Chronology of Key Events......Page 328
Annotated Bibliography......Page 358
A......Page 378
C......Page 379
D......Page 381
E......Page 382
G......Page 383
H......Page 384
J......Page 385
M......Page 386
N......Page 387
O......Page 388
P......Page 389
S......Page 390
U......Page 392
Z......Page 393
About the Editor and Contributors......Page 394