The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO: Natural Variations Archean to Present

Geophysical Monograph Series Including......Page 1
The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric CO2:Natural Variations Archean to Present......Page 3
CONTENTS......Page 5
PREFACE......Page 8
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 9
INTRODUCTION THE SCIENTIFIC HISTORY OF CARBON DIOXIDE......Page 10
Reference......Page 13
Introduction......Page 14
Fossil Fuel Resources......Page 15
The Atmosphere......Page 18
Air-Sea Exchange......Page 20
Ocean Mixing......Page 22
Biological processes......Page 26
Weathering and Sedimentation......Page 32
River Fluxes......Page 35
Carrbonate Burial......Page 39
Eigenanalysis......Page 40
Theory......Page 43
Application......Page 45
Conclusions......Page 52
References......Page 53
Introduction......Page 69
Methane Budget Revisions......Page 70
Discussion......Page 73
References......Page 76
1. Introduction......Page 78
2. An Energy Balance Model With Reservoirsfor Air, Sea and Land......Page 79
3. Radiation Parameterizations......Page 80
4. Results for Steady State Models as aFunction of CO2 Concentration......Page 83
5. Conclusions......Page 84
References......Page 85
The Model......Page 86
Results......Page 88
Discussion......Page 91
References......Page 94
Introduction......Page 96
The Marine Carbon Cycle......Page 97
Time Dependent COP Model Description and Solutions......Page 99
Solutions: Time Scale of the Response of Oxygen Profiles......Page 101
Conclusions......Page 104
References......Page 105
Introduction......Page 106
Carbon Pump Types, Efficiencies and Strengths......Page 107
Analysis of Models......Page 110
Analysis of the Present Ocean State......Page 112
Discussion......Page 114
Appendix: Model Calculations......Page 115
References......Page 116
Introduction......Page 118
Corals as Integrators of SST......Page 119
Methods......Page 121
Intrannual 6?O Results:Central and Eastern Tropical Pacific......Page 122
Thirty-Year Subannual $1 80 Record at Fanning Island......Page 123
Interannual 6 ? 80 Results:Eastern Tropical Pacific......Page 124
Discussion......Page 125
References......Page 127
Introduction......Page 130
Method......Page 131
Results......Page 134
Conclusions......Page 136
References......Page 137
Introduction......Page 139
The Experimental Method......Page 140
Trapping of Air in Natural Ice......Page 141
Interaction Between the Air in the Bubbles and the Surrounding Ice......Page 142
Data......Page 143
Conclusion and Recommendations......Page 147
References......Page 148
Methods and Results......Page 150
Age Differences Among Planktonic Fractions......Page 152
Age Difference Between Benthic and Planktonic Fractions......Page 157
Conclusions......Page 158
References......Page 159
1. Introduction......Page 161
2. Models for Oceanic Carbon......Page 162
3. Chemistry of the Glacial Ocean......Page 165
4. Summary and Concluding Remarks......Page 166
References......Page 168
Introduction......Page 170
The Idealized Model Equations......Page 172
A Model Solution For The Present Ocean......Page 177
The Ice Age Ocean And Atmosphere......Page 182
Discussion: What Is fhd ?......Page 183
Appendix......Page 186
References......Page 189
Introduction......Page 192
The Model......Page 193
The Standard Case......Page 194
Different Steady States......Page 196
Time-Dependent Calculations......Page 197
Discussion and Conclusions......Page 199
References......Page 200
Introduction......Page 202
Glacial/Interglacial Variation in Mineralogy andLtthology: Correlation and Timing......Page 203
The Deglaciation in Cores 34 and 54......Page 207
Discussion......Page 209
Conclusions......Page 212
References......Page 213
Introduction......Page 215
Post-Termination Dissolutionand Reef Hypothesis......Page 216
Model Assumptions and Input......Page 217
Modifications to Previous Models......Page 218
Box Core ERDC 141......Page 220
Results:Radiocarbon and Percent CaC3O Stratigraphy......Page 221
Reef Growth and pC2O of the Atmosphere......Page 223
Discussion......Page 224
References......Page 225
Introduction......Page 227
Carbon Cycle Models......Page 228
Results of Sensitivity Studies......Page 230
Discussion and Conclusions......Page 234
References......Page 238
Introduction......Page 240
Approach......Page 241
Mid-Holocene 4000-8000 Years B.P.......Page 248
Discussion......Page 250
References......Page 252
Introduction......Page 256
Late Pleistocene Preservation Patterns......Page 258
Spectrum of the Dissolution Record......Page 263
Carbonate Preservation and Rates of Changein the Climate System......Page 266
Discussion......Page 268
References......Page 271
Study Area......Page 275
Last 170,000 Years......Page 277
Interpretation of Results for theLast 170,000 Years......Page 281
References......Page 285
Strategy......Page 289
Analytical Methods......Page 294
Late Holocene Present to 7,000 years B.P.......Page 295
Early Stage 3 45,000 to 60,000 years B.P.......Page 296
Stage 4 64,00.0 to 75,000 years B.P.......Page 297
Early Stage 5 115,000 to 125,000 years B.P.......Page 298
Discussion......Page 299
Appendix......Page 302
References......Page 304
Introduction......Page 306
Analytical Methods......Page 307
Time Series Development......Page 311
The Deep-Water 13C Record......Page 313
The Surface Water 13C Record......Page 314
The Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Record......Page 315
References......Page 319
Introduction......Page 321
Chronology......Page 322
Results......Page 323
Spectral and Cross-Spectral Analysisof Carbon Isotope Records......Page 324
Conclusions......Page 328
References......Page 329
Introduction......Page 331
The Holocene Signal......Page 333
The Late Pleistocene Signal of the Last 150,000 Years......Page 335
References......Page 341
Geological Setting of the Materials Studied......Page 344
Field and Laboratory Experimental Methods......Page 345
Carbon Isotope Shifts in Coral Reefs on Variable Time Scales......Page 348
A Model of Organic Carbon Productionand Consumption by Coral Reefs......Page 350
Estimates of Coral Reef Productivity at Sialum......Page 351
Organic Productivity  Effects On &3C......Page 352
Discussion......Page 353
Summary......Page 354
References......Page 355
Introduction......Page 357
Paleocene and Eocene Forests......Page 361
Oligocene and Neogene Forests......Page 366
Neogene Low-Biomass Vegetation......Page 371
References......Page 372
Qualitative Changes: Paleogene......Page 376
Preliminary Carbon Estimates for the Early Miocene Vegetation......Page 379
Quaternary Fluctuations of Ecosystems......Page 380
Modern Estimates......Page 382
Ca 6000 Years B.P.: Ranges ofCarbon Per Unit Area......Page 385
Holocene Plant Carbon Totals......Page 389
Further Discussion and Prospects......Page 390
References......Page 393
Introduction......Page 396
Present-Day Overall Geochemical Cycle......Page 397
Pyrite Reservoir......Page 398
Weathering Rate Laws......Page 399
Fluxes Due to Volcanic-Sea water Reaction......Page 400
Isotope Data and Fluxes of Carbon and Sulfur......Page 401
General Kinetic Equations and Operation of the Model......Page 403
Results and Discussion......Page 405
References......Page 409
The Global Organic Carbon Reservoir......Page 411
Implications of Within-Ocean 13C V ariations......Page 414
References......Page 415
Introduction......Page 417
Charcoal Flux......Page 419
Analytical Methods......Page 420
Observations......Page 421
Discussion......Page 430
Conclusion......Page 438
References......Page 439
Introduction......Page 441
Results......Page 442
Causes of High-Frequency Carbonate Fluctuations:A Mass Accumulation Rat..'e A. pproach......Page 445
Causes of Major C hange in Carbonate Accumulation at Site 572: Regional Versus Local Processes......Page 448
Conclusions......Page 450
References......Page 451
The Mid-Miocene Oxygen Shift......Page 453
Hypothesis......Page 455
The Isotope Record of DSDP Site 216......Page 456
Time Scale and Correlation Analysis......Page 457
The Monterey Formation......Page 459
Correlation of Site 216 withthe Monterey Formation......Page 460
Estimates of Carbon Buildup......Page 462
Conclusions......Page 463
References......Page 464
Introduction......Page 467
Methods and Samples......Page 473
Results......Page 474
Glacio-eustasy and the $18C Record......Page 479
Other Proxy Indicators of Sea level......Page 480
Conclusions......Page 481
Referenoes......Page 482
Carbon Isotope Fractionation......Page 485
A "Strangelove" Ocean......Page 487
References......Page 489
Deccan Traps Volcanism......Page 491
Deccan Traps-Mantle Plume Connection......Page 492
Trans-K-T Carbon Cycle Perturbation......Page 493
Biological Perturbation-Dead Sea Linkageto Deccan Traps Degassing......Page 494
The Trans-K-T Marine Extinctions......Page 496
Trans-K-T Global Warming and Terrestrial Extinctions......Page 497
K-T Boundary Iridium......Page 498
References......Page 499
Introduction......Page 502
Estimates of Cretaceous Volcanism......Page 503
The Modern Baseline......Page 508
Calcium Carbonate Burial Rates, Mineralogy,Oceanic TCO2 and the CCD......Page 516
Discussion: Additional Effects......Page 520
References......Page 522
Introduction......Page 528
Progressive Lithostratigraphic Changes......Page 529
An Oceanographic Interpretation......Page 532
Biostratigraphy and M agnetostratigraphy......Page 534
A Diagenetic or an Oceanographic Signal?......Page 535
Fluctuations in the Barremian C Isotope Record......Page 536
The C Isotope Event in the Aptian......Page 539
Summary......Page 540
References......Page 541
Climate Model Description......Page 543
Warm Cretaceous Climate:Is Geography the Solution?......Page 544
Cretaceous CO2 Climate Sensitivity......Page 546
Implications for Geochemical Models......Page 548
References......Page 549
Introduction......Page 551
Model Experiments......Page 552
Results......Page 553
References......Page 555
Introduction......Page 557
The Model......Page 558
Carbon,Sulfur? and strontium Stable Isotope Megacycles......Page 559
Tectonic Trends......Page 561
Marine Biogeochemical Precipitates......Page 563
Carbon Dioxide Levels......Page 565
Stable isotopes......Page 566
References......Page 567
Estimating the Masses of DifferentSediment Types Through Time......Page 569
Proportions of Carbonate Rock in the Major Sediment Reservoirs......Page 570
Reevaluation of the Output of CO2 IntoSediment Through Time......Page 571
Potential Transfer of C Between Ccarb and Corg Reservoirs......Page 573
The Effect of Sedimentary Cycling and Losses From the System......Page 575
Discussion......Page 576
References......Page 578
Introduction......Page 580
Carbonate Data for Phanerozoic Cycles......Page 581
Possible Mechanisms for Mineralogic Changes......Page 583
Possible Precambrian Aragonites......Page 585
Precambrian Climate and Aragonite Occurrences......Page 586
References......Page 587
Isotopic Record on 109-Year Time Scales......Page 590
Coupling of Biogeochemical and Inorganic Cycles......Page 593
Isotopic Record on 10 7- to I08-Year Time Scales......Page 594
References......Page 595
Introduction......Page 597
Present-Day Mid-Ocean Ridge Carbon Flux......Page 598
The Precambrian Mid-Ocean Ridge Mantle Carbon Flux......Page 601
Subduction of Carbon......Page 602
Precambrian Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Levels......Page 604
References......Page 605
Introduction......Page 607
Numerical Models......Page 609
Results......Page 611
References......Page 615
Empirical Temperature Limits in Living Organisms......Page 618
Physiological and Molecular Bases of Thermal Limits in Living Organisms......Page 619
Are There Evolutionary Limitsto Thermal Adaptation?......Page 620
Conclusions......Page 621
References......Page 622