The Canada-Caribbean Remittance Corridor: Fostering Formal Remittances to Haiti and Jamaica Through Effective Regulation (World Bank Working Papers)

Contents......Page 4
Foreword......Page 10
Acknowledgments......Page 12
Abbreviations and Acronyms......Page 14
Description of Terms and Key Business Models......Page 16
Executive Summary......Page 18
Key Statistics......Page 26
Bilateral Remittance Corridor Analysis......Page 30
Table 1. World Bank’s Bilateral Remittance Corridor Analyses, 2008......Page 31
Methodology and Outline of the Report......Page 32
1. Migration and Remittance Patterns in the Caribbean......Page 34
Figure 1. Regional Comparison: Net Migration Rate, 1970?2015......Page 35
The Caribbean as a Remittance Recipient......Page 40
Main Points......Page 48
Migrating to Canada......Page 50
Remitting from Canada......Page 58
Legal and Regulatory Framework for Remittance Service Providers in Canada......Page 66
Main Points......Page 77
Haitians in Canada......Page 78
Figure 36. Canada: Permanent Residents from Haiti by Occupation, 1980?2006......Page 90
Legal and Regulatory Framework Applicable to Maisons de Transfert in Haiti......Page 99
Main Points......Page 107
Jamaicans in Canada......Page 108
Table 19. Education, Employment and Income Statistics, Jamaicans vs. Overall Canadian Population, 2001......Page 123
Legal and Regulatory Framework Applicable to Remittance Companies and Agents in Jamaica......Page 135
Main Points......Page 145
5. Findings and Policy Considerations......Page 146
Haiti: Policy Recommendations......Page 149
Box 12. Relationship between Transparency and Reduction in Remittance Transfer Costs: Case of Mexico......Page 155
Canada: Policy Recommendations......Page 159
Box 14. Canadian Programs to Implement Immigrants into the Labor Market......Page 162
Appendixes......Page 164
A. The Caribbean: Main Historical Features and Migrant Destinations......Page 166
B. Historical Features of Early 20th Century Migration to Canada (1901?61)......Page 170
C. Focus Group Discussion: Haiti......Page 174
D. Focus Group Discussion: Haitian Diaspora......Page 178
E. Focus Group Discussion: Jamaica......Page 182
Bibliography......Page 188
Table 2. Percentage of Total Expatriates, Highly-skilled Aged 15+......Page 41
Table 3. Point System Evolution, 1967?2003......Page 51
Figure 15. Canada: Permanent Migration and GDP Growth......Page 53
Table 5. Top 10 Country of Origin of Recent Immigrants, 2001?06......Page 57
Table 6. Remittances and Immigrant Categories......Page 62
Table 7. Summary of STRs Received by FINTRAC......Page 72
Table 8. Canada: On-site Visits to MSBs by FINTRAC......Page 74
Table 9. Summary of AML/CFT and Other Requirements for RSPs in Canada......Page 75
Figure 25. Canada: Admitted Permanent Immigrants from Haiti, 1966?2006......Page 80
Figure 28. Canada: Permanent Resident Inflow from Haiti, 1980?2006 (share of total)......Page 83
Table 12. Canada-Haiti: Bilateral Remittance Flow Size Estimates......Page 92
Table 13. Amounts Transferred to Haiti, 2004......Page 93
Table 14. Canada-Haiti: Main MTOs Fee Structure, March 2008......Page 95
Table 15. Summary of AML/CFT and Other Requirements for Maisons de Transfert in Haiti......Page 106
Figure 45. Canada: Composition of the Jamaican Community, 2006......Page 116
Figure 49. Percentage of Jamaicans Employed in Canada Relativeto Overall Population......Page 119
Figure 51. Per Capita Income Levels of Jamaicans and the Overall Canadian Population......Page 122
Table 21. Households Receiving Remittances, By Quintile, 2001?06 (percent)......Page 125
Table 23. Remittances as a Share of Adult Equivalent Expenditure, By Quintile, 2006......Page 126
Table 24. Canada-Jamaica: Main MTOs Fee Structure, July 2008......Page 129
Table 25. Summary of AML/CFT and Other Requirements for Remittance Companies in Jamaica......Page 143
Box B1. Race and Immigration Policy......Page 171
Table E1. Summary of Survey Results: Jamaican Returnees and Remittance Recipients......Page 185
Figure 2. Caribbean: National Net Migration, 2005......Page 36
Figure 3. Haiti and Jamaica: Net Migration Rate per 1000 people, 1970?2010......Page 37
Figure 5. Per Capita GDP Growth Rates, By Region, 1980?2006 (10yr moving average)......Page 38
Figure 6. Net Migration Rate and Per Capita GDP, 2000......Page 39
Figure 7. Regional Comparison: Breakdown of Global Inward Remittances, 2007......Page 42
Figure 9. Regional Comparison: Remittances as a Percent of GDP, 1991?2006......Page 43
Figure 11. Per Capita GNI and Remittances (2006)......Page 44
Figure 12. Haiti and Jamaica: Official Development Assistance, FDI, and Remittances(as a percent of GDP)......Page 45
Figure 13. Caribbean: Official Development Aid, FDI, and Remittances, 1980?2005......Page 46
Figure 14. Canada: Composition of Permanent Immigration, 1980?2006......Page 52
Figure 17. Region of Origin of Recent Immigrants to Canada, 1971?2006......Page 54
Figure 18. Caribbean-born Immigrants in Canada......Page 55
Figure 20. Percentage of Respondents who Remitted, By Selected Countries of Birth......Page 59
Figure 21. Canada: Average Annual Amount Remitted by Recent Migrants......Page 60
Figure 23. Canada: Breakdown of Senders, By Amount Sent Annually (percent)......Page 61
Figure 24. Bilateral Remittance Estimates using Migrant Stocks, Host CountryIncomes, and Origin Country Incomes......Page 65
Figure 26. Haiti: Permanent Resident Flow to the United States and Canada,1960?2005......Page 81
Figure 27. Canada: Permanent Residents from Haiti, By Category, 1980?2006......Page 82
Figure 29. Canada: Temporary Workers and Permanent Economic Visa Applicationsfrom Haitian Nationals, 2000?06......Page 84
Figure 30. Canada: Composition of the Haitian community, 2006......Page 85
Figure 32. Canada: Composition of the Haitian Diaspora, By Period of Entry......Page 86
Figure 33. Canada: Composition of the Haitian Diaspora, By Age Group, 2006......Page 87
Figure 34. Canada: Composition of the Haitian Population, By Education Profile (highest degree attained)......Page 88
Figure 35. Haitian Community: Selected economic indicators comparison......Page 89
Figure 37. Haiti: Remittance Flows......Page 91
Figure 38. Haiti: Market Shares of Maisons de Transfert October 2006?July 2007......Page 97
Figure 39. Canada: Admitted Permanent Residents from Jamaica, 1966?2006......Page 109
Figure 40. Canada: Composition of the Jamaican Diaspora By Period of Entry......Page 110
Figure 42. Canada: Permanent Resident Inflow from Jamaica, By Category, 1980?2006......Page 111
Figure 43. Temporary Visas Issued, By Category, 2000?07......Page 113
Box 7: Canadian Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program (CSAWP)......Page 114
Figure 47. Canada: Composition of Jamaican Population, By Age Group, 2006......Page 117
Figure 48. Composition of the Jamaican Population, By Education Profile, 2006......Page 118
Figure 50. Canada?Permanent Residents from Jamaica by Stated Occupation......Page 121
Figure 52. Jamaica: Breakdown of Remittance Inflows, By Country of Origin, 2007......Page 124
Figure 53. Jamaica: Breakdown of Formal Remittance Inflows, By Channel Type, 1994?2007......Page 127
Figure 54. Jamaica: Breakdown of Formal Remittance Inflows, By Channel Type, 2007......Page 128
Figure 55. Remittance Company Typically Used by Jamaicans......Page 130
Figure 57. Share of Locations per MTO, By Parish, 2007......Page 133
Box 1. Focus: Haiti and Jamaica......Page 47
Box 2. Immigration to Quebec......Page 56
Box 3. Money Laundering Threat to RSPs for Funds Going to/from the Caribbean......Page 68
Box 4. Regulating RSPs at the Provincial Level......Page 70
Box 5. Role of the Exchange Rate in Overall Remittance Transfer Costs......Page 96
Box 6. Drug Trafficking in Haiti......Page 100
Box 8: Addressing Unemployment among Jamaicans at Home and Abroad: The HEART Trust/ National Training Agency (NTA) of Jamaica......Page 120
Box 9: Obtaining a License......Page 137
Box 10: Excerpts of the General Principles for International Remittance Services......Page 147
Box 11. The Creation of Migration and Remittances “Working Groups?......Page 148
Box 13. Indonesia: Official Policies and Programs to Regulate Indonesian Worker Migration......Page 156
Box B2. Setting the Course: The Mackenzie King Statement (1947)......Page 172