The Cambridge Handbook of the Imagination

The Cambridge Handbook of the Imagination
Contents
List of Figures
List of Contributors
Acknowledgments
1 Surveying the Imagination Landscape
	Domains of the Imagination
	Disagreements About the Imagination
	Weaving a Common Thread
	References
Part I: Theoretical Perspectives on the Imagination
2 The Evolution of a Human Imagination
	Humans in Context
	A Note on Human Culture
	The Evolution of a Human Imagination
	Stone Tools
	The Material Record of Meaning-Making
	Human Neurobiology, Cognition, and Imagination
	Areas in Need of Further Investigation
	Bibliography
3 Material Imagination: An Anthropological Perspective
	Introduction
	Social Being, Imagination, and Time
	Imagination: The Challenge for Anthropology
	What Does it Mean to Imagine?
	On Material Imagination
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
4 The Archaeological Imagination
	Archaeologists Work with What Remains
	Archaeological Experiences
		An Archaeological Landscape
		An Archaeological Artwork
		An Archaeological Collection
		Encounter
		Gather
		Transform
	A Genealogy of Archaeological Experiences
	The Scope of the Archaeological Imagination
	Agency, Creativity, and the Archaeological Imagination
	References
5 Philosophical Perspectives on Imagination in the Western Tradition
	Philosophical Theorizing About Imagination
		Imagination and Belief
		Imagination and Perception
	Philosophical Employment of Imagination
		Imaginability Arguments
		The Imaginability Principle
	Concluding Remarks
	References
6 Imagination in Classical India: A Short Introduction
	Early Imagination
	Poetic and Philosophical Imagination: Some Terms and Their Varied Uses
		Saṃkalpa/Vikalpa/Kalpanā
		Bhāvanā
		Pratibhā
	Imagination and the Construction of Reality
	The Cognitive Status of the Moment of Imagination
	Final Remarks
	Bibliography
7 From Prediction to Imagination
	Introducing the Predictive Processing Framework (PPF)
		Bayesian Resolution of Ambiguity
		Efficient Neural Implementation Through Predictive Processing
		Two Tweaks: Hierarchy and Precision
		From Perception to Action
	Predictive Processing and Imagination
		Imagination as the Fundamental Building Block of Experience
		Imagination as (a Subspecies of) Offline Cognition
		Departing from Reality Without Surprise
	Imaginative Agency and Imaginative Constraints
		Imaginative Agency
		Imaginative Constraints
		Where are the Constraints in PPF?
	Imagination as Mental Action
		Active Inference and Mental Action
		Distant Fantasies and the Role of Language
	Concluding Remarks
	References
8 Memory and Imagination: Perspectives on Constructive Episodic Simulation
	Assessing the Constructive Episodic Simulation Hypothesis: Cognitive/Behavioral Evidence
		Distinguishing Between Episodic and Non-Episodic Influences: Episodic Specificity Induction
		Additional Cognitive/Behavioral Tests
	Assessing the Constructive Episodic Simulation Hypothesis: Neural Evidence
		Neuroimaging of the Core Network
		Manipulating episodic retrieval
	Constructive Episodic Simulation and Memory Errors
	Conceptual Development of the Constructive Episodic Simulation Hypothesis
	Concluding Comments: Big Questions
	Acknowledgments
	References
9 Capturing the Imagination
	Introduction
	Kinds of Evolutionary Algorithms
	Evolutionary Algorithms in the Imagination
	The Brain’s Prediction System
	Inherent Unknowns
	References
10 A Sociocultural Perspective on Imagination
	Classical Debates and Divisions on Imagination
	What is Sociocultural Psychology?
	A Foundational Cultural Understanding of Imagination: Lev S. Vygotsky
	Four Fields of Study for Imagination as Sociocultural Dynamic Categories
		Phenomenology of Art Experience
		Intentionality and Imagination
		Imagination as Generative
	An Integrative Model: The Imagination Loop
	New Directions: Imagination and Cultural Change
	Conclusion
	References
11 Artificial Intelligence and Imagination
	Artificial Intelligence that Does Imagination
	Machine-Learning Approaches
	Cognitive Models of Imagination and Imagery
	Is it Really Imagination?
	The Future
	References
Part II: Imagery-Based Forms of the Imagination
12 The Visual Imagination
	How to Measure Imagery: Overcoming Methodological Challenges
	Cross-Disciplinary Imagery Research
	Visual Imagery as a Weak Form of Visual Perception
	The Neural Basis of Visual Imagery
	Voluntary and Involuntary Visual Imagery
	Aphantasia and Hyperphantasia: Life with the Extremes of Imagery
	Important Questions for Future Research
	References
13 Musical Imagery
	Features of Musical Imagery
		Pitch
		Tempo
		Timbre
		Loudness
		Expressive Features
		The Neuroscience of Musical Imagery
		Summary
	Everyday Experiences of Musical Imagery
		Methods for Investigating Everyday Musical Imagery
		Features and Phenomenology of Earworms
		Situational Predictors of Earworms
		Emotional Responses to Earworms
		Voluntary and Involuntary Musical Imagery
	Imagery Uses in Musicians
		Music Practice
		Music Performance
		Music Composition
	Key Themes and Future Directions
	References
14 Neurophysiological Foundations and Practical Applications of Motor Imagery
	Introduction to the Multifaceted Nature of Motor Imagery
	Neurophysiological Underpinning of Motor Imagery Processes
		Brain Activations
		Autonomic Nervous System and Somatic Responses
		Muscular Activity and Postural Adjustments during MI
	Modalities of Motor Imagery Practice
		Major Rules and Guidelines Structuring MI Interventions in Sport
		Determining the Optimal Conditions of Motor Practice
		Periodization and Dose Delivery of Imagery Sessions
	Conclusion
	References
15 Temporal Mental Imagery
	Mental Imagery
	The Case for Temporal Mental Imagery
	Amodal Completion and the Specious Present
	Prediction and Mental Imagery
	Postdiction, Apparent Motion, and Mental Imagery
	Multimodal Temporal Mental Imagery
	Limits of Temporal Mental Imagery
	References
16 Emotional Mental Imagery
	Mental Imagery and Emotion
	Functions of Emotional Mental Imagery in Everyday Life
	Dysfunctions in Emotion Mental Imagery
	Individual Differences in Emotional Mental Imagery
	Making Use of the Properties of Emotional Mental Imagery
	Implications for our Understanding of the Imagination
	Implications for Interdisciplinary Research
	Major Challenges in the Investigation of Emotional Mental Imagery
	Conclusions
	References
17 Multisensory Perception and Mental Imagery
	Perception is a Product of Multisensory Integration
		Multisensory Illusions
	Mental Imagery and Multisensory Integration
		Mental Imagery-Induced Cross-Bounce Illusion
		Mental Imagery-Induced McGurk Illusion
		Mental Imagery-Induced Ventriloquism Illusion
		Neuroimaging Evidence for an Imagery-Induced Ventriloquist Illusion
		Crossmodal Plasticity from Mental Imagery
	Unresolved Issues and Areas for Future Work
	Conclusions
	References
18 Evocation: How Mental Imagery Spans Across the Senses
	Introduction
	Canonical Cases of Crossmodal Imagery
	The Causal Criterion
		Immediate and Mediated Causal Routes
		Other Causes for Neural Activation and Imagery
		What Are the Rules of Crossmodal Induction?
	The Content Criterion
	Justifying the Consciousness Requirement
	Implications and Open Questions
		Some Imagining We Consider as Internally Triggered Might Be Externally Triggered
		Non-Visual Mental Imagery May Be More Frequent than We Think
	Conclusion
	References
Part III: Intentionality-Based Forms of the Imagination
19 Continuities and Discontinuities Between Imagination and Memory: The View from Philosophy
	Episodic Imagination and Episodic Memory: The Continuism-Discontinuism Debate
	Metaphysical (Dis)continuism
		The Objects of Mental Time Travel
		The Reference of Episodic Thought
	Epistemological (Dis)continuism
		The Epistemic Openness of the Future
		The Directness of our Knowledge of the Past
		Immunity to Error Through Misidentification in Episodic Memory and Episodic Future Thought
	The Future of the Continuism-Discontinuism Debate: Future-Oriented Confabulation?
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
20 Imagining and Experiencing the Self on Cognitive Maps
	Introduction
	Cognitive Maps
	Locating the Self on Mental Lines and Cognitive Maps
		Mental Lines
		Self-Projection of the Imagining Self and Self-Reference to the Imagined Events
		Self-Reference and the Contiguity Effect
		Cognitive Distance and Inter-Subject Analyses
		Self-Reference Proneness to be Influenced by External Factors
		Orientation
	Neuroanatomical Correlates
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
21 The Neuroscience of Imaginative Thought: An Integrative Framework
	Introduction: The Psychological Ingredients of Imaginative Thought
	Where Is the Mind? Task-Related and Task-Unrelated Thought
	What’s In the Mind? Varieties of Imaginative Content
		Temporally Oriented Imagination
		Social Imagination
		Self-Focused Imagination
		How the Mind Thinks: Representational Format of Imaginative Thought
		How the Mind Thinks: Level of Construal
		How the Mind Flows: Emergence and Dynamics of Imaginative Thought
		Interim Summary
	Neuroscientific Underpinnings of Imaginative Thought
		Contextually Detailed Forms of Imagination and the Medial Temporal Lobe (MTL) Subsystem
		Conceptually Abstract Forms of Imagination and the Dorsomedial Prefrontal Cortex (dMPFC) Subsystem
		Convergence of Imaginative Thought in the DN-CORE
	An Integrative Framework for Imagination
	Conclusions and Future Directions
	References
22 Imagination and Self-Referential Thinking
	Structure of Self-Knowledge
	Self-Knowledge and Imagined Selves
	Episodic Future Thinking in a Personal Context
	Role of Personal Goals in Future-Oriented Thought
	Grounding the Self in Imagined Events
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
23 Imaginary Friends: How Imaginary Minds Mimic Real Life
	Mental State Reasoning
	A Short History of Imaginary Friend Play
	Types and Functions of Imaginary Companions
	Factors in the Creation of Imaginary Companions
	Mental State Reasoning in Children with Imaginary Companions
	The Creation of Another Mind
	Theoretical Viewpoints: Mental State Reasoning and Imaginary Companions
	Acknowledgments
	References
24 Imagination and Moral Cognition
	Moral Cognition
		Moral Cognition or “Just” Cognition?
		Dual Processing Approaches and Moral Dilemmas
	Imagination and Moral Cognition
		Closing One’s Eyes and Mental Simulations
		The Effect of Visual Mental Imagery on Moral Dilemmas
		The Effect of Image Vividness and Perspective Taking
		Visual Mental Imagery and the Foreign Language Effect on Moral Dilemmas
		Counterfactual Thought and Moral Cognition
		Considerations from Neuroimaging
	Summary and Future Directions
	References
25 Moral Reasoning: A Network Neuroscience Perspective
	Introduction
	The Trolley Problem
	Dual-Process Theories of Moral Reasoning
		Model-Based and Model-Free Learners
	The Neuroscience of Moral Reasoning
	Functional Brain Networks in Moral Reasoning
	Functional Connectivity of the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
	Dynamic Network Connectivity during Moral Reasoning
	Future Directions and Conclusions
	References
26 The Future-Directed Functions of the Imagination: From Prediction to Metaforesight
	Surveying the Future-Oriented Functions of Imagination
		Affective Forecasting and Goals
		Preparation for Threats
		Flexible Decision-Making
		Deliberate Practice
	Compensating for Anticipated Limits: Introducing “Metaforesight”
		The Power of Metaforesight
	Tools that Metaforesight Helps to Build
	Future Directions and Concluding Remarks
	References
Part IV: Novel Combinatorial Forms of the Imagination
27 On the Interaction Between Episodic and Semantic Representations – Constructing a Unified Account of Imagination
	Imagination as a Multimodal Constructive Process
	Limitations of a Sharp Episodic-Semantic Distinction
	The “Episodic Bottleneck” vs. a Flexible Semantic Conduit
	Semantic Scaffolding, Schemas, and the Constructive Endeavor
	Event-Based Forms of Construction
		Open-Ended vs. Well-Defined Tasks
		Loss of the Semantic Knowledge Base
	The Other Side of the Coin – Semantic Forms of Imagination
	Episodic-Semantic Interactions during “Semantic” Prospection
	Temporal Distance as a Determinant of Semantic Contributions to Construction
		Novelty of Scenarios
		Loss of Novelty due to Semantic Memory Dysfunction
	Fluctuations in Representational Content of Imagination
	Toward a Unified Theory of Imagination
	Acknowledgments
	References
28 How Imagination Supports Narrative Experiences for Textual, Audiovisual, and Interactive Narratives
	Imagination and Narrative Comprehension
	The Role of Imagination in the Co-Creation of Narratives
	The Role of Imagination in Interactive Media
	Conclusion
	References
29 Development of the Fantasy-Reality Distinction
	Self-Generated Fantasy
		Pretense
		Imagined Representations
	Culture-Generated Fantasy
		Fantastical Beings
		Fantastical Events
	How Do Children Make the Fantasy-Reality Distinction?
	Implications: Outcomes and Benefits of Making the Distinction
	Unanswered Questions and Directions for Future Research
	Conclusion
	References
30 Imagining the Real: Buddhist Paths to Wholeness in Tibet
	Imagination: An Overview
	Imagination And Its Discontents: The Seven Trainings
	Tantric Imagining
	What Imagination Is Not
	Imagination and Wholeness
	References
31 Hypothetical Thinking
	Introduction
	A Theoretical Perspective on Hypothetical Thinking
		Hypothetical Thinking and Dual Reasoning Processes
		Evans’s Hypothetical Thinking Theory
	Hypothetical Thinking Theory and Hypothesis Testing
		The 2–4-6 Task: Key Findings and Conceptual Issues
		Can Hypothesis-Testing Performance Be Improved on the 2–4-6 Task?
		Hypothetical Thinking Theory as Applied to the 2–4-6 Task
	Conclusions and Future Directions
	References
32 The Counterfactual Imagination: The Impact of Alternatives to Reality on Morality
	Imagined Alternatives Affect Inferences About Causes
	Imagined Alternatives Affect Inferences About Intentions
	Cognitive Processes in the Counterfactual Imagination
	The Creation of Counterfactual Alternatives
	Is the Counterfactual Imagination Special?
	Concluding Remarks
	References
33 A Look Back at Pioneering Theories of the Creative Brain
	Ken Heilman and Early Hints of Frontal Lobe Network Dynamics
	Arne Dietrich – Some Organizing Principles, and Specific Predictions
	Alice Flaherty – A Fully Formed, Testable Theory (Largely Ignored)
	Looking Forward, Looking Back
	Final Words
	References
Part V: Phenomenology-Based Forms of the Imagination
34 Imagination in the Philosophy of Art
	Overview
	Imagination and the Creation of Artworks
	Artistic Representation and Make-Believe
	Imagination, Fictionality, Simulation, and the Reception of Fictional Narratives
	Criticisms of Imagination-Based Accounts of Fictionality
	The Puzzle of Imaginative Resistance
	Questions for Further Investigation
	References
35 Imagination in Aesthetic Experience
	Imagination in the Creation and Appreciation of Art
	(Absence of) Imagination in Theories of Aesthetics
	Imagination and the Search for Meaning in Aesthetic Experience
	Imagination and the Drive toward Uncertainty Reduction
	Conclusions
	Ideas for Further Investigation
	References
36 The Arts and Human Symbolic Cognition: Art is for Social Communication
	An Interdisciplinary Approach to Art and the Brain
	The Symbolic and Abstract Cognition Underlying Art and Language Communication
	Lessons from Brain Injury in Professional Artists: Functional Localization for Art?
	De novo Art Following Brain Injury: The Communicative Nature of Art
	Beginnings Are Important: Possible Earliest Expressions of Art in Distant Prehistory
	Future Explorations into Brain Mechanisms of Imagination
	References
37 Aesthetic Engagement: Lessons from Art History, Neuroscience, and Society
	The Pathographic Problem
	The Universal Aesthetic Object
	A Fateful Encounter
	Toward Future Engagements
	References
38 Dance and the Imagination: Be a Butterfly!
	“Let Your Imagination Dance!” – Kinesthetic and Visual Imagery as a Tool to Get the Move
	“Let the Music Take Control!” – Auditory Imagery to Get into the Move
	“Just Dance!” – Discussion and Conclusion
	Future Directions
	Acknowledgments
	References
39 Imagination, Intersubjectivity, and a Musical Therapeutic Process: A Personal Narrative
	Communicative Musicality
	Child Development
	Phenomenology and Intersubjectivity
	Neural Substrates of Communicative Musicality
	Communicative Musicality, Creativity, Imagination and Trauma Therapy
	The Intervention
	An Exuberance of Disparate Meanings
	References
Part VI: Altered States of the Imagination
40 Dreaming: Beyond Imagination and Perception
	Introduction
	Dreams Are Immersive Mental Simulations
	Resisting Classification: The Two Sides of Immersive Mental Simulation
		Dreaming as Quasi-Perceptual Experience
		Dreaming as Imaginative Experience
	Reimagining Dreams, Past and Future
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	Bibliography
41 Dreaming is Imagination Roaming Freely, Based On Embodied Simulation, and Subserved by an Unconstrained Default Network
	The Nature of Dream Content
	Dreaming Is a Gradual Cognitive Achievement
	The Neural Substrates That Support Dreaming
	Are Dreams Useful By-Products of Adaptive Selection for Imagination?
	References
42 Aphantasia
	Definition
	The Prehistory of Aphantasia
		Congenital Aphantasia
		Neurogenic Aphantasia
		Psychogenic Aphantasia
	Aphantasia, Après la Lettre
	Models of Visualization: The Nature of Aphantasia
	Related Research on Variations in Imagery Vividness
	The Charisma of Aphantasia – and What Lies Ahead
	References
43 Hypnosis and Imagination
	Hypnosis and Hypnotic Suggestibility
	Imagination and Hypnotic Suggestibility
	Imagination and Hypnotic Responding
	Neuroimaging of Imagination and Suggestion in Hypnosis
	Clinical Applications of Imagery in Hypnosis
	Summary and Outstanding Questions
	Acknowledgments
	References
44 Hallucinations and Imagination
	What is a Hallucination?
	The Interplay between Hallucination and Imagination
		Creative Relationships between Hallucinations and Imagination
		Hallucinations, Imagination, and Cognitive Processes
	Drugs, Hallucinations, and Imagination
	Hallucinogen Use to Enhance Imagination
	Neuromodulators of Imagination?
	Hallucinations and an Overactive Imagination
	Imagination and Hallucination: A Synthesis?
	Conclusions
	References
45 The Psychiatry of Imagination
	What Imagination Can Be Imagined to Be, and Not to Be
	Psychiatric Disorders of Imagination
	Imaginative Dimensions of the Autism Spectrum and the Psychotic-Affective Spectrum
	Diametric and Extreme Aspects of Imagination
		Pretend Play
		Creativity
		Narrative and the Arts
		Mental Past and Futures
		Salience
		Mental Imagery and Sensory Systems
	The Imagination Network and Its Components in Autism and Psychotic-Affective Disorders
	Imagination and Intelligence
	Conclusions
	References
46 Meditation and Imagination
	Abhinavagupta’s Ritual Fantasy
	Maheśvarānda on Ritual Visualization
	Interface between Meditation and Imagination
	What Can Meditation Reveal about Imagination?
	References
47 Flow in Performance and Creative Cognition – An Optimal State of Task-Based Adaptation
	Elements of Flow
	Flow, Expertise and Effortless Attention
	Flow and Creativity
	The Neural Correlates of Flow
	Concluding Remarks and Future Directions
	References
48 The Force of the Imagination
	Imagination is Emergent, Fluid, and Dynamic
	Issues to Bear in Mind Within this Discourse
	Concluding Note: A Metaphor that Captures the Imagination
	Bibliography
Name Index
Subject Index