The Cambridge handbook of personality psychology

Cover
Half-title
Series information
Title page
Copyright information
Contents
List of
Figures
List of
Tables
List of
Contributors
Preface
General Introduction
	Foundational Issues
	Description and Measurement
	Development, Health and Change
	Biological Perspectives
	Cognitive and Motivational Perspectives
	Social and Cultural Processes
	Applications of Personality Psychology
	Statistics and Software for Personality Research
	Conclusion
	References
Part I Foundational Issues: History and Approaches to Personality
	1 Conceptual and Historical Perspectives
		Introduction
		Psychology's Two Disciplines
		A Diversity of Personality Perspectives
		Major Issues in Personality Theories
			Studying the Individual or Comparing People: Idiographic and Nomothetic Approaches
			Individual Differences
			Biology and Nature
			Adjustment and Wellbeing
			Development: Continuity and Change Over Time
			Social and Cultural Factors
			First Person or Third Person: The Experience of the Self or Observers
		Theories in Psychological Science
			Rethinking the Traditional Philosophy of Science
		Conclusion
		References
	2 The Trait Approach
		Introduction
		The Big Five
			Genetics
			Predictive Validity
		The Problem with the Trait Approach to Personality
		The Nature of Traits
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	3 Accuracy in Person Perception
		Introduction
		What is Interpersonal Accuracy?
		A Brief History of Accuracy Research
		The Resurgence of Interest in Interpersonal Accuracy
		Measuring Interpersonal Accuracy: Breadth and Depth
		Breadth: Perceiving Personality from Various Sources of Information
			Interpersonal
			Text
			Residue
			Preferences
		Depth: Personality Perception Traits and Beyond
			Stable Domains: Traits, Motivations and Life Stories
			Social Attributes: Stable but Open to Change
			States: Affect, Deception, Traits and Motivations
		Methods and Models
			Lens Models
			Social Relations Model
			Social Accuracy Model
			Accuracy Versus Bias
		Summary and Conclusions
		References
	4 States and Situations, Traits and Environments
		Introduction
		States and Situations
		Traits and Environments
		Transactions versus Statistical Interactions
			Transactions between States and Situations, and between Traits and Environments
			Statistical Trait x Situation Interaction
			Statistical State x Situation Interaction
			The Actor-Partner Interdependence Model
			The Social Relations Model
		Taxonomies of Situational Information
			Situation Cue Taxonomies
			Situation Characteristics Taxonomies
			Situation Class Taxonomies
		Mechanisms Linking States, Situations, Traits and Environments
			How Persons Shape Environments and Situations
			How Environment and Situations Shape Persons
		Conclusion
		References
	5 Personality and the Unconscious
		Introduction
		What Is the Unconscious?
			Different Types of Awareness/Unawareness
		Personality and the Self-Concept
			Implicit and Explicit Self-Concept
		Paradigms of Indirect Measures
		Elements for the Development of Indirect Measures and Evaluation of Their Psychometric Properties
			Relationship between Indirect Measures and Processes
			Relationship between Indirect Measures and Behaviors
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	6 Personality and Emotion
		Introduction
		The Emotion System as a Subsystem of Personality
			Definition of Emotions
			How Emotions are Generated
		Functional Effects of Emotions
			The Attention-Directing Function of Emotions
			The Informational Function of Emotions
			The Motivational Function of Emotions
			The Regulation of Emotions
		Emotion and Personality: Interindividual Differences
			Emotional Dispositions
				The Structure of Emotional Dispositions
		Emotional Dispositions and the Five-Factor Model of Personality
			Neuroticism
			Extraversion
			Agreeableness
			Openness to Experience
			Conscientiousness
		The Psychological Basis of Emotional Dispositions
			General Desires as Personality Determinants of Emotions
			General Beliefs as Personality Determinants of Emotions
				Is the Link between Appraisals and Emotions Universal?
				The Origins of Emotional Dispositions
		Habitual Emotion Regulation and Coping Styles
			Coping with Anxiety
			Coping with Anger
			Coping with Depression
			Emotion Regulation and Classic Personality Traits
		Interindividual Differences in Emotion Communication
			Emotional Expressiveness
			Emotion Perception
			Emotional Intelligence
		Conclusion
		References
Part II Description and Measurement: How Personality Is Studied
	7 Personality Assessment Methods
		Introduction
		Conclusion
		References
	8 Models of Personality Structure
		Introduction
		The Rise of Taxonomic Models: The Personality Sphere in 35 Variables
			Cattell's Primary Factors and the 16PF
			Secondary Factors of the 16PF
			Five Primary Factors
			Alternative Models of Personality
		Psychobiological Models
			Eysenck's PEN Model
			Gray's Biopsychological Model
			Zuckerman: Sensation-Seeking
		Exhausting the Trait Domain
		The Cross-Cultural Perspective: Coverage and Replicability
			The Coverage Orientation
				Six Factors
				Seven Factors
				Eight Factors
			The Replicability Orientation
				The Big Three: Dynamism, Affiliation and Order
				The Basic Two: Agency and Communion
				The P-Factor: Individual Desirability
		Hierarchy
			Hierarchy Through Successive Emergence of Factors
			Hierarchy of Variables and Factors
		Circular Structures
			Segmenting the Circle
		Conclusion
		References
	9 The Five-Factor Model of Personality: Consensus and Controversy
		Introduction
		Background to the Five-Factor Model of Personality
		Research Discoveries
		Structural Issues
			Three- and Six-Factor Alternatives
			A Higher-Order Structure
			Specifying Facets
			Traits below Facets: Nuances
		Biological Bases of Personality
		Describing Cultures with the FFM
			Aggregate Personality Traits
			The (In)Accuracy of National Character Stereotypes
		Conclusion
		References
	10 Personality and Intelligence
		Introduction
		Relationships between Personality and Intelligence
		Development of Personality and Intelligence
		Differentiation of Personality by Intelligence Hypothesis
		Conclusion
		References
Part III Development, Health and Change: Life Span and Health Outcomes
	11 Temperament and Brain Networks of Attention
		Introduction
		Historical Perspectives
			Pavlovian Efforts
			Questionnaire Studies
			Observations of Children's Development
			Thomas, Chess and the New York Longitudinal Study
			Kagan's Research on Behavioral Inhibition
		Current Issues in the Measurement of Temperament
			Rothbart's Revisions of Temperament Dimensions
		Temperament and Brain Networks
		Attentional Control Networks
		Genetics and Epigenetics
			Attention and Emotion in Genes and Environment
			COMT
			DRD4
			5-HTTLPR
			MTHFR
		Future Directions
		Conclusion
		References
	12 Development of Personality across the Life Span
		Introduction
		Using the Big Five to Organize the Study of Personality Trait Development
		Defining Types of Stability and Change
			Heterotypic Stability
			Homotypic Stability
		Absolute Stability of the Big Five across the Life Span
			Childhood
			Adolescence
			Adulthood
		Differential Stability of the Big Five across the Life Span
		Processes Responsible for Personality Stability and Change
			The Intrinsic Maturational Perspective
			The Environmental Perspective
				Personality Consistency and Transactional Processes
				Personality Change and Transactional Processes
			The Self-Reflective Perspective
		Emerging Issues and Future Directions in Personality Development Research
		Conclusion
		References
	13 Personality Traits and Mental Disorders
		Introduction
		Classification of Mental Disorders
		Theoretical Models Explaining the Association between Personality and Mental Disorders
			Evidence on Associations between Personality Traits and Mental Disorders
				Depression and Anxiety Disorders
				Substance Abuse
				Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses
				Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD)
				Eating Disorders
		Implications and Future Directions
		Conclusion
		References
	14 Models of Physical Health and Personality
		Introduction
		Methodologies and Seminal Findings
			Measuring Health Outcomes
				Example Measures
				Issues in Measurement
		Pathways from Personality to Health
		How Specific Traits Relate to Health
			Conscientiousness
			Optimism
			Hostility
			Neuroticism
		Crucial Issues in Health and Personality Research
		Emerging Issues for Present and Future Research
			Personality Interventions
		Conclusion
		References
	15 Attachment Theory
		Introduction
		Motivation Conceptualized in Terms of Behavioral Systems
		Attachment-Related Individual Differences
		Attachment-Related Mental Structure
		Development Aspect of the Theory
		Attachment-Related Dynamics
		Attachment, Adjustment and ''Optimal Functioning''
		Conclusion
		References
Part IV Biological Perspectives: Evolution, Genetics and Neuroscience of Personality
	16 Evolutionary Personality Psychology
		Introduction
		Human Nature: Psychological Mechanisms
			Evolved Psychological Mechanisms
		Universal Human Nature Can Produce Individual Differences
			What about ''Nonevolved'' Psychological Mechanisms?
		Evolutionary Personality Psychology: Selective and Nonselective Models
			Selective Models: Directional and Balancing Selection
			Balancing Selection
			Nonselective Models: Selective Neutrality and Mutation-Selection Balance
			A Comprehensive Framework: Integrating Selective and Nonselective Models
		Future Directions for Personality Psychology
			Experimental Studies
			The ''Power of the Situation'' and the ''Importance of the Individual'' Both Lie in the Evolved Algorithm
			Longitudinal Studies
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	17 Personality in Nonhuman Animals
		Introduction
		Historical Developments
			History and Terminology
			Grounding in Quantitative Genetics
			Why Are Researchers Interested in Animal Personality?
			Relation between Studies of Nonhuman Animal and Animal Personality
		Seminal Studies in the Field
			Behavioral Spill-Over and Trade-Offs
				Coping Styles
			Group Dynamics
			Lab versus Field
			Statistical Analysis
			Theory
		Emerging Issues for Future Research
			Individual Differences in Plasticity
			Variation in Cognition
			Genetic and Molecular Basis
			Personality Trait Development throughout the Lifespan
		Conclusion
		References
	18 Genetics of Personality
		Introduction
		Estimating Heritability
			Using Twin Studies to Estimate Heritability
			SNP-Based Approaches to Estimating Heritability
			Identifying Genetic Associations
				Candidate Gene Studies
				GWAS
					Analyses Using the Five-Factor Model (FFM) of Personality
					Analyses of Specific Traits
			Interpreting GWAS Findings
			Genetic Overlap - What Does This Tell Us?
			Mendelian Randomization
		Further Research Directions
		Conclusion
		References
	19 Approach-Avoidance Theories of Personality
		Introduction
		Background Work
		Historical and Social Context
		Scientific Origins of Approach-Avoidance Theories
			Two-Process Theory
		Jeffrey Gray's Critique of Hans Eysenck's Biological Model of Personality
		RST of Personality
			Three Systems
				Separable and Joint Effects
				Arousal and Paradoxical Effects
			Psychometric and Clinical Data
		Taxonomy of Approach-Avoidance Personality Traits
			Approach Motivation Scales
				Wanting - a Reflection of Ambitiousness
				Seeking - a Reflection of Starting Initiatives
				Getting - As a Reflection of Persistence
				Liking - As Reflection of Emotional Reactivity on Reward
			Avoidance Motivation
			General Approach and Avoidance Motivation Measures
		Conclusion
		References
	20 Personality Neuroscience
		Introduction
		Methods in Personality Neuroscience
		Influential Theories in Personality Neuroscience
		Neurobiological Substrates of the Personality Hierarchy
		Extraversion
		Neuroticism
		Agreeableness
		Conscientiousness
		Openness/Intellect
		Conclusion
		References
Part V Cognitive and Motivational Perspectives: Dynamic Processes of Personality
	21 Cognitive Processes and Models
		Introduction
		Historical Background
		Contemporary Perspectives
			Types of Purpose
				Trait Mapping
				Theory-Testing
				Construct-Indexing
				Clinical Psychology
				Educational Psychology
				Organizational Psychology
			Types of Traits
				Superfactors
				Single Traits
				Abnormal Traits
				Blended Personality/Ability Traits
				Contexualized Traits
			Types of Process
				Biopsychological Processes
				Information-Processing
				Self-Regulation
				Motivational and Emotional Processes
				Social Processes
		Cognitive Patterning of Performance Effects
			Attention: Concentration and Focus
				Extraversion
				Anxiety
			Selective Attention
				Distractibility
				Anxiety, Threat and Bias in Selective Attention
			Additional Tasks and Processes
				Speeded Response
				Memory
				Language and Speech
				Decision-Making
			Cognitive Patterning: Implications for Theory
		Personality and Performance: Three Levels of Explanation
			Neurobiological explanations
			Symbolic Information-Processing
			The Knowledge Level and Self-Regulation
			Implications for Trait Theory
		Conclusion
		References
	22 Self-Regulation and Control in Personality Functioning
		Introduction
		Behavior as Goal Directed and Feedback Controlled
			Feedback Processes
		Feedback and Affect
			Two Kinds of Behavioral Loops, Two Dimensions of Affect
			Merging Affect and Action
		Unexpected Implications
			Coasting and Multiple Goals
		Priority Management As a Core Issue in Self-Regulation
			Negative Feelings and Shifting Prioritization
			Positive Feelings and Reprioritization
			Effortfully Evading Automatic Functions of Affect
			Priority Management and Depressed Affect
		Impulse and Constraint
			Dual-Process Models
			Dual-Process Models and Hierarchical Organization of Behavior
			Serotonergic Function and Impulsive Reactivity
		Impulse, Constraint and Problems in Behavior
			Transdiagnostic Vulnerability
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgment
		References
	23 Basic Needs, Goals and Motivation
		Introduction
		A Brief History of Need Theories
		SD-Theory
			Subtheories within S-D Theory
				Basic Psychological Needs Theory
				Cognitive Evaluation Theory
				Organismic Integration Theory
			Goal Contents Theory
			Causality Orientation Theory
		Crucial Problems for Motivation
			A Fractured Theoretical Landscape
		A Potential Solution: Cognitive Science Approach
			Cognitive Science, Systems and SD-Theory
			Relationship between Personality and Motivation from a Self-Determination Theory Perspective
			Summary: Challenges for SD-Theory
		Conclusion
		References
	24 Personality and the Self
		Introduction
		Are There Links between Personality Traits and the Self-Concept?
		What Knowledge Contributes to Trait Views of the Self?
		Is There Such a Thing as a Contextual Personality?
		How Can One Account for the Stability of Trait Judgments?
		Can Personality Beliefs Bias More Momentary Judgments?
		Putting the Self into Personality
			Self-Enhancement and Self-Certainty
			Raison Oblige as a Basis for Personality Congruence
		Conclusion
		References
	25 Traits and Dynamic Processes
		Introduction
		Personality Science Today
		Personality Structure and the Achievement of the Big Five
		Perspectives on Personality Processes
		Dynamic Approaches to Personality
			Explaining Traits
				TraitDES
			Personality States
			Traits As Density Distributions
			People Manifest Different Levels of the Trait from Moment to Moment
				TraitEXP
			Processes in TraitEXP
			The Interpretative Process
			Accretion
		New Directions
			Understanding Situations in the Context of Personality
			Interventions to Change Personality
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	26 Anxiety, Depression and Cognitive Dysfunction
		Introduction
		Lacuna in Anxiety and Depression Research
		Three Theoretical Frameworks
			Functional Framework: Overview
			Functional Framework: Cognitive Biases
				Tripartite Model
				Content Specificity Approach
			Cognitive Biases: Attention
			Cognitive Biases: Interpretation
			Cognitive Biases: Memory
			General Cognitive Processes
			Anxiety
			Depression
			Evolutionary Processes
		Personality and Cognitive Biases: Causality
			General Cognitive Processes
		Conclusion
		References
Part VI Social and Cultural Processes: Personality at the Intersection of Society
	27 Narrative Identity in the Social World
		Introduction
		A Comprehensive Framework for Conceptualizing Personality
		Theoretical Foundations
			Does Contexualized Always Mean Change?
			Theoretical Beginnings: Personal Memory Telling
			Theoretical Development: Master Narratives
		Empirical Foundations of the Social Nature of Narrative
			The Subjective Assessment of Tales Told: Methods and Findings
			The Objective Assessment of Tales Told: Methods and Findings
				Master Narratives and the Stability of Narrative
		Master Narrative Negotiation and Personality: Ideas for the Future
		Conclusion
		Acknowledgments
		References
	28 Social Relations and Social Support
		Introduction
		Personality's Influence across the Lifespan
			Personality and Socialization
			Social Support
				Understanding Structural versus Functional Support
				Role of Personality in Social Support
				Social Support and Attachment
		Personality and Peer Relations in Childhood and Adolescence
			Personality and Adult Relationships
		Transactional Models of Personality Development
		The Influence of the Broader Cultural Context
		Using Interactional Models to Study the Interplay between Personality and Social Relations
		Conclusions
		References
	29 Personality in Cross-Cultural Perspective
		Introduction
		Culture and Personality As a Movement: Promise and Achievement
		From a Unique Culture to a Multiplicity of Cultures: Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Human Relations Area Files
		Searching for Cultural Dimensions
			Hofstede's Contribution
			Tight and Loose Cultures
			Face and Dignity Cultures
		Individual Differences
			Value Orientation
			Social Axioms: Universal but Culturally Variable Beliefs
			Traits across and within Cultures
				Combined Emic-Etic Approach
			Traits in Their Relationship to Culture
			Beyond Traits: National Character based on Observations and/or Stereotypes
			Ethnopsychology
			Self: Where Culture and Person Meet
		Socialization and Life Span Developmental Perspectives on Personality and Culture
			Interpersonal Acceptance-Rejection: A theory Tested on a Worldwide Basis
			Developmental Pathways of Personality: Attachment and Socialization
		Conclusion
		References
	30 Personality and Politics
		Introduction
		The Role of Personality in the Personalization of Contemporary Politics
		Earlier Explorations on Personality and Politics
		Recent and Current Research on Personality of Politicians and Voters
		Traits, Values and Ideological Orientation
		Personality Determinants of Political Participation
		Conclusion
		References
Part VII Applications of Personality Psychology: Personality Traits and Processes in Action
	31 Personality at Work
		Introduction
		Personality in the Workplace: Current Status
		Models of Personality in W&O Psychology
		Response Format Issues in Personality Questionnaires
		Personality as a Predictor of Work-Related Criteria
		Personality and Job Performance
			The Five-Factor Model and Job Performance
			COPS and Job Performance
				Core Self-Evaluations and Job Performance
		Personality and Organizational Citizenship
		Personality and Counter-Productive Work Behavior
		Personality and Leadership
		The ''Dark Side'' of Personality at Work
		Personality, Occupational Health and Wellbeing
		Adverse Impact and Applicant Reactions
		Implications for Practice
		Conclusion
		References
	32 Educational Psychology
		Introduction
		Stable Personality Factors and Educational Outcomes
			Personality Factors: A Brief Sketch
				Openness (O)
				Conscientiousness (C)
				Extraversion (E)
				Agreeableness (A)
				Neuroticism (N)
		Motivational Processes
			Goal Orientations
			Self-Regulated Learning and Meta-Processes
			Subjective Value
		Emotional Processes
			Personality and Emotion
			Evaluative Anxiety
			Emotion Regulation (ER)
		Conclusion
		References
	33 Personality in Clinical Psychology
		Introduction
		The Five-Factor Model
		Personality and Important Life Outcomes
		Personality Disorders
			Borderline Personality Disorder
			Antisocial (Psychopathic) Personality Disorder
			Dependent Personality Disorder
			Narcissistic Personality Disorder
			Schizotypal Personality Disorder
		Personality and Personality Disorder
		Implications
		Conclusion
		References
	34 Personality and Crime
		Introduction
		Personality in the Crime Literature
		The Five-Factor Model of Personality
		Meta-Analyses
			Method
				Literature Search
			Literature Search Results
			Coded Information and Study Outcomes
			Results
				Moderator Analyses
			FFM Facets, Antisocial Behavior and Aggressive Behavior
			Discussion of Results
		Advantages of FFM Approach
		Future Directions
		Conclusion
		References
	35 Personality, Preferences and Socioeconomic Behavior
		Introduction
		Personality and Preferences: The Example of Prosociality
			Prosocial Traits
			Antisocial Traits
			Prosocial Preferences
				Unidirectional Bargaining Games
				Bidirectional Bargaining Games
				Social Dilemmas
				Punishment
		Psychometrics, Preferences and Prosocial Phenotypes
			Personality and the Construct Validity of Preferences
		Personality and Macroeconomic Outcomes
			Positive Productive Work Behaviors
			Entrepreneurialism
			Gross Domestic/State Product (GD/SP)
			Unemployment
			Turnover and Absenteeism
			Counter-Productive Work Behaviors (CPWB)
			Summary
		What Personality Psychology Adds to Economics
			Trait Hierarchy and Different Taxonomic Models of Personality Traits
			Personality Change
			Implications of Trait Change for Socioeconomic Studies
			Good Guys versus Bad Guys and Curvilinear Relationships with Socioeconomic Outcomes
		What Personality Psychologists Can Learn From Economists
			The Identification Problem
				Incentivizing Personality Test Completion
				Influence of Other Traits
				Influence of Socioeconomic Events
			Econometrics and Causality
				Instrumental Variables
				Adjusted Factors and Dynamic Factor Models
		Graphical Approaches to Causality: Some Lessons for both Personality Psychology and Economics
			DAGs
		Future Directions
			Greater Recognition of Personality Change
			Moving beyond Prediction to Establishing Causality and Identification
			Broader Traits and Narrow Aspects and Facets
			Greater Consideration of Interactions between Traits and Curvilinear Relationships
			Psychometrics of Preferences
		Conclusion
		References
Addendum: Statistical Analyses and Computer Programming in Personality
	Prologue: A Brief History of Open Source Statistical Software
		Main Frame Computers and Proprietary Software
		S and R: Interactive Statistics
		Getting and Using R
	Data, Models and Residuals
	Basic Descriptive Statistics
	Tests of Statistical Significance: Normal Theory and the Bootstrap
	Correlation and Regression
		The Ubiquitous Correlation Coefficient
		Multiple Regression and the General Linear Model
		Mediation and Moderation
		Correlation, Regression and Decision Making
	Latent Variable Modeling: EFA, CFA and SEM
		Exploratory Factor Analysis
		Which Correlation?
		Confirmatory Factor Analysis
		Structural Equation Modeling
	Reliability: Correlating a Test with a Test Just Like It
		Model- Based Reliability Measures
		Reliabilty of Raters
	Structure versus Process
		Statistical Analysis of Within-Subject Variability
		Computational Modeling of Process
	Other Statistical Techniques
		Aggregating Data by Geographic Location
		Statistical Learning Theory
	Conclusion
	References
	Appendix
		Descriptive Statistics
		Correlation and Regression
		Mediation and Moderation
		Decision Theory and Area under the Curve
		EFA
		Reliability
Index
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