The Brain: An Introduction to Functional Neuroanatomy

Title......Page 1
Preface......Page 5
Acknowledgments......Page 6
Introduction......Page 7
Neurons and their connections......Page 9
Synapses......Page 11
Neurotransmitters......Page 12
Receptors......Page 13
Gap junctions......Page 14
Glia......Page 15
Microglia......Page 16
Computers and nervous systems......Page 17
Why study animal brains?......Page 19
The main parts of the brain......Page 21
The dorsolateral aspect of a rodent brain......Page 22
A mid-sagittal section of a rodent brain......Page 24
The language of brain anatomy......Page 25
The spinal cord......Page 26
Gray matter of the spinal cord......Page 28
White matter of the spinal cord......Page 29
Meninges, ventricles, and the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid......Page 30
The blood-brain barrier......Page 31
Mini-atlas of the rat brain......Page 33
The junction of the hindbrain and spinal cord......Page 35
The hindbrain at the level of the inferior olive......Page 36
The hindbrain at the level of the facial nucleus......Page 37
The hindbrain at the level of the upper end of the fourth ventricle......Page 38
The brainstem at the level of the midbrain......Page 39
The rostral end of the midbrain......Page 40
The forebrain at the level of the caudal end of the thalamus......Page 41
The forebrain at the level of the internal capsule......Page 42
The forebrain at the level of the anterior commissure......Page 43
The forebrain at the rostral end of the corpus callosum......Page 44
The forebrain at the level of the frontal pole of the cerebrum......Page 45
The olfactory bulb......Page 46
Sagittal section –0.40mm lateral to the midline......Page 47
Sagittal section –2.62mm lateral to the midline......Page 48
Motor and sensory nerves......Page 51
Somatic and visceral motor and sensory elements......Page 52
Spinal nerves......Page 53
Cranial nerves......Page 54
The optic nerve (2)......Page 55
Cranial nerves with both motor and sensory components–5, 7, 9, 10, 11......Page 56
The autonomic nervous system......Page 58
Sympathetic nervous system......Page 59
Enteric nervous system......Page 60
Command and control—the motor systems......Page 63
Areas of the motor cortex......Page 64
Survival skills:the hypothalamus......Page 66
Brainstem and spinal cord modules for controlof organized movement......Page 67
The role of the cerebellum in motor control......Page 68
The roles of the striatumand pallidum in motorcontrol......Page 71
The final common pathway for all motor systems–the motor neuron......Page 73
Command and control of the viscera–the autonomic nervous system......Page 75
Command and control of the neuroendocrine system......Page 79
Receptors......Page 83
Interpretation and understanding......Page 84
Sensory areas in the cerebral cortex......Page 85
Vision......Page 91
Hearing......Page 94
Vestibular system......Page 96
Smell......Page 100
An example: rolling an ankle......Page 102
The cerebral cortex–anatomy and histology......Page 105
Cortical neurons......Page 106
Cortical layers......Page 107
Guiding principles of cortical structure and function......Page 109
The functional layout of the human cerebral cortex......Page 110
The cerebral cortex and behavior......Page 113
Language areas in the cerebral cortex......Page 114
Expansion of the cerebral cortex in recent human evolution......Page 115
Two minds in one brain?......Page 117
Memory......Page 118
Motor learning......Page 119
Structure of the hippocampus......Page 120
The effects of stress on the hippocampus......Page 121
The role of the cerebral cortex in episodic and semantic memory......Page 123
Sleep......Page 124
Emotions and the amygdala......Page 128
The amygdala and social hierarchy......Page 129
Drives and rewards......Page 130
Infections of the brain and spinal cord......Page 133
Mad cow disease and CJD......Page 134
Multiple sclerosis......Page 135
Parkinson’s disease......Page 136
Alzheimer’s diseaseand dementia......Page 137
Brain trauma and brain death......Page 139
Mental illness......Page 140
Neurotic depression......Page 141
Autism......Page 142
Frontal lobotomy......Page 143
Amygdalectomy......Page 144
Electroconvulsive therapy......Page 145
Brighter prospects–Transcranial magnetic stimulation......Page 146
The development of the brainand spinal cord......Page 148
Multiplication of cells in the brain......Page 149
Creation of different functional groups of neurons–the proneural genes......Page 150
Regional development in the hindbrain......Page 151
Organizing centers......Page 153
Formation of synapses......Page 154
Synapse pruning and nerve cell death......Page 155
Critical periods in fetal development......Page 156
Neural Plasticity......Page 157
Later processes that refine the structure of the brain......Page 158
Staining brain sections......Page 160
Histochemical staining......Page 161
Immunohistochemistry......Page 162
Common immunohistochemical markers......Page 164
Lectin stains......Page 165
Hodology: using tracers to map connections......Page 166
Molecular genetics......Page 167
Non-invasive imaging techniques......Page 168
Functional imaging......Page 169
Electrophysiology......Page 170
Recording neuronal activity from the skin surface......Page 171