The Biomedical Engineering Handbook, Second Edition, Two Volume Set

cover......Page 1
Contents Volume I......Page 20
Evolution of the Modern Health Care System......Page 4
Biomedical Engineering: A Definition......Page 6
Activities of Biomedical Engineers......Page 7
Editor-in-Chief......Page 10
Advisory Board......Page 11
Contributors Volume I......Page 12
Contributors Volume II......Page 16
Contents Volume II......Page 27
s01.pdf......Page 34
The Biomedical Engineering Handbook: Second Edition.......Page 36
Contents......Page 0
ch001.pdf......Page 38
1.1 The Working Fluid: Blood......Page 39
1.2 The Pumping Station: The Heart......Page 42
1.3 The Piping Network: Blood Vessels......Page 44
1.4 Cardiovascular Control......Page 47
References......Page 49
ch002.pdf......Page 51
2.1 Endocrine System: Hormones, Signals, and Communication Between Cells and Tissues......Page 52
Hormones Acting at the Cell Surface......Page 55
2.3 Endocrine System: Some Other Aspects of Regulation and Control......Page 57
Negative Feedback......Page 58
References......Page 59
ch003.pdf......Page 60
3.1 Definitions......Page 61
3.2 Functions of the Nervous System......Page 63
3.3 Representation of Information in the Nervous System......Page 64
3.4 Lateral Inhibition......Page 66
Pattern Recognition......Page 67
Memory and Learning......Page 69
References......Page 71
ch004.pdf......Page 72
The Eyes......Page 73
The Retina......Page 74
Superior Colliculus......Page 75
Area V1......Page 76
Higher Cortical Centers......Page 79
References......Page 80
Further Reading......Page 81
ch005.pdf......Page 82
Acoustics......Page 83
The External Ear......Page 84
The Inner Ear......Page 85
The Basilar Membrane......Page 86
Outer Hair Cells......Page 87
Physiology......Page 88
Neural Basis of Processing......Page 89
Inferior Colliculi (IC)......Page 92
Auditory Thalamocortical System......Page 93
5.5 Models of Auditory Function......Page 94
References......Page 95
ch006.pdf......Page 96
6.2Gastrointestinal Electrical Oscillations......Page 97
Minute Rhythms......Page 99
Terminology......Page 101
Gastric ECA......Page 102
Small Intestinal ECA......Page 103
Anatomical Features......Page 104
6.7Epilogue......Page 105
References......Page 106
ch007.pdf......Page 110
Conducting Airways......Page 111
Alveoli......Page 112
Pulmonary Circulation......Page 114
7.2 Lung Volumes and Gas Exchange......Page 115
7.3 Perfusion of the Lung......Page 117
7.4 Gas Partial Pressure......Page 118
7.5 Pulmonary Mechanics......Page 120
7.6 Respiratory Control......Page 121
7.7 The Pulmonary Function Laboratory......Page 122
Spirometry......Page 123
Diffusing Capacity......Page 125
Defining Terms......Page 126
Additional References......Page 127
hp1.pdf......Page 129
Cardiac Arrest During Anesthesia......Page 130
Closed-Chest Pacing for Stokes-Adams Disease......Page 132
Dawn of the Modern Era......Page 133
Implanted Pacemaker......Page 135
Demand Pacemaker......Page 136
Activity-Responsive Pacemakers......Page 137
References......Page 138
s02.pdf......Page 141
The Biomedical Engineering Handbook: Second Edition.......Page 143
ch008.pdf......Page 145
8.1 Membranes......Page 146
Membrane Currents......Page 147
Conduction Along an Intracellular Path......Page 148
Duality......Page 149
Polarized State......Page 150
Cardiac Action Potentials......Page 151
8.5 Initiation of Action Potentials......Page 152
Numerical Model......Page 153
Sequence of Action Potentials......Page 154
Transmembrane Current......Page 155
Movement of the Local Current Loop......Page 156
8.7 Extracellular Waveforms......Page 157
Spatial Relation to Intracellular......Page 158
8.8 Stimulation......Page 159
Defining Terms......Page 161
References......Page 162
ch009.pdf......Page 163
9.1 Basic Relations in the Idealized Homogeneous Volume Conductor......Page 164
9.2 Monopole and Dipole Fields in the Uniform Volume of Infinite Extent......Page 166
9.3 Volume Conductor Properties of Passive Tissue......Page 167
9.4 Effects of Volume Conductor Inhomogeneities: Secondary Sources and Images......Page 168
References......Page 170
ch010.pdf......Page 172
10.1Introduction......Page 173
10.2Cell Suspensions......Page 174
10.3Fiber Suspensions......Page 176
10.4Syncytia......Page 181
Defining Terms......Page 183
Further Information......Page 184
ch011.pdf......Page 185
Membrane Models......Page 186
11.1 The Action Potential......Page 187
11.2 Patch Clamp Data......Page 188
Hodgkin–Huxley Resistor Battery Model......Page 190
Goldman–Hodgkin–Katz Constant Field Formulation......Page 191
Eyring Rate Theory Models of Ionic Currents......Page 192
Synapses......Page 193
11.4 Nerve Cells......Page 194
Sensory Neurons......Page 196
Efferent Neurons......Page 197
11.5 Skeletal Muscle Cells......Page 198
11.6 Endocrine Cells......Page 199
11.7 Cardiac Cells......Page 200
11.11Simplified Models......Page 201
Defining Terms......Page 202
References......Page 203
Further Information......Page 207
ch012.pdf......Page 209
Numerical Methods for Bioelectric Field Problems......Page 210
12.1 Problem Formulation......Page 211
12.2 Model Construction and Mesh Generation......Page 212
12.3 Numerical Methods......Page 213
Approximation Techniques: The Galerkin Method......Page 214
The Finite-Difference Method......Page 215
The Finite-Element Method......Page 216
Application of the FE Method for 3D Domains......Page 217
Solution Methods and Computational Considerations......Page 221
Comparison of Methods......Page 222
12.4 Adaptive Methods......Page 223
Energy Norms......Page 224
Acknowledgments......Page 225
References......Page 226
ch013.pdf......Page 230
Principles of Electrocardiography......Page 231
13.2 Instrumentation......Page 235
The Ambulatory ECG......Page 236
13.4 Conclusions......Page 238
References......Page 239
ch014.pdf......Page 241
Principles of Electromyography......Page 242
14.1 The Structure and Function of Muscle......Page 243
14.2 The Origin of Electromyograms......Page 244
Concentric Electrode EMG......Page 247
Single-Fiber EMG......Page 249
Defining Terms......Page 250
Further Information......Page 251
ch015.pdf......Page 252
15.1 Historical Perspective......Page 253
15.2 EEG Recording Techniques......Page 254
15.3 Use of Amplitude Histographs to Quantify the EEG......Page 256
Skewness......Page 257
Kurtosis......Page 258
15.4 Frequency Analysis of the EEG......Page 259
15.5 Nonlinear Analysis of the EEG......Page 260
Defining Terms......Page 263
Further Information......Page 264
ch016.pdf......Page 265
Origin of Bioelectric and Biomagnetic Signals......Page 266
Independence of Bioelectric and Biomagnetic Signals......Page 267
Lead Vector......Page 268
Lead Field......Page 269
Selection of the Source Model for MCG......Page 271
Detection of the Equivalent Magnetic Dipole of the Heart......Page 273
Diagnostic Performance of ECG and MCG......Page 274
Sensitivity Distribution of the Axial Magnetometer......Page 277
Half-Sensitivity Volumes of Electro- and Magnetoencephalography Leads......Page 278
Sensitivity of EEG and MEG to Radial and Tangential Sources......Page 280
References......Page 281
ch017.pdf......Page 282
17.1 Electric Stimulation of Neural Tissue......Page 283
17.2 Physiology of Excitation......Page 284
Quasi-Static Formulation......Page 285
Equivalence Between Dielectric and Conductive Media......Page 286
Potential from a Monopole Source......Page 287
Potential From Bipolar Electrodes and Dipoles......Page 288
Inhomogeneous Volume Conductors......Page 289
17.4 Electric Field Interactions with Excitable Tissue......Page 290
Discrete Cable Equation for Myelinated Axons......Page 292
Equivalent Cable Equation for Myelinated Fibers......Page 294
Activating Function......Page 295
Current-Distance Relationship......Page 296
Anodal Surround Block......Page 297
Charge Duration Curve......Page 298
Electrochemistry of Stimulation......Page 299
Corrosion......Page 300
Tissue Damage......Page 301
References......Page 302
Further Information......Page 304
s03.pdf......Page 305
The Biomedical Engineering Handbook: Second Edition.......Page 306
ch018.pdf......Page 310
18.1 Structure of Bone......Page 311
18.2 Composition of Bone......Page 312
18.3 Elastic Properties......Page 314
18.5 Modeling Elastic Behavior......Page 320
18.6 Viscoelastic Properties......Page 321
18.7 Related Research......Page 324
Defining Terms......Page 325
References......Page 326
Further Information......Page 327
Reuss Orthotropic......Page 329
ch019.pdf......Page 330
Incompressibility of the Vessel Wall......Page 331
19.2 Vascular Anatomy......Page 332
19.3 Axisymmetric Deformation......Page 333
19.5 Equilibrium......Page 335
19.6 Strain Energy Density Functions......Page 337
Isotropic Blood Vessels......Page 338
Anisotropic Blood Vessels......Page 340
References......Page 343
ch020.pdf......Page 344
Joint-Articulating Surface Motion......Page 345
Geometry of the Articulating Surfaces......Page 346
Geometry of the Articulating Surfaces......Page 347
Joint Contact......Page 348
20.3 Hip......Page 350
Geometry of the Articulating Surfaces......Page 351
Joint Contact......Page 353
Axes of Rotation......Page 355
Geometry of the Articulating Surfaces......Page 356
Joint Contact......Page 361
Axes of Rotation......Page 362
Geometry of the Articulating Surfaces......Page 364
Joint Contact......Page 365
Axes of Rotation......Page 366
20.6 Wrist......Page 367
Joint Contact......Page 368
Axes of Rotation......Page 370
Geometry of the Articulating Surfaces......Page 371
Axes of Rotation......Page 373
20.8 Summary......Page 376
References......Page 378
ch021.pdf......Page 383
21.1Introduction......Page 384
Wear and Surface Damage......Page 385
21.3Lubrication......Page 386
Hydrodynamic Lubrication Theories......Page 387
Transition from Hydrodynamic to Boundary Lubrication......Page 388
Boundary Lubrication......Page 389
21.4Synovial Joints......Page 390
21.5Theories on the Lubrication of Natural and Normal Synovial Joints......Page 391
21.6In Vitro Cartilage Wear Studies......Page 394
21.7Biotribology and Arthritis: Are There Connections?......Page 398
21.8Recapitulation and Final Comments......Page 400
Experimental Contact Systems......Page 401
The Probable Existence of Various Lubrication Regimes......Page 402
21.9Conclusions......Page 404
References......Page 405
Further Information......Page 409
ch022.pdf......Page 410
Muscle Architecture......Page 411
Maximum Muscle Contraction Velocity......Page 412
Muscle Force-Length Relationship......Page 413
Muscle Force-Velocity Relationship......Page 414
Tendon Biomechanics......Page 415
References......Page 418
ch023.pdf......Page 419
Head Injury Mechanisms......Page 420
Neck Injury Mechanisms......Page 421
Mechanical Response of the Head......Page 422
Mechanical Response of the Neck......Page 425
Regional Tolerance of the Head......Page 427
Computer Models......Page 429
References......Page 430
ch024.pdf......Page 432
24.1 Chest and Abdomen Injury Mechanisms......Page 433
Acceleration Injury......Page 434
Compression Injury......Page 435
Viscous Injury......Page 436
24.3 Biomechanical Responses During Impact......Page 438
24.4 Injury Risk Assessment......Page 441
References......Page 442
ch025.pdf......Page 445
Clinical Gait Analysis Information......Page 446
Data Collection Protocol......Page 447
Motion Measurement......Page 448
25.2 Gait Data Reduction......Page 449
25.3 Illustrative Clinical Case......Page 452
25.4 Gait Analysis: Current Status......Page 453
Further Information on Normal and Pathological Gait......Page 454
ch026.pdf......Page 455
26.1 Muscle Energetics......Page 456
26.2 Cardiovascular Adjustments......Page 458
26.4 Respiratory Responses......Page 459
26.7 Applications......Page 462
Further Information......Page 464
ch027.pdf......Page 465
Equilibrium......Page 466
Muscular Movement......Page 467
Muscular Efficiency......Page 469
Locomotion......Page 470
Anabolic Steroids......Page 472
Oxygen Inhalation......Page 474
References......Page 475
Further Information......Page 476
ch028.pdf......Page 477
28.2Cardiac Geometry and Structure......Page 478
Ventricular Geometry......Page 480
Myofiber Architecture......Page 482
Extracellular Matrix Organization......Page 484
Ventricular Hemodynamics......Page 485
Ventricular Pressure-Volume Relations and Energetics......Page 487
Muscle Contractile Properties......Page 489
Resting Myocardial Properties......Page 492
28.5Regional Ventricular Mechanics: Stress and Strain......Page 495
References......Page 497
ch029.pdf......Page 504
29.1 Aortic and Pulmonic Valves......Page 505
Mechanical Properties......Page 507
Valve Dynamics......Page 509
29.2 Mitral and Tricuspid Valves......Page 511
Mechanical Properties......Page 513
Valve Dynamics......Page 514
References......Page 517
ch030.pdf......Page 520
30.1 Blood Vessel Walls......Page 521
30.2 Flow Characteristics......Page 522
30.3 Wave Propagation......Page 524
30.4 Velocity Profiles......Page 526
30.5 Pathology......Page 528
Defining Terms......Page 529
Further Information......Page 530
ch031.pdf......Page 531
31.1Introduction......Page 532
31.2Mechanics of Microvascular Blood Flow......Page 533
Mechanics of the Microvascular Wall......Page 534
Capillary Blood Flow......Page 535
Microvascular Networks: Structure and Hemodynamics......Page 536
Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide......Page 537
Transport of Solutes and Water......Page 538
Neurohumoral Regulation of Blood Flow......Page 539
Some Functions of the Endothelium......Page 540
References......Page 541
Further Information......Page 543
ch032.pdf......Page 544
Stresses and Strains in Two Dimensions......Page 545
Basic Equations for Newtonian Fluid Flow......Page 546
Red Cell Cytosol......Page 547
Membrane Area Dilation......Page 548
New Constitutive Relations for the Red Cell Membrane......Page 549
Bending Elasticity......Page 550
Size and Shape......Page 551
Apparent Viscosity......Page 552
Defining Terms......Page 554
References......Page 555
Further Information......Page 557
ch033.pdf......Page 558
The Venous System......Page 559
Capacity......Page 560
Resistance......Page 561
Gravimetric Techniques......Page 562
33.3 Typical Values......Page 563
References......Page 564
ch034.pdf......Page 565
34.1Introduction......Page 566
Starling Pressures and Edema Prevention......Page 567
Interstitial Flow and Lymph Formation......Page 568
Lymphatic Architecture......Page 569
Lymphatic Morphology......Page 570
Lymphatic Network Display......Page 571
Mechanics of Lymphatic Valves......Page 572
Lymph Pump Mechanisms......Page 573
Tissue Mechanical Motion and Lymphatic Pumping......Page 574
Defining Terms......Page 576
References......Page 577
Further Information......Page 579
ch035.pdf......Page 580
35.1Introduction......Page 581
Components......Page 582
35.3Passive Models......Page 583
Traveling Waves......Page 584
One-Dimensional Model......Page 585
Two-Dimensional Model......Page 586
Three-Dimensional Model......Page 587
35.4The Active Process......Page 588
Outer Hair Cell Electromotility......Page 589
Hair Cell Gating Channels......Page 590
35.5Active Models......Page 591
References......Page 592
Further Information......Page 595
ch036.pdf......Page 596
36.1 Structure and Function......Page 597
36.2 Otolith Distributed Parameter Model......Page 598
36.3 Nondimensionalization of the Motion Equations......Page 600
36.4 Otolith Transfer Function......Page 602
36.5 Otolith Frequency Response......Page 604
36.6 Semicircular Canal Distributed Parameter Model......Page 605
36.7 Semicircular Canal Frequency Response......Page 607
Nomenclature......Page 609
s04.pdf......Page 611
Biomaterials......Page 612
Historical Background......Page 615
References......Page 616
Further Information......Page 617
Journals of Interest......Page 619
ch037.pdf......Page 620
37.1 Introduction......Page 621
37.2 Stainless Steels......Page 622
37.3 CoCr Alloys......Page 623
Pure Ti and Ti6Al4V......Page 625
TiNi Alloys......Page 629
37.5 Dental Metals......Page 631
37.6 Other Metals......Page 632
Electrochemical Aspects......Page 633
Pourbaix Diagrams in Corrosion......Page 634
Rate of Corrosion and Polarization Curves......Page 635
Corrosion of Available Metals......Page 636
Ti and its Alloys......Page 637
References......Page 638
Further Reading......Page 640
ch038.pdf......Page 641
38.1 Introduction......Page 642
Alumina (Al2O3)......Page 643
Zirconia (ZrO2)......Page 645
Carbons......Page 646
Calcium Phosphate......Page 648
Coralline......Page 653
Zinc–Sulfate–Calcium–Phosphate (ZSCAP) Ceramics......Page 654
38.4 Bioactive or Surface-Reactive Ceramics......Page 656
Glass Ceramics......Page 658
Ceravital......Page 659
38.5 Deterioration of Ceramics......Page 660
Hard Tissue Replacement......Page 663
Acknowledgments......Page 665
Defining Terms......Page 666
References......Page 667
Further Information......Page 673
ch039.pdf......Page 675
Polymerization......Page 676
Addition or Free Radical Polymerization......Page 677
Basic Structure......Page 678
Effect of Molecular Weight and Composition......Page 681
39.3 Polymers Used as Biomaterials......Page 682
Polyethylene (PE)......Page 683
Polystyrene (PS) and its Co-Polymers......Page 684
Fluorocarbon Polymers......Page 685
Biodegradable Polymers......Page 686
39.5 Surface Modifications for Improving Biocompatability......Page 687
39.6 Chemogradient Surfaces for Cell and Protein Interaction......Page 689
Defining Terms......Page 694
References......Page 696
ch040.pdf......Page 700
40.1 Structure......Page 701
40.2 Bounds on Properties......Page 702
40.3 Anisotropy of Composites......Page 703
40.4 Particulate Composites......Page 704
40.5 Fibrous Composites......Page 707
40.6 Porous Materials......Page 709
References......Page 713
ch041.pdf......Page 716
44.1 Introduction......Page 717
Glycolide Based Biodegradable Homopolymers Polyesters......Page 719
Glycolide-Based Biodegradable Copolyesters Having Aliphatic Polyester Based Co-Monomers......Page 720
Glycolide-Derived Biodegradable Polymers Having Ether Linkage......Page 722
Lactide Biodegradable Homopolymers and Copolymers......Page 723
Aliphatic and Aromatic Polycarbonates......Page 725
41.5 Biodegradation Properties of Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers......Page 726
The Role of Free Radicals in Degradation Properties......Page 727
41.6 The Role of Linear Aliphatic Biodegradable Polyesters in Tissue Engineering and Regeneration......Page 729
References......Page 732
Further Information......Page 737
ch042.pdf......Page 739
Structure of Collagen......Page 740
Physical and Biomechanical Properties......Page 746
Physiochemical Properties......Page 748
Biologic Properties......Page 749
Matrix Fabrication Technology......Page 750
Filamentous Matrix......Page 751
42.3 Design of a Resorbable Collagen-Based Medical Implant......Page 752
Apparent Density......Page 753
In Vivo Stability......Page 754
42.4 Tissue Engineering for Tissue and Organ Regeneration......Page 755
Defining Terms......Page 756
References......Page 758
ch043.pdf......Page 763
Introduction......Page 764
Mechanical Heart Valves......Page 765
Biological Heart Valves......Page 771
Synthetic Heart Valves......Page 773
Total Artificial Hearts (TAH) or Ventricular Assist Devices (VAD)......Page 774
Vascular Prostheses......Page 776
Surgically Implanted Synthetic Grafts......Page 777
Transluminally Placed Endovascular Prostheses (Stent-Grafts)......Page 779
Defining Terms......Page 781
References......Page 783
43.2 Non-Blood-Interfacing Implants for Soft Tissues......Page 787
Sutures and Suture Anchors......Page 788
Clips, Staples, and Pins......Page 789
Percutaneous Devices......Page 790
Maxillofacial Implants......Page 791
Fluid Transfer Implants......Page 792
Technologies of Emerging Interest......Page 793
Further Information......Page 794
ch044.pdf......Page 795
Long Bone Repair......Page 796
Wires......Page 797
Pins......Page 798
Screws......Page 799
Plates......Page 802
Intramedullary Nails......Page 803
Joint Replacements......Page 804
Bone Cement Fixation......Page 807
Porous Ingrowth Fixation......Page 808
Total Joint Replacements......Page 809
Knee Joint Replacements......Page 811
Shoulder Joint Replacements......Page 813
Prostheses for Limb Salvage......Page 814
Defining Terms......Page 816
References......Page 817
44.2 Dental Implants: The Relationship of Materials Characteristic to Biologic Properties......Page 819
Metals and Alloys......Page 820
Ceramics and Ceramic Coatings......Page 822
Surface Topography......Page 824
Surface Chemistry......Page 826
Future Considerations for Implant Surfaces......Page 827
References......Page 828
ch045.pdf......Page 831
45.1 Phase Behavior......Page 832
45.3 Freeze-Thaw Technology......Page 834
45.4 Freeze-Drying......Page 837
45.5 Vitrification......Page 838
45.6 Summary......Page 839
References......Page 840
Further Information......Page 841
ch046.pdf......Page 843
Hip Joint Prosthesis Fixation-Problems and Possible Solutions......Page 844
46.1 Acetabular Cup......Page 847
Cemented and Uncemented Fixation......Page 849
Cement/Prosthesis Interface......Page 850
Cement-Bone Interface......Page 853
Uncemented Fixation......Page 855
Pre-Coating with Porous Polymeric Materials on Metal Stem......Page 856
46.3 Articulating Surface of the Acetabular Cup and Femoral Head......Page 857
Conclusions......Page 858
References......Page 859
s05.pdf......Page 865
The Biomedical Engineering Handbook: Second Edition.......Page 866
ch047.pdf......Page 870
Variable Resistance Sensor......Page 871
Strain Gauge......Page 872
Linear Variable Differential Transformer......Page 875
Sonic and Ultrasonic Sensors......Page 876
Accelerometers......Page 877
Force......Page 878
Pressure Measurement......Page 879
Measurement of Flow......Page 880
Metallic Resistance Thermometers......Page 882
Thermocouples......Page 883
47.2 Biomedical Applications of Physical Sensors......Page 885
References......Page 886
Further Information......Page 887
ch048.pdf......Page 888
48.1 Sensing Bioelectric Signals......Page 889
48.2 Electric Characteristics......Page 892
Body-Surface Biopotential Electrodes......Page 893
Metal Plate Electrodes......Page 894
Electrodes for Chronic Patient Monitoring......Page 896
Intracavitary and Intratissue Electrodes......Page 897
Microelectrodes......Page 898
48.4 Biomedical Applications......Page 899
Further Information......Page 900
ch049.pdf......Page 901
49.1 Conductivity/Capacitance Electrochemical Sensors......Page 902
49.2 Potentiometric Sensors......Page 904
49.3 Voltammetric Sensors......Page 905
49.4 Reference Electrodes......Page 906
References......Page 907
ch050.pdf......Page 908
Optical Sensors......Page 909
Photodetectors......Page 910
Probe Configurations......Page 911
Evanescent Wave Spectroscopy......Page 912
Surface Plasmon Resonance......Page 913
Oximetry......Page 914
Noninvasive Pulse Oximetry......Page 915
Blood Gases......Page 916
Intravascular Catheters......Page 917
PCO2 Sensors......Page 918
PO2 Sensors......Page 919
Immunosensors......Page 920
References......Page 921
ch051.pdf......Page 923
Introduction and Definitions......Page 924
51.2 Classification of Transduction Processes—Detection Methods......Page 925
Optical, Optoelectronic Transducers......Page 928
Amperometric Transduction......Page 929
51.3 Tables of Sensors from the Literature......Page 930
References......Page 932
hp2.pdf......Page 933
The First Electrocardiogram......Page 934
Rheotome Record......Page 935
Mammalian Electrocardiograms......Page 936
Corrected Capillary Electrometer Records......Page 937
The String Galvanometer......Page 938
Vacuum-Tube Electrocardiograph......Page 939
References......Page 943
s06.pdf......Page 945
The Biomedical Engineering Handbook: Second Edition.......Page 946
ch052.pdf......Page 950
Biomedical Signals: Origin and Dynamic Characteristics; Frequency-Domain Analysis......Page 951
52.1 Origin of Biomedical Signals......Page 952
52.2 Classification of Biosignals......Page 953
52.3 Stochastic Signals......Page 955
52.4 Frequency-Domain Analysis......Page 958
52.5 Discrete Signals......Page 960
52.6 Data Windows......Page 962
52.7 Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT)......Page 963
The Periodogram......Page 964
52.9 Signal Enhancement......Page 965
52.10Optimal Filtering......Page 967
Minimization of Mean Squared Error: The Wiener Filter......Page 968
Maximization of the Signal-to-Noise Ratio: The Matched Filter......Page 969
52.11Adaptive Filtering......Page 970
52.12Segmentation of Nonstationary Signals......Page 972
References......Page 974
ch053.pdf......Page 975
53.1 Acquisition......Page 976
The Sampling Theorem......Page 977
The Quantization Effects......Page 979
53.2 Signal Processing......Page 980
Digital Filters......Page 981
The Transfer Function in the z-Domain......Page 982
Design Criteria......Page 986
Examples......Page 987
Signal Averaging......Page 988
Nonparametric Estimators of PSD......Page 994
Parametric Estimators......Page 996
53.3 Conclusion......Page 998
References......Page 999
Further Information......Page 1000
ch054.pdf......Page 1001
54.1 Introduction......Page 1002
AZTEC ECG Compression Method......Page 1003
ECG Compression via Parameter Extraction......Page 1004
54.3 Frequency-Domain Data Compression Methods......Page 1005
54.4 Wavelet or Subband Coding......Page 1006
54.5 Hybrid Multichannel ECG Coding......Page 1007
Linear Transformer......Page 1008
Subband Coder (SBC)......Page 1009
References......Page 1012
Further Information......Page 1013
ch055.pdf......Page 1014
Time-Frequency Signal Representations for Biomedical Signals......Page 1015
55.1 One-Dimensional Signal Representations......Page 1019
55.2 Desirable Properties of Time-Frequency Representations......Page 1022
Cohen’s Class of TFRs......Page 1023
Affine Class of TFRs......Page 1025
Hyperbolic Class of TFRs......Page 1028
kth Power Class......Page 1030
Smoothed Wigner Distributions......Page 1031
Scalogram or Wavelet Transform Squared Magnitude......Page 1032
Biomedical Applications......Page 1033
References......Page 1034
Further Information......Page 1036
ch056.pdf......Page 1037
56.1 Introduction......Page 1038
56.2 The Wavelet Transform: Variable Time and Frequency Resolution. Continuous Wavelet Transform .........Page 1039
The Discrete Wavelet Transform......Page 1044
56.3 A Multiresolution Theory: Decomposition of Signals Using Orthogonal Wavelets......Page 1045
Implementation of the Multiresolution Wavelet Transform: Analysis and Synthesis of Algorithms......Page 1047
Analysis of the QRS Complex Under Myocardial Ischemia......Page 1048
Analysis of Late Potentials in the ECG......Page 1053
Role of Wavelets in Arrhythmia Analysis......Page 1054
Evoked Potentials......Page 1055
EEG and Seizures......Page 1056
Other Applications......Page 1057
Discussion and Conclusions......Page 1059
References......Page 1061
ch057.pdf......Page 1065
57.1 Introduction......Page 1066
57.2Definitions and Properties of HOS......Page 1067
Indirect Method:......Page 1069
Direct Method......Page 1070
57.4 Linear Processes......Page 1071
Non-Parametric Methods......Page 1072
Parametric Methods......Page 1073
57.5 Nonlinear Processes......Page 1074
57.6 HOS in Biomedical Signal Processing......Page 1076
Acknowledgements......Page 1078
References......Page 1079
ch058.pdf......Page 1083
Neural Networks in Biomedical Signal Processing......Page 1084
Multineuronal Activity Analysis......Page 1085
Visual Evoked Potentials......Page 1086
58.2 Neural Networks in Speech Recognition......Page 1090
58.3 Neural Networks in Cardiology......Page 1091
58.4 Neural Networks in Neurology......Page 1093
58.5 Discussion......Page 1094
References......Page 1096
ch059.pdf......Page 1099
Complexity, Scaling, and Fractals in Biomedical Signals......Page 1100
Overcoming the Limits of Newtonian Mathematics......Page 1101
All Illustration of Critical Phenomena: Magnetism......Page 1102
A Model for Phase Transitions: Percolation......Page 1103
Dynamics at the Edge of Chaos......Page 1104
Fractal Preliminaries......Page 1105
Fractal Measures......Page 1106
Multifractals......Page 1107
59.3 An Example of the Use of Complexity Theory in the Development of a Model of the Central Nerv.........Page 1108
References......Page 1109
ch060.pdf......Page 1111
Future Directions: Biomedical Signal Processing and Networked Multimedia Communications......Page 1112
60.3 Photonics......Page 1113
References......Page 1114
s07.pdf......Page 1115
The Biomedical Engineering Handbook: Second Edition.......Page 1116
ch061.pdf......Page 1119
61.1 X-Ray Equipment......Page 1120
X-Ray Tube......Page 1121
Generator......Page 1122
Image Detection: X-Ray Image Intensifiers with Televisions......Page 1123
Image Detection: Digital Systems......Page 1125
Further Information......Page 1126
X-ray Generation......Page 1127
Film......Page 1128
Image Intensifier/Video Camera......Page 1130
Video System......Page 1131
Digital Angiography......Page 1133
Digital Image Processor......Page 1134
Summary......Page 1136
References......Page 1137
Principles of Mammography......Page 1138
Physics of Image Formation......Page 1139
Equipment......Page 1141
X-Ray Source......Page 1142
Filtration of the X-Ray Beam......Page 1144
Compression Device......Page 1145
Anti-Scatter Grid......Page 1147
Image Receptor......Page 1148
Noise and Dose......Page 1149
Stereotactic Biopsy Devices......Page 1150
Digital Mammography......Page 1151
References......Page 1154
Further Information......Page 1155
ch062.pdf......Page 1156
Data-Acquisition Geometries......Page 1157
Third Generation: Fan Beam, Rotating Detectors......Page 1158
Fifth Generation: Scanning Electron Beam......Page 1159
X-Ray Source......Page 1160
X-Ray Detectors......Page 1162
Data-Acquisition System......Page 1164
Summary......Page 1165
Defining Terms......Page 1166
Further Information......Page 1168
Image Processing: Artifact and Reconstruction Error......Page 1169
Projection Data to Image: Calibrations......Page 1170
Projection Data to Image: Reconstruction......Page 1171
References......Page 1172
ch063.pdf......Page 1173
63.1Acquisition and Processing......Page 1174
Fundamentals of MRI......Page 1175
k-Space Analysis of Data Acquisition......Page 1176
Contrast Mechanisms......Page 1180
63.2 Hardware/Instrumentation......Page 1182
Static Field Magnets......Page 1183
Permanent Magnets and Electromagnets......Page 1185
Superconducting Magnets......Page 1186
Magnetic Field Homogeneity......Page 1187
Gradient Coils......Page 1188
Radiofrequency Coils......Page 1190
Digital Data Processing......Page 1191
Current Trends in MRI......Page 1192
Defining Terms......Page 1193
Further Information......Page 1194
63.3 Functional MRI......Page 1195
Advances in Functional Brain Mapping......Page 1196
Mechanism......Page 1197
Problem and Artifacts in fMRI: The Brain-Vein Problem? The Brain-Inflow Problem?......Page 1200
Techniques to Reduce the Large Vessel Problems......Page 1201
References......Page 1202
General Methodology......Page 1204
Practical Examples......Page 1206
Acknowledgments......Page 1210
References......Page 1212
ch064.pdf......Page 1214
Parameters for Choices in Nuclear Medicine......Page 1215
Detection of Photon Radiation......Page 1217
Various Detector Configurations......Page 1218
Ancillary Electronic Equipment for Detection......Page 1220
Place of Planar Imaging in Nuclear Medicine Today: Applications and Economics......Page 1222
Further Information......Page 1223
Basic Principles of SPECT......Page 1224
The SPECT Imaging Process......Page 1225
Physical and Instrumentation Factors that Affect SPECT Images......Page 1226
Multidetector SPECT System......Page 1227
Camera-Based SPECT Systems......Page 1228
Novel SPECT System Designs......Page 1229
Special Collimator Designs for SPECT Systems......Page 1230
Image Reconstruction Problem......Page 1231
Algorithms for Image Reconstruction from Projections......Page 1233
Compensation Methods......Page 1236
Sample SPECT Images......Page 1238
References......Page 1241
ch065.pdf......Page 1246
65.1 Transducers......Page 1247
Scanning with Array Transducers......Page 1248
Focusing and Steering with Phased Arrays......Page 1249
Linear-Array Transducer Performance......Page 1250
Radiation Pattern......Page 1253
Electrical Impedance......Page 1255
Choosing Array Dimensions......Page 1257
Acoustic Backing and Matching Layers......Page 1258
Electrical Impedance Matching......Page 1259
Defining Terms......Page 1261
Further Information......Page 1262
65.2 Ultrasonic Imaging......Page 1263
Fundamentals......Page 1264
Applications and Example Calculations......Page 1267
Defining Terms......Page 1268
Fundamental Concepts......Page 1269
Unique Features of the Operating Environment......Page 1270
Overview of Ultrasonic Flow Estimation Systems......Page 1271
Fluid Dynamics and the Cardiovascular System......Page 1273
Clinical Applications and Their Requirements......Page 1274
Velocity Estimation Techniques......Page 1275
Narrowband Estimation......Page 1278
Wideband Estimation Techniques......Page 1282
New Directions......Page 1283
Reference......Page 1285
Further Information......Page 1287
ch066.pdf......Page 1288
Magnetic Resonance Microscopy......Page 1289
Spatial Encoding and Decoding......Page 1290
Intrinsic Resolution Limit......Page 1291
Practical Resolution Limit......Page 1293
Radiofrequency Coils......Page 1294
Magnetic Field Gradient Coils......Page 1296
66.4 Applications......Page 1298
References......Page 1300
Further Information......Page 1302
ch067.pdf......Page 1303
67.1 Radiopharmaceuticals......Page 1304
Accelerator-Produced Radionuclides......Page 1305
Radiopharmaceuticals......Page 1307
PET Radionuclides......Page 1308
References......Page 1309
PET Theory......Page 1310
PET Detectors......Page 1311
Physical Factors Affecting Resolution......Page 1314
Tomographic Reconstruction......Page 1316
Sensitivity......Page 1317
Statistical Properties of PET......Page 1318
References......Page 1319
ch068.pdf......Page 1321
68.2 Conduction in Human Tissues......Page 1322
68.3 Determination of the Impedance Distribution......Page 1323
Basic Requirements......Page 1325
Basics of Reconstruction......Page 1327
Optimal Current Patterns......Page 1328
Differential Imaging......Page 1329
68.4 Areas of Clinical Application......Page 1330
68.5 Summary and Future Developments......Page 1331
References......Page 1332
Further Information......Page 1334
ch069.pdf......Page 1335
Medical Applications of Virtual Reality Technology......Page 1336
69.1 Overview of Virtual Reality Technology......Page 1337
Instrumented Clothing......Page 1338
69.2 VR Application Examples......Page 1339
69.3 Current Status of Virtual Reality Technology......Page 1340
Surgical Training and Surgical Planning......Page 1341
Medical Education, Modeling, and Non-Surgical Training......Page 1344
Anatomical Imaging and Medical Image Fusion......Page 1345
Ergonomics, Rehabilitation, and Disabilities......Page 1347
Telesurgery and Telemedicine......Page 1350
Behavioral Evaluation and Intervention......Page 1351
Defining Terms......Page 1352
References......Page 1353
Further Information......Page 1358
s08.pdf......Page 1359
The Biomedical Engineering Handbook: Second Edition.......Page 1360
ch070.pdf......Page 1363
70.1 Basic Amplifier Requirements......Page 1364
Interferences......Page 1367
Instrumentation Amplifier......Page 1368
Isolation Amplifier and Patient Safety......Page 1370
Surge Protection......Page 1372
Input Guarding......Page 1373
Passive Isolation Amplifiers......Page 1374
References......Page 1376
Further Information......Page 1377
ch071.pdf......Page 1378
71.1 Introduction......Page 1379
Vascular Unloading Principle......Page 1380
Occlusive Cuff Mechanics......Page 1381
Oscillometry......Page 1383
Derivative Oscillometry......Page 1384
R-Wave Time Interval Technique......Page 1385
Continuous Vascular Unloading......Page 1386
Arterial Tonometry......Page 1387
Flexible Diaphragm Tonometry......Page 1388
71.4 Noninvasive Arterial Mechanics......Page 1389
References......Page 1392
ch072.pdf......Page 1395
72.1 Indicator-Dilution Method......Page 1396
Thermal Dilution Method......Page 1397
Indicator Recirculation......Page 1399
72.2 Fick Method......Page 1400
Indicator-Dilution Method for Ejection Fraction......Page 1403
References......Page 1405
ch073.pdf......Page 1406
73.1 Measurement Methods......Page 1407
73.3 Respiration Monitoring and Apnea Detection......Page 1409
73.4 Peripheral Blood Flow......Page 1410
73.5 Cardiac Measurements......Page 1411
73.6 Body Composition (Single Frequency Measurement)......Page 1412
Defining Terms......Page 1413
Further Information......Page 1414
ch074.pdf......Page 1415
Dynamic Tests......Page 1416
The Water-Sealed Spirometer......Page 1417
Oxygen Uptake......Page 1419
The Pneumotachograph......Page 1420
The Nitrogen-Washout Method for Measuring FRC......Page 1421
74.3 Physiologic Dead Space......Page 1423
References......Page 1424
ch075.pdf......Page 1425
75.1 Separation Methods......Page 1426
75.3 Gas Chromatography......Page 1427
75.5 Basis for Spectral Methods......Page 1428
75.6 Fluorometry......Page 1430
75.8 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy......Page 1431
Defining Terms......Page 1432
References......Page 1433
ch076.pdf......Page 1434
76.1 Particle Counting and Identification......Page 1435
76.2 Electrochemical Methods......Page 1437
76.3 Ion-Specific Electrodes......Page 1438
76.4 Radioactive Methods......Page 1439
76.5 Coagulation Timers......Page 1440
76.7 Automation......Page 1441
References......Page 1442
ch077.pdf......Page 1443
77.1 Indications......Page 1444
77.2 Pulse Generators......Page 1445
Sensing Circuit......Page 1446
Telemetry Circuit......Page 1448
Power Source......Page 1449
77.3 Leads......Page 1450
77.4 Programmers......Page 1451
77.5 System Operation......Page 1452
77.6 Clinical Outcomes and Cost Implications......Page 1453
References......Page 1454
Further Information......Page 1455
ch078.pdf......Page 1456
78.2 Technology for Delivering Stimulation Pulses to Excitable Tissue......Page 1457
78.3 Stimulation Parameters......Page 1458
78.4 Implantable Neuromuscular Stimulators......Page 1459
Data Retrieval......Page 1460
Output Stage......Page 1461
78.5 Packaging of Implantable Electronics......Page 1462
78.7 Safety Issues of Implantable Stimulators......Page 1463
Peripheral Nerve Stimulators......Page 1465
Stimulators of Central Nervous System......Page 1466
Sensing of Implantable Transducer–Generated and Physiological Signals......Page 1467
78.10Summary......Page 1468
References......Page 1469
Further Information......Page 1470
ch079.pdf......Page 1471
79.1 Mechanism of Fibrillation......Page 1472
79.2 Mechanism of Defibrillation......Page 1473
79.3 Clinical Defibrillators......Page 1474
79.4 Electrodes......Page 1476
79.6 Automatic External Defibrillators......Page 1477
79.7 Defibrillator Safety......Page 1479
Further Information......Page 1480
ch080.pdf......Page 1481
80.1 Pulse Generators......Page 1482
80.2 Electrode Systems (“Leads”)......Page 1483
80.3 Arrhythmia Detection......Page 1484
80.4 Arrhythmia Therapy......Page 1485
80.5 Implantable Monitoring......Page 1486
80.6 Follow-up......Page 1487
Acknowledgment......Page 1488
References......Page 1489
ch081.pdf......Page 1490
81.1 Theory of Operation......Page 1491
81.2 Monopolar Mode......Page 1492
81.4 ESU Design......Page 1494
81.7 ESU Hazards......Page 1496
References......Page 1498
Further Information......Page 1499
ch082.pdf......Page 1500
82.1 Introduction......Page 1501
82.3 Positive-Pressure Ventilators......Page 1502
Mandatory Ventilation......Page 1503
Pressure Support in Spontaneous Mode......Page 1505
82.5 Breath Delivery Control......Page 1506
Mandatory Volume Controlled Inspiratory Flow Delivery......Page 1507
Pressure Controlled Inspiratory Flow Delivery......Page 1508
Spontaneous Breath Delivery Control......Page 1509
Defining Terms......Page 1510
References......Page 1511
ch083.pdf......Page 1512
83.1 Performance Criteria for Intravenous Infusion Devices......Page 1513
83.2 Flow Through an IV Delivery System......Page 1515
Gravity Flow/Resistance Regulation......Page 1516
Volumetric Infusion Pumps......Page 1517
Syringe Pumps......Page 1518
83.4 Managing Occlusions of the Delivery System......Page 1520
References......Page 1522
Further Information......Page 1523
ch084.pdf......Page 1524
Essentials of Anesthesia Delivery......Page 1525
84.1 Gases Used During Anesthesia and their Sources......Page 1526
Nitrous Oxide......Page 1527
84.2 Gas Blending and Vaporization System......Page 1528
84.3 Breathing Circuits......Page 1531
84.5 Monitoring the Function of the Anesthesia Delivery System......Page 1532
Monitoring the Depth of Anesthesia......Page 1534
Simulation in Anesthesia......Page 1535
Further Information......Page 1536
ch085.pdf......Page 1537
Biomedical Lasers......Page 1538
Absorption in Biologic Tissue......Page 1539
85.2 Penetration and Effects of UV-IR Laser Radiation into Biologic Tissue......Page 1540
85.5 Effects of Visible-Range Laser Radiation......Page 1541
85.7 Effects of Continuous and Pulsed IR-Visible Laser Radiation and Association Temperature Rise......Page 1542
85.8 General Description and Operation of Lasers......Page 1543
Optical Fiber Transmission Characteristics......Page 1544
Mirrored Articulated Arm Characteristics......Page 1545
Other Biomedical Lasers......Page 1546
References......Page 1548
Further Information......Page 1550
ch086.pdf......Page 1551
86.1 Oximetry and Pulse Oximetry......Page 1552
Background......Page 1554
Theory......Page 1555
Application and Future Directions......Page 1557
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Glucose Monitoring......Page 1558
Defining Terms......Page 1560
Further Information......Page 1561
ch087.pdf......Page 1563
87.1 Scope of the Market for Home Medical Devices......Page 1564
The Device Must Provide a Positive Clinical Outcome......Page 1566
Ease of Use......Page 1567
87.3 Infant Monitor Example......Page 1568
Defining Terms......Page 1571
References......Page 1572
ch088.pdf......Page 1573
A Revolution—Graphical Programming and Virtual Instrumentation......Page 1574
Example 1: BioBench™—A Virtual Instrument Application for Data Acquisition and Analysis of Physio.........Page 1575
Introduction......Page 1578
Clinical Significance......Page 1579
References......Page 1581
hp3.pdf......Page 1583
Nerve Action Potential......Page 1584
Action Potentials in Afferent Fibers......Page 1590
True Form of the Nerve Action Potential......Page 1593
References......Page 1594
s09.pdf......Page 1595
Biological Effects of Nonionizing Electromagnetic Fields......Page 1597
References......Page 1600
ch089.pdf......Page 1603
89.1 Definitions and Basic Phenomena......Page 1604
89.2 In Vivo Versus In Vitro Properties......Page 1606
89.4 Dielectric Data: Tabulated......Page 1611
References......Page 1613
ch090.pdf......Page 1615
90.1 Introduction......Page 1616
Basic Principles......Page 1617
People and Animals......Page 1618
Cells and Cell Assemblies......Page 1619
Laboratory Animals......Page 1620
References......Page 1621
ch091.pdf......Page 1624
Therapeutic Applications of Low-Frequency Sinusoidal and Pulsed Electric and Magnetic Fields......Page 1625
91.1 Bone and Cartilage Repair with PEMF and Other Signals......Page 1626
91.2 Soft-Tissue Repair and Nerve Regeneration......Page 1632
91.3 Mechanisms of Field-Tissue Interaction......Page 1633
Defining Terms......Page 1634
References......Page 1635
Further Information......Page 1637
ch092.pdf......Page 1638
Biologic Effects of Radiofrequency and Microwave Fields: In Vivo and In Vitro Experimental Results......Page 1639
92.2 Reproduction, Growth, and Development......Page 1640
92.4 Behavioral Effects......Page 1641
Acknowledgments......Page 1642
References......Page 1643
Further Information......Page 1645
93.1 Introduction......Page 1646
Intracavitary......Page 1647
Interstitial......Page 1648
Whole Body Heating......Page 1649
References......Page 1650
Further Information......Page 1653
ch094.pdf......Page 1654
94.2 Biological Barriers Based on Lipids......Page 1655
94.3 Decrease of the Membrane Barrier to Transport......Page 1656
94.4 Basis of Electroporation......Page 1658
94.5 Molecular Transport......Page 1661
94.7 In Vivo Electroporation Applications......Page 1662
References......Page 1663
appxav1.pdf......Page 1665
Basics of Blood Gas Instrumentation......Page 1666
A.1 pH and PCO2 Electrochemical Sensors......Page 1667
A.2 PO2 Electrochemical Sensors of Dissolved Oxygen......Page 1669
A.4 General Aspects of a Measuring Device......Page 1670
A.5 Factors that Influence the Measurements......Page 1672
A.6 New Generations of pH and Blood Gas Sensors......Page 1673
A.7 Continuous Monitoring of Blood Gases......Page 1674
A.8 Optical Sensors in Blood Gas Analyzers......Page 1675
References......Page 1676
The Biomedical Engineering Handbook: Second Edition.......Page 1677
References......Page 1681
ch095.pdf......Page 1682
Biomimetic Systems......Page 1683
Morphology and Properties Development......Page 1684
95.2 Biomimetic Membranes for Ion Transport......Page 1685
Active Transport Biomimetics......Page 1686
Mechanism for Facilitated Diffusion in Fixed Carrier Membranes......Page 1687
Uncoupling Resistances......Page 1688
Use in Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetics Models and Cell Culture Analog Systems......Page 1689
Electro-Enzymatic Production of Lactate from Pyruvate......Page 1690
References......Page 1691
ch096.pdf......Page 1692
96.1 Applications of Allometry......Page 1693
96.2 Flow Limited Processes......Page 1694
Membrane Separators......Page 1697
Chromatographic Columns......Page 1699
Convective Mass Transfer......Page 1700
Convective Dispersion and the One-Dimensional Convective Diffusion Equation......Page 1701
References......Page 1702
ch097.pdf......Page 1703
Limitations of Animal Studies......Page 1704
97.2 The Cell Culture Analog Concept......Page 1705
97.3 Prototype CCA......Page 1706
97.4 Use of Engineered Tissues or Cells for Toxicity/Pharmacology......Page 1707
Defining Terms......Page 1708
References......Page 1709
ch098.pdf......Page 1710
98.1 Introduction and Conceptual Challenges......Page 1711
98.2 Basic Concepts......Page 1712
98.3 Vascular Models......Page 1713
Countercurrent Heat Exchange......Page 1714
Continuum Models......Page 1715
Formulations......Page 1716
Effective Conductivity Model......Page 1717
Heat Sink Model with Effectiveness......Page 1718
Thermal Properties......Page 1719
98.7 Solutions of Models......Page 1720
References......Page 1722
ch099.pdf......Page 1725
99.1 Introduction......Page 1726
99.2 Implantable Controlled Delivery Systems for C.........Page 1727
99.3 Drug Transport After Release from the Implant.........Page 1729
99.4 Application of Diffusion-Elimination Models t.........Page 1732
Determinants of Tissue Penetration......Page 1734
Effect of Fluid Convection......Page 1735
Effect of Metabolism......Page 1736
References......Page 1737
ch100.pdf......Page 1740
Arterial Wall Mass Transport: The Possible Role of.........Page 1741
Reactive Surface......Page 1742
Reactive Wall......Page 1744
Albumin and LDL......Page 1745
Straight Vessels......Page 1746
Sudden Expansion......Page 1747
Stenosis......Page 1748
Bifurcation......Page 1749
100.5 Discussion......Page 1750
Hypoxia Induces VEGF......Page 1752
References......Page 1753
s11.pdf......Page 1756
The Biomedical Engineering Handbook: Second Edition.......Page 1757
ch101.pdf......Page 1760
101.1 Site-Direction Mutagenesis......Page 1761
101.2 Solvent Engineering......Page 1763
References......Page 1765
ch102.pdf......Page 1767
Monoclonal Antibodies and Their Engineered Fragmen.........Page 1768
102.1 Structure and Function of Antibodies......Page 1769
Hybridoma Technology......Page 1771
Repertoire Cloning Technology......Page 1772
Phage Display Technology......Page 1774
Bypassing Immunization......Page 1775
Bacterial Expression......Page 1776
Expression in Lymphoid and Nonlymphoid Systems (Tr.........Page 1777
Expression in Yeast......Page 1778
102.4 Genetically Engineered Antibodies and Their .........Page 1779
102.5 Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies and Fr.........Page 1782
102.6 Summary......Page 1784
References......Page 1785
ch103.pdf......Page 1788
103.1 Background......Page 1789
103.2 Mechanisms of Inhibition......Page 1790
103.3 Chemically Modified Oligonucleotides......Page 1792
103.5 Specificity of Oligonucleotides......Page 1795
103.6 Oligonucleotide Delivery......Page 1796
Human Immunodeficiency Virus......Page 1798
103.8 In Vivo Pharmacology......Page 1799
103.10Clinical Trials......Page 1800
103.11Summary......Page 1801
References......Page 1802
Further Information......Page 1807
ch104.pdf......Page 1808
Tools for Genome Analysis......Page 1809
104.2 Enabling Technologies......Page 1811
104.3 Tools for Genome Analysis......Page 1815
Acknowledgments......Page 1819
References......Page 1820
ch105.pdf......Page 1821
Vaccine Production......Page 1822
Bacterial Growth......Page 1823
Antigen Production......Page 1824
Ex Vivo Virus Cultivation......Page 1825
Isolation......Page 1827
Purification Examples......Page 1828
Viral Vaccines......Page 1829
105.3 Formulation and Delivery......Page 1830
Subunit Antigens......Page 1831
Vaccine Cultivation......Page 1832
Vaccine Adjuvants and Formulation......Page 1833
105.5 Conclusions......Page 1834
References......Page 1835
Further Information......Page 1837
ch106.pdf......Page 1838
106.1 Background......Page 1839
106.2 Recombinant Retroviruses......Page 1841
106.3 Recombinant Adenoviruses......Page 1844
106.4 Recombinant Adeno-Associated Viruses......Page 1847
106.5 Direct Injection of Naked DNA......Page 1849
106.7 Liposome-Mediated Gene Delivery......Page 1850
106.9 Summary and Conclusion......Page 1851
Defining Terms......Page 1852
References......Page 1853
ch107.pdf......Page 1858
107.1 Basic Principles......Page 1859
107.2 Cell Proliferation......Page 1860
107.3 Cell Adhesion......Page 1861
107.4 Cell Migration......Page 1863
References......Page 1865
ch108.pdf......Page 1867
Metabolic Engineering......Page 1868
Addition of New Activities......Page 1869
Improving Existing Metabolism......Page 1870
Metabolic Flux Analysis......Page 1871
Metabolic Control Analysis......Page 1872
“Top Down” MCA......Page 1873
Large Deviations......Page 1874
Pathway Synthesis......Page 1875
108.5 Analysis of Changes......Page 1876
References......Page 1877
Further Information......Page 1878
s12.pdf......Page 1879
The Biomedical Engineering Handbook: Second Edition.......Page 1881
ch109.pdf......Page 1884
Cell Type and Source......Page 1885
Control of Cell Function by the Extracellular Matr.........Page 1886
Control of Tissue Organization......Page 1887
Metabolic Requirements of Cells......Page 1888
109.3 Reconstruction of Connective Tissues......Page 1890
Culture in a Sandwich Configuration......Page 1891
Microcarrier-based Systems......Page 1892
References......Page 1893
Further Information......Page 1896
ch110.pdf......Page 1897
Surface Immobilization of Adhesion Ligands for Inv.........Page 1898
110.1 General Considerations......Page 1899
Reactive Esters......Page 1900
Bifunctional Bridges......Page 1901
Immobilization to Surface Carboxylic Acids......Page 1902
Immobilization to Surface Amines......Page 1903
110.3 Surface Preparation......Page 1904
110.5 Determining Ligand Surface Densities......Page 1905
110.6 Applications of Immobilized Ligands......Page 1906
References......Page 1907
ch111.pdf......Page 1912
111.1 Introduction......Page 1913
111.2 Fundamentals of Protein Adsorption......Page 1914
111.3 Example Calculations and Applications of Pro.........Page 1916
111.4 Summary, Conclusions, and Directions......Page 1920
Defining Terms......Page 1921
References......Page 1922
Further Information......Page 1924
ch112.pdf......Page 1926
Engineering Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering: T.........Page 1927
112.2 Applications......Page 1928
Devices with Open Structures......Page 1929
112.3 Conclusions......Page 1932
References......Page 1933
Further Information......Page 1935
ch113.pdf......Page 1936
113.1 The Problem of the Missing Organ......Page 1937
113.2 Search Principles for Identification of Rege.........Page 1938
113.3 Structural Specificity of Dermis Regeneratio.........Page 1943
113.4 In Situ Synthesis of Skin with DRT......Page 1945
113.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Clinical Tre.........Page 1947
113.7 The Bilayered Skin-Equivalent Graft......Page 1948
113.8 Structural Specificity of Nerve Regeneration.........Page 1949
113.9 In Situ of Synthesis of Meniscus Using a Men.........Page 1950
Defining Terms......Page 1951
References......Page 1952
Further Information......Page 1953
ch114.pdf......Page 1955
Fluid Shear Stress Effects on Cellular Function......Page 1956
114.1 Devices and Methodology Used for in Vitro Ex.........Page 1958
114.2 Shear Stress-Mediated Cell-Endothelium Inter.........Page 1959
114.4 Shear Stress Effects on Signal Transduction .........Page 1962
114.5 Shear Stress Effects on Endothelial Cell Met.........Page 1963
114.6 Shear Stress Effects on Gene Regulation......Page 1964
114.7 Mechanisms of Shear Stress-Induced Gene Regu.........Page 1965
114.8 Gene Therapy and Tissue Engineering in Vascu.........Page 1968
Defining Terms......Page 1969
References......Page 1970
ch115.pdf......Page 1976
The Roles of Mass Transfer in Tissue Function......Page 1977
115.1 Topology and Transport Characteristics of Li.........Page 1978
Self Similarity and Cross-Species Correlations......Page 1980
Time Constants: The Key to Quantitative Modeling......Page 1982
Brownian Motion and Concentration Diffusion......Page 1983
Flow, Chemical Reaction, and Boundary Conditions......Page 1984
115.3 Characteristic Behavior: Selected Examples......Page 1985
The Energy Cost of Immobility......Page 1988
Defining Terms......Page 1989
References......Page 1990
ch116.pdf......Page 1992
116.1 Embryonic Stem Cells......Page 1993
116.2 Control of Stem Cell Development......Page 1994
116.3 Adult Stem Cells......Page 1995
116.4 Aging of Stem Cells......Page 1997
116.6 Summary......Page 1998
References......Page 1999
ch117.pdf......Page 2001
 Cell Motility and Tissue Architecture......Page 2002
Cellular Interactions with the Acellular Solid Pha.........Page 2003
117.2 Engineering Directed Motile Responses in Vit.........Page 2004
A Linear Concentration Gradient......Page 2005
A Gradient of Shear Flow......Page 2007
Specific Shapes and Textures......Page 2008
Specific Patterns of Adhesiveness......Page 2010
Environments with Specific Arrangements of Neighbo.........Page 2011
 Defining Terms......Page 2012
References......Page 2013
ch118.pdf......Page 2015
Tissue Microenvironments......Page 2016
118.1 Cellular Elements......Page 2017
Immunoglobulin Gene Superfamily......Page 2018
Integrin Gene Superfamily......Page 2019
Selectins......Page 2020
118.2 Soluble Growth Factors......Page 2021
118.3 Extracellular Matrix......Page 2022
Proteoglycans and Glycosaminoglycans......Page 2024
118.4 Considerations for ex Vivo Tissue Generation.........Page 2025
References......Page 2027
ch119.pdf......Page 2033
119.1 Tissue Composition and Stromal Cells......Page 2034
Fibroblasts......Page 2036
Adipocytes, Fat-Storing Cells......Page 2040
Macrophages......Page 2041
Bone Marrow......Page 2042
Liver......Page 2044
Tumor Cells......Page 2045
119.3 Support of Cultured Cells Using Cell Lines......Page 2046
Defining Terms......Page 2047
References......Page 2048
Further Information......Page 2051
ch120.pdf......Page 2052
The Hematopoietic System: Function and Organization......Page 2053
Molecular Control of Hematopoiesis: The Hematopoietic Growth Factors......Page 2055
Bone Marrow Stromal Cells......Page 2057
Bone Marrow Transplantation......Page 2058
Alternative Sources of Hematopoietic Cells for Transplantation......Page 2059
Large-Scale Production of Mature Blood Cells......Page 2060
The Human System......Page 2061
Tissue Engineering Challenges......Page 2062
Bioreactors and Stroma......Page 2063
Defining Terms......Page 2064
References......Page 2065
Further Information......Page 2069
ch121.pdf......Page 2070
121.1 Background......Page 2071
121.2 Hepatocyte Transplantation Systems......Page 2072
Hepatocyte Transplantation on Polymer Matrices......Page 2073
Defining Terms......Page 2077
References......Page 2078
ch122.pdf......Page 2080
122.1 Delivery of Neuroactive Molecules to the Ner.........Page 2081
Pumps......Page 2082
Transplantation of Autologous Primary Cells......Page 2083
Transplantation of Encapsulated Xenogeneic Tissue......Page 2084
122.2 Tissue Reconstruction: Nerve Regeneration......Page 2087
Surface Microgeometry......Page 2088
Release of Bioactive Factors from the Channel Wall.........Page 2089
Cell-Seeded Lumens for Trophic Support......Page 2090
CNS Nerve Regeneration......Page 2091
122.3 In Vitro Neural Circuits and Biosensors......Page 2092
122.4 Conclusion......Page 2093
References......Page 2095
ch123.pdf......Page 2100
123.1 Introduction......Page 2101
123.2 Skeletal Muscle Structure......Page 2102
123.3 Skeletal Muscle Function......Page 2103
Injury of Skeletal Muscle......Page 2104
Satellite Cell Activation......Page 2105
123.5 Reconstructive Surgery of Whole Skeletal Mus.........Page 2107
Myoblast Transfer Therapy......Page 2108
Retrovirus-Mediated Gene Transfer......Page 2109
Adenovirus-Mediated Gene Transfer......Page 2110
References......Page 2111
ch124.pdf......Page 2115
124.2 Cell-Based Approaches to Cartilage Tissue En.........Page 2116
InVivo Cartilage Repair......Page 2117
InVitro Chondrogenesis......Page 2123
124.3 Cell-Polymer-Bioreactor System......Page 2124
Experimental Methods......Page 2125
Developmental Studies......Page 2126
Cells, the Scaffold and Biochemical Signals......Page 2128
Cultivation Conditions and Time......Page 2131
124.4 Summary and Future Directions......Page 2134
Defining Terms......Page 2136
References......Page 2137
Further Information......Page 2141
ch125.pdf......Page 2142
Tissue Engineering of the Kidney......Page 2143
125.1 Fundamentals of Kidney Function......Page 2144
Glomerular Ultrafiltration......Page 2145
Tubule Reabsorption......Page 2147
Endocrine......Page 2148
125.2 Tissue-Engineering Formulation Based upon Fu.........Page 2149
Bioartificial Golmerulus: The Filter......Page 2150
Bioartificial Tubule: The Reabsorber......Page 2151
Bioartificial Tubule Formulation......Page 2152
Bioartificial Kidney......Page 2153
The Erythropoietin Generator......Page 2155
125.4 Summary......Page 2156
References......Page 2157
s13.pdf......Page 2160
Prostheses and Artificial Organs......Page 2161
XIII.1Substitutive Medicine......Page 2162
XIII.3 Outlook for Organ Replacement......Page 2165
XIII.4 Design Considerations......Page 2167
Ex Vivo Appraisal......Page 2168
General Clinical Use......Page 2169
Defining Terms......Page 2170
Further Information......Page 2171
ch126.pdf......Page 2173
Artificial Heart and Circulatory Assist Devices......Page 2174
Define the Problem—Clarification of the Task......Page 2175
Bicompatibility......Page 2176
Conceptual Design—Plan Treatment......Page 2177
Detailed Design—Execute Plan......Page 2179
References......Page 2180
ch127.pdf......Page 2182
Cardiac Valve Prostheses......Page 2183
Mechanical Valves......Page 2184
Tissue Valves......Page 2187
127.3 Tissue Versus Mechanical......Page 2189
Effective Orifice Area (EOA)......Page 2190
Regurgitation......Page 2191
Flow Patterns and Turbulent Shear Stresses......Page 2192
Starr-Edwards Caged-Ball Valve (Model 1260)......Page 2193
St. Jude Medical Bileaflet Valve......Page 2194
Hancock Modified Orifice Porcine Valve (Model 250).........Page 2196
Carpentier-Edwards Pericardial Valve (Model 2900)......Page 2198
127.6 Durability......Page 2201
Mineralization......Page 2202
127.7 Current Trends in Valve Design......Page 2203
References......Page 2204
ch128.pdf......Page 2206
128.1 History of Vascular Grafts......Page 2207
128.2 Synthetic Grafts......Page 2208
128.4 Thrombosis......Page 2209
128.5 Neointimal Hyperplasia......Page 2210
Defining Terms......Page 2213
Further Information......Page 2214
ch129.pdf......Page 2215
Artificial Lungs and Blood-Gas Exchange Devices......Page 2216
129.1 Gas Exchange Systems......Page 2217
129.2 Cardiopulmonary Bypass......Page 2219
129.3 Artificial Lung Versus Natural Lung......Page 2221
129.4 Oxygen Transport......Page 2223
129.5 CO2 Transport......Page 2225
129.6 Coupling of O2 and CO2 Exchange......Page 2227
129.7 Shear-Induced Transport Augmentation and Dev.........Page 2228
Defining Terms......Page 2230
References......Page 2232
Further Information......Page 2233
ch130.pdf......Page 2235
130.1 Structure of Function of the Kidney......Page 2236
130.2 Kidney Disease......Page 2238
130.3 Renal Failure......Page 2239
130.4 Treatment of Renal Failure......Page 2240
130.6 Mass Transfer in Dialysis......Page 2243
130.7 Clearance......Page 2244
130.8 Filtration......Page 2245
130.9 Permeability......Page 2247
130.10Overall Transport......Page 2249
130.11Membranes......Page 2251
130.12Hemofiltration......Page 2252
130.13Pharmacokinetics......Page 2253
Tubular Function......Page 2237
130.15Outlook......Page 2255
Defining Terms......Page 2257
References......Page 2259
Further Information......Page 2260
ch131.pdf......Page 2261
Peritoneal Dialysis Equipment......Page 2262
131.1 Therapy Format......Page 2263
131.2 Fluid and Solute Removal......Page 2264
131.3 The Peritoneal Membrane: Physiology and Tran.........Page 2267
131.4 Transport Modeling......Page 2269
131.5 Emerging Developments......Page 2271
Defining Terms......Page 2272
Further Information......Page 2273
ch132.pdf......Page 2274
Therapeutic Apheresis and Blood Fractionation......Page 2275
132.1 Plasmapheresis......Page 2276
Centrifugal Devices......Page 2278
Membrane Plasmapheresis......Page 2280
132.2 Plasma Perfusion......Page 2284
132.3 Cytapheresis......Page 2286
Defining Terms......Page 2288
Further Information......Page 2289
ch133.pdf......Page 2290
133.1 Morphology of the Liver......Page 2291
133.2 Liver Functions......Page 2293
133.3 Hepatic Failure......Page 2294
Hemodialysis......Page 2295
Parabiotic Dialysis......Page 2296
Hemoperfusion over Liver Tissue Slices......Page 2297
133.6 Hybrid Replacement Procedures......Page 2298
Source of Functional Cells......Page 2299
133.7 Outlook......Page 2301
References......Page 2303
Further Information......Page 2305
ch134.pdf......Page 2306
134.1 Structure and Function of the Pancreas......Page 2307
134.3 Diabetes......Page 2308
134.4 Insulin......Page 2309
134.5 Insulin Therapy......Page 2310
134.6 Therapeutic Options in Diabetes......Page 2311
Syringes and Pens......Page 2312
Insulin Pumps......Page 2313
Servo-Controlled Insulin Delivery Systems......Page 2314
The Artificial Beta Cell......Page 2315
134.8 Insulin Production Systems......Page 2316
Xenogeneic Islet Transplantation......Page 2317
Device Design......Page 2318
Intravascular Devices......Page 2319
Polymers for Immunoisolation......Page 2320
Defining Terms......Page 2321
References......Page 2322
Further Information......Page 2323
ch135.pdf......Page 2324
Nerve Guidance Channels......Page 2325
135.1 Peripheral Nervous System......Page 2326
135.3 PNS Regeneration......Page 2327
135.5 Repair with Nerve Guidance Channels......Page 2328
135.6 Recent Studies with Nerve Guidance Channels......Page 2330
Surface Texture or Microgeometry......Page 2332
Release of Soluble Factors......Page 2333
Inclusion of Insoluble Factors......Page 2334
References......Page 2335
ch136.pdf......Page 2337
Designs of Artificial Tracheae......Page 2338
Nonporous Tube—Type Artificial Tracheae......Page 2339
Mesh-Type Artificial Tracheae......Page 2341
Voice Prostheses......Page 2343
136.3 Artificial Esophagi (Esophageal Prostheses)......Page 2344
Artificial Esophagi Made of Artificial Materials......Page 2347
New Concepts in Artificial Esophageal Design......Page 2348
Defining Terms......Page 2349
Further Information......Page 2350
ch137.pdf......Page 2351
Artificial Blood......Page 2352
137.1 Oxygen Carrying Plasma Expanders and the Dis.........Page 2354
137.2 The Distribution of Oxygen in the Circulatio.........Page 2355
137.4 Mathematical Modeling of Blood/Molecular Oxy.........Page 2356
137.6 Hematocrit and Blood Viscosity......Page 2357
137.8 Crystalloid and Colloidal Solutions as Volum.........Page 2358
137.11 Hemoglobin for Oxygen Carrying Plasma Expanders......Page 2360
137.12 Hemoglobin-Based Artificial Blood......Page 2361
137.13 Results in the Microcirculation with Blood Substitution with •• -Hemoglobin......Page 2362
137.15 Rational Design of an Oxygen Carrying Molecular Plasma Expander......Page 2363
137.16Conclusions......Page 2365
References......Page 2366
Further Information......Page 2368
ch138.pdf......Page 2369
138.1 The Vital Functions of Skin......Page 2370
138.2 Current Treatment of Massive Skin Loss......Page 2371
Stage 1 Design Parameters......Page 2373
Stage 2 Design Parameters......Page 2375
Clinical Studies......Page 2377
Short-Term Clinical Evaluation of Artificial Skin......Page 2378
Clinical Results......Page 2379
138.6 Alternative Approaches: Cultured Epithelial .........Page 2380
Defining Terms......Page 2381
References......Page 2383
Further Information......Page 2384
s14.pdf......Page 2385
Rehabilitation Engineering......Page 2386
References......Page 2388
ch139.pdf......Page 2389
139.1 Introduction......Page 2390
139.3 Engineering Concepts in Sensory Rehabilitati.........Page 2391
139.5 Engineering Concepts in Communications Disor.........Page 2394
139.7 The Future of Engineering in Rehabilitation......Page 2395
References......Page 2396
Further Information......Page 2397
ch140.pdf......Page 2398
Orthopedic Prosthetics and Orthotics in Rehabilita.........Page 2399
140.1 Fundamentals......Page 2400
Computer-Aided Engineering in Customized Component.........Page 2404
An Intelligent Prosthetic Knee......Page 2408
A Hierarchically Controlled Prosthetic Hand......Page 2409
A Self-Aligning Orthotic Knee Joint......Page 2411
Defining Terms......Page 2412
Organizations......Page 2413
ch141.pdf......Page 2414
141.1 Introduction......Page 2415
141.2 Categories of Wheelchairs......Page 2416
Materials......Page 2417
Wheels and Casters......Page 2418
Kinetics......Page 2419
141.5 Power Wheelchair Electrical Systems......Page 2420
User Interface......Page 2421
Power System......Page 2422
Electromagnetic Compatibility......Page 2424
Lift Mechanisms......Page 2425
Hand Controls......Page 2426
References......Page 2427
ch142.pdf......Page 2429
Externally Powered and Controlled Orthotics and Pr.........Page 2430
Restoration of Hand Functions......Page 2431
Restoration of Standing and Walking......Page 2433
Hybrid Assistive Systems (HAS)......Page 2435
Active Above-Knee Prostheses......Page 2437
Myoelectric Hand and Arm Prostheses......Page 2438
References......Page 2440
Further Information......Page 2445
ch143.pdf......Page 2447
143.1 Visual System......Page 2448
Tactual Vision Substitution......Page 2449
143.2 Auditory System......Page 2450
Auditory Augmentation......Page 2451
Tactual Auditory Substitution......Page 2452
Tactual Augmentation......Page 2453
Defining Terms......Page 2454
References......Page 2455
Further Information......Page 2457
ch144.pdf......Page 2458
144.1 Introduction......Page 2459
144.2 Language Representation Methods and Accelera.........Page 2460
144.3 User Interface......Page 2461
144.5 Outcomes, Intervention and Training......Page 2463
144.6 Future......Page 2464
References......Page 2465
Further Information......Page 2466
ch145.pdf......Page 2467
Measurement Tools and Processes in Rehabilitation .........Page 2468
Structure, Function, Performance, and Behavior......Page 2469
Measurements and Assessments......Page 2471
Characterizing the Human System and Its Subsystems.........Page 2474
Characterizing Tasks......Page 2476
145.3 Decision-Making Processes......Page 2477
Quality of Measurements......Page 2478
Defining Terms......Page 2480
References......Page 2481
Further Information......Page 2482
ch146.pdf......Page 2484
Rehabilitation Engineering Technologies: Principle.........Page 2485
146.1 The Conceptual Frameworks......Page 2486
The Shifting Paradigm......Page 2487
Service Delivery Models......Page 2488
RESNA......Page 2489
Sensation......Page 2490
School and Work......Page 2491
146.5 Future Developments......Page 2492
Further Information......Page 2493
hp4.pdf......Page 2494
Early Investigations......Page 2495
Clinical Electromyography......Page 2497
References......Page 2503
s15.pdf......Page 2504
The Biomedical Engineering Handbook: Second Edition.......Page 2505
ch147.pdf......Page 2508
147.1 Background......Page 2509
General Systems Performance Theory......Page 2512
The Elemental Resource Model......Page 2515
147.3 Application Issues......Page 2519
Conceptual, Theoretical Application......Page 2520
Rigorous, High-Tech Application......Page 2521
Defining Terms......Page 2522
References......Page 2523
Further Information......Page 2526
ch148.pdf......Page 2527
Measurement of Neuromuscular Performance Capacitie.........Page 2528
Purposes of Measuring Selected Neuromuscular Perfo.........Page 2529
Movement Terminology......Page 2530
Instrumented Systems Used to Measure ROM/EOM......Page 2531
Key Concepts in Goniometric Measurement......Page 2532
Strength Testing and Muscle Terminology......Page 2535
Factors Influencing Muscle Strength and Strength M.........Page 2536
Methods and Instruments Used to Measure Muscle Str.........Page 2537
Speed of Movement Terminology......Page 2538
Parameters Measured......Page 2540
Endurance Terminology......Page 2542
Parameters Measured......Page 2543
148.6 Reliability, Validity, and Limitations in Te.........Page 2544
148.7 Performance Capacity Space Representations......Page 2545
Defining Terms......Page 2546
References......Page 2547
Further Information......Page 2548
ch149.pdf......Page 2549
149.1 Introduction......Page 2550
Sensorymotor Control and Accuracy of Movement......Page 2551
Techniques: An Overview......Page 2552
Tracking Tasks: An Overview......Page 2553
Sensors......Page 2554
Displays......Page 2555
Random Targets......Page 2556
Step Targets......Page 2557
Dimensionality......Page 2559
Controlled System Dynamics......Page 2560
Response Sampling Rates......Page 2561
Test and Experimental Protocols......Page 2562
Measures of Characteristics of Performance......Page 2563
Measures of Global Accuracy of Performance......Page 2564
Functional Decomposition of Tracking Performance......Page 2565
Time Domain (Ballistic) Analysis of Tracking Perfo.........Page 2566
Frequency Domain Analysis of Tracking Performance......Page 2567
Graphical Analysis of Tracking Performance......Page 2568
References......Page 2569
Further Information......Page 2574
ch150.pdf......Page 2575
Measurement of Information-Processing Performance .........Page 2576
Functional Model of Central Information Processing.........Page 2577
Performance Capacities......Page 2578
Measurement of Information (Stimulus Characterizat.........Page 2579
Divided Attention and Time Sharing......Page 2580
Information-Processing Accuracy and Speed-Accuracy.........Page 2581
Memory Capacity......Page 2582
150.3 Measurement Instruments and Procedures......Page 2583
150.4 Present Limitations......Page 2586
References......Page 2587
Further Information......Page 2588
ch151.pdf......Page 2590
High-Level Task Analysis: Mental Components......Page 2591
151.1 Fundamentals......Page 2592
Step 1:Data Requirements Definition......Page 2593
Step 2:Data Collection......Page 2595
Steps 3 and 4:Data Modeling and Metric Computatio.........Page 2596
151.3 Models of Human Mental Processing and Perfor.........Page 2598
Multiple-Resource Model of Attention and W/INDEX......Page 2599
Technique for Human Error-Rate Prediction (THERP)......Page 2600
151.5 A Human-Machine-Task Analytic Framework......Page 2601
Task Decomposition and Procedures......Page 2602
Required Resources......Page 2603
References......Page 2604
Further Information......Page 2606
ch152.pdf......Page 2607
Task Analysis and Decomposition: Physical Componen.........Page 2608
Stress-Strain Concept......Page 2610
152.3 Methods of Physical Task Analysis......Page 2611
Specific Techniques......Page 2612
Decomposition of Physical Tasks......Page 2613
152.4 Factors Influencing the Conduct of Task Anal.........Page 2614
152.5 Measurement of Task Variables......Page 2616
Task-Related Variables......Page 2617
152.7 Future Developments......Page 2618
Defining Terms......Page 2619
References......Page 2620
Further Information......Page 2621
ch153.pdf......Page 2622
HCI Design Challenges......Page 2623
A Dual-Component, Dual-Task-Level HCI Architecture.........Page 2624
Why Use the ERM?......Page 2626
Performance-Based Usability Design Decisions......Page 2627
Design Principles for Reducing Task Resource Deman.........Page 2628
Mental Interface: Application-Task-Level Specifica.........Page 2630
Brief Example Using Menu System Design......Page 2631
Defining Terms......Page 2635
Further Information......Page 2636
ch154.pdf......Page 2638
Applications of Human Performance Measurements to .........Page 2639
154.1 Basic Principles: Types of Studies......Page 2640
Selecting Study Variables......Page 2641
Data Collection......Page 2644
Analysis and Interpretation of Results......Page 2645
Safety-Oriented Example: Drug-Alcohol Interaction......Page 2647
Efficacy-Oriented Study: Experiences in Neurology......Page 2650
Defining Terms......Page 2651
References......Page 2652
Further Information......Page 2654
ch155.pdf......Page 2655
Applications of Quantitative Assessment of Human P.........Page 2656
155.1 Principles......Page 2657
Muscle Action and Performance Quantification......Page 2658
155.2 Low Back Pain and Trunk Performance......Page 2659
Maximal and Submaximal Protocols......Page 2660
Static and Dynamic Trunk Muscle Endurance......Page 2661
Lifting Strength Testing......Page 2662
Inverse and Direct Dynamics......Page 2664
155.3 Clinical Applications......Page 2666
155.4 Conclusions......Page 2668
Defining Terms......Page 2670
References......Page 2671
ch156.pdf......Page 2673
156.1 Introduction......Page 2674
Physics-based Models and Methods......Page 2675
Inference-Based Models......Page 2676
Parameter Conventions......Page 2677
156.3 Scope, Functionality, and Performance......Page 2678
156.4 Functional Overview of Representative Packag.........Page 2680
Body-Function Specific Tools......Page 2681
Visualization for Low-End Computer Platforms......Page 2683
Extended Visualization for the High-End Workstatio.........Page 2684
156.5 Anticipated Development......Page 2685
References......Page 2687
Further Information......Page 2688
ch157.pdf......Page 2690
157.1 Models......Page 2691
New Instruments......Page 2694
Measuring the Measurements......Page 2695
157.3 Databases and Data Modeling......Page 2696
References......Page 2698
Further Information......Page 2699
s16.pdf......Page 2700
The Biomedical Engineering Handbook: Second Edition.......Page 2701
ch158.pdf......Page 2705
158.1 Introduction......Page 2706
Windkessel Model......Page 2707
Transmission Line Model......Page 2708
Lumped Muscle Strip Models......Page 2710
Description of the Sarcomere......Page 2713
Muscle Contraction......Page 2714
Integration of Micro- and Macro-Dynamics......Page 2717
Energy Considerations......Page 2718
Cardiac Hypertrophy......Page 2719
158.5 Summary......Page 2721
References......Page 2722
ch159.pdf......Page 2724
Compartmental Models of Physiologic Systems......Page 2725
159.1 Definitions and Concepts......Page 2726
Theory......Page 2727
The Nonlinear Model......Page 2728
159.3 A Priori Identifiability......Page 2730
159.4 Parameter Estimation......Page 2731
159.5 Optimal Experiment Design......Page 2732
159.6 Validation......Page 2733
References......Page 2734
ch160.pdf......Page 2736
160.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Desktop Pati.........Page 2737
160.2 History of Cardiovascular Modeling......Page 2739
An Idealized Segment of Artery......Page 2741
An Idealized Segment of Vein......Page 2743
Arterial and Venous Trees......Page 2744
Models of the Heart......Page 2745
Models of Combined Heart and Circulation......Page 2748
Neural and Humoral Control......Page 2749
Combined CV and Pharmacologic Models......Page 2750
References......Page 2751
Further Information......Page 2753
ch161.pdf......Page 2755
Respiratory Models and Control......Page 2756
Pulmonary Gas Exchange......Page 2757
Chemosensory Feedback......Page 2758
Respiratory Muscles......Page 2759
Feedback Control......Page 2760
Feedforward Control......Page 2761
Phase-Switching Models......Page 2762
Neural Network Models......Page 2763
Nonlinear Dynamics......Page 2764
Optimization of Ventilation......Page 2765
Optimization of Neural Waveform......Page 2767
161.5 Self-Tuning Regulator Models......Page 2768
161.6 Conclusion......Page 2769
References......Page 2770
162.2 Neural Network Basics......Page 2775
Supervised Control......Page 2777
Model-based Approaches to Control......Page 2778
Neurophysiologically Based Approaches......Page 2780
Defining Terms......Page 2781
References......Page 2782
Further Information......Page 2784
ch163.pdf......Page 2785
Methods and Tools for Identification of Physiologi.........Page 2786
163.1 Parametric Approach......Page 2788
163.2 Nonparametric Approach......Page 2792
163.3 Modular Approach......Page 2797
Acknowledgment......Page 2798
References......Page 2799
ch164.pdf......Page 2801
164.1 Introduction......Page 2802
164.2 Background......Page 2803
Steady Regulation......Page 2804
Autoregulation Curve......Page 2805
Input Impedance......Page 2807
Pressure Step Response......Page 2808
Minimal Circuit Model......Page 2809
164.5 Discussion......Page 2810
References......Page 2814
ch165.pdf......Page 2816
165.1 Biological Control of Movements......Page 2817
165.2 Modeling of Human Extremities......Page 2819
165.3 Analytic Models for Control of Movements......Page 2822
165.4 Nonanalytic Modeling of Movements......Page 2824
165.5 Hybrid Modeling of Controllers......Page 2828
Defining Terms......Page 2830
References......Page 2831
Periodicals......Page 2836
ch166.pdf......Page 2837
The Fast Eye Movement Control System......Page 2838
166.1 Saccade Characteristics......Page 2839
166.2 Westheimer’s Saccadic Eye Movement Model......Page 2841
166.4 A Linear Homeomorphic Saccadic Eye Movement .........Page 2843
166.5 Another Linear Homeomorphic Saccadic Eye Mov.........Page 2846
166.6 Saccade Pathways......Page 2849
166.7 Saccade Control Mechanism......Page 2853
166.8 Conclusion......Page 2854
References......Page 2857
Further Information......Page 2858
s17.pdf......Page 2859
The Biomedical Engineering Handbook: Second Edition.......Page 2860
ch167.pdf......Page 2863
167.2 Evolution of Clinical Engineering......Page 2864
Governing Board (Trustees)......Page 2866
167.4 Clinical Engineering Programs......Page 2867
Major Functions of a Clinical Engineering Departme.........Page 2869
Further Information......Page 2870
ch168.pdf......Page 2871
Management and Assessment of Medical Technology......Page 2872
The Technology Manager’s Responsibility......Page 2873
Clinical and Technology Strategic Plan......Page 2874
Technology Strategic Planning Process......Page 2875
Prerequisites for Technology Assessment......Page 2876
Technology Assessment Process......Page 2877
Equipment Management Process......Page 2879
Case Study: A Focus on Medical Imaging......Page 2880
Process of Acquiring Technology......Page 2881
Acquisition Process Strategies......Page 2882
Defining Terms......Page 2883
References......Page 2886
ch169.pdf......Page 2887
169.1 Risk Management: A Definition......Page 2888
169.2 Risk Management: Historical Perspective......Page 2889
169.3 Risk Management: Strategies......Page 2892
169.4 Risk Management: Application......Page 2898
169.5 Case Studies......Page 2899
References......Page 2902
ch170.pdf......Page 2903
Clinical Engineering Program Indicators......Page 2904
Process for Quality Improvement......Page 2905
170.2 Standard Database......Page 2906
170.3 Measurement Indicators......Page 2907
170.4 Indicator Management Process......Page 2908
170.5 Indicator Example 1: Productivity Monitors......Page 2909
170.6 Indicator Example 2: Patient Monitors IPM Co.........Page 2910
References......Page 2911
ch171.pdf......Page 2913
Quality of Improvement and Team Building......Page 2914
171.3 TQM (Total Quality Management)......Page 2915
Freedom Through Control......Page 2916
171.5 Tools Used for Quality Improvement......Page 2917
Control Chart......Page 2918
Pareto Chart......Page 2919
171.6 Quality Performance Indicators (QPI)......Page 2920
Executive Steering Committee (ESC)......Page 2922
Problem-Solving Model......Page 2923
References......Page 2924
ch172.pdf......Page 2926
172.1 Introduction......Page 2927
172.3 Standards for Clinical Engineering......Page 2928
172.4 A Hierarchy of Standards......Page 2929
172.5 Medical Devices......Page 2931
172.6 International Standards......Page 2933
172.7 Compliance with Standards......Page 2934
172.8 Limitations of Standards......Page 2935
References......Page 2938
ch173.pdf......Page 2939
173.1 Regulatory Agencies......Page 2940
173.2 Technology Assessment Agencies......Page 2943
Further Information......Page 2949
ch174.pdf......Page 2950
174.1 Applications of Virtual Instruments in Healt.........Page 2951
Example Application #1: The EndoTester™—A Virtual .........Page 2952
Example Application #2: PIVIT™—Performance Indicat.........Page 2954
Trending, Relationships, and Interactive Alarms......Page 2955
Data Modeling......Page 2956
Medical Equipment Risk Criteria......Page 2957
Peer Performance Reviews......Page 2958
References......Page 2959
s18.pdf......Page 2961
The Biomedical Engineering Handbook: Second Edition.......Page 2962
ch175.pdf......Page 2966
Hospital Information Systems: Their Function and State......Page 2967
175.1 Patient Database Strategies for the HIS......Page 2968
175.2 Data Acquisition......Page 2969
175.4 Patient Evaluation......Page 2970
175.5 Patient Management......Page 2971
References......Page 2973
ch176.pdf......Page 2974
176.2 Computer-Based Patient Record......Page 2975
176.3 Clinical Decision Support Systems......Page 2976
176.4 Scientific Evidence......Page 2977
176.5 Hospital and Ambulatory Care Systems......Page 2979
176.6 Extended Uses of CPR Data......Page 2980
176.7 Selected Issues......Page 2981
References......Page 2983
ch177.pdf......Page 2987
177.1 History......Page 2988
177.3 Information Types......Page 2989
Local Area Networks......Page 2990
Middleware......Page 2991
Medical Vocabulary......Page 2992
Improved Bandwidth......Page 2993
Management......Page 2994
References......Page 2995
ch178.pdf......Page 2996
Overview of Standards Related to the Emerging Heal.........Page 2997
Product and Supply Labeling Identifiers......Page 2998
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) .........Page 2999
National Council for Prescription Drug Programs (N.........Page 3000
178.4 Clinical Data Representations (Codes)......Page 3001
178.5 Confidentiality, Data Security, and Authenti.........Page 3002
178.8 Standards Coordination and Promotion Organiz.........Page 3003
References......Page 3004
Further Information......Page 3006
ch179.pdf......Page 3007
Non-AI Decision Making......Page 3008
Clinical Algorithms......Page 3009
Database Search......Page 3010
Statistical Pattern Analysis......Page 3011
Dempster-Shafer Theory......Page 3012
Causal Modeling......Page 3013
179.4 Summary......Page 3014
References......Page 3015
ch180.pdf......Page 3017
180.1 Design Recommendations......Page 3018
180.2 Description of a Clinical Monitoring System......Page 3020
180.3 Outcome Assessment......Page 3022
Defining Terms......Page 3024
References......Page 3025
s19.pdf......Page 3026
The Biomedical Engineering Handbook: Second Edition.......Page 3027
ch181.pdf......Page 3031
Artificial Intelligence in Medical Decision Making.........Page 3032
181.2 Emergence of the Knowledge-Based AI Methods .........Page 3033
181.3 The Transition to Expert Systems and the Asc.........Page 3036
181.4 Exploration of Alternative Representations f.........Page 3037
Explanation and Early Knowledge Level Work in AI S.........Page 3038
Performance of Expert Medical Systems......Page 3039
Deep Medical Knowledge for Representation and Prob.........Page 3040
Formal Decision-Making Methods and Empirical Syste.........Page 3041
Opportunities: Knowledge-Bases, Systems Integratio.........Page 3042
References......Page 3043
ch182.pdf......Page 3051
Artificial Neural Networks: Definitions, Methods, .........Page 3052
182.1 Definitions......Page 3053
182.2 Training Algorithms......Page 3055
Backpropagation Algorithm......Page 3056
The ALOPEX Algorithm......Page 3059
Two-Dimensional Template Matching with ALOPEX......Page 3060
Multilayer Perceptron Network Training by ALOPEX......Page 3061
182.3 VLSI Applications of Neural Networks......Page 3062
Expert Systems and Neural Networks......Page 3063
Chromosome and Genetic Sequences Classification......Page 3064
References......Page 3065
ch183.pdf......Page 3069
183.2 Clinical Decision Making......Page 3070
183.3 Clinical Decision Systems History......Page 3071
183.5 Requirements and Critical Issues for Clinica.........Page 3073
183.6 Evaluation of Clinical Decision Systems......Page 3074
References......Page 3075
ch184.pdf......Page 3078
184.1 Expert System Process Model......Page 3079
184.2 Knowledge Acquisition......Page 3080
Rule-Based Systems......Page 3081
Network-Based Systems......Page 3082
Rule Induction......Page 3084
References......Page 3085
ch185.pdf......Page 3086
Domain Knowledge......Page 3087
Control Knowledge......Page 3088
Knowledge Acquisition Tools......Page 3089
Learning......Page 3090
Frame Representations and Object-Oriented Language.........Page 3091
Semantic Networks and Conceptual Graphs......Page 3092
Rule-Based Reasoning......Page 3093
Case-Based Reasoning......Page 3094
Causal Reasoning......Page 3096
Temporal Knowledge......Page 3097
Protocols & Guidelines......Page 3098
Task-Oriented Modeling......Page 3099
Hybrid Systems......Page 3100
185.5 Conclusion......Page 3101
References......Page 3102
Further Information......Page 3105
ch186.pdf......Page 3106
186.1 Introduction......Page 3107
Data Validation......Page 3108
Shallow Knowledge Systems......Page 3109
Deep Knowledge Systems......Page 3110
186.3 Moving Toward Computer Architectures for Rea.........Page 3111
186.4 Discussion and Conclusions......Page 3112
References......Page 3113
ch187.pdf......Page 3116
187.1 Introduction......Page 3117
187.2 Classification and Coding Systems......Page 3118
187.3 An Electronic Medical Encyclopedia at Your F.........Page 3119
187.4 Problems Related to Medical Terminology......Page 3121
187.5 Solution for Discrepancies......Page 3123
References......Page 3124
Further Information......Page 3126
ch188.pdf......Page 3127
188.2 Linguistic Principles......Page 3128
188.3 Applications in Biomedicine......Page 3129
Syntactic and Semantic Systems......Page 3130
Defining Terms......Page 3131
References......Page 3132
Further Information......Page 3133
hp5.pdf......Page 3134
Historical Background......Page 3135
Commercial Production of EEG Machines......Page 3141
References......Page 3144
s20.pdf......Page 3145
The Biomedical Engineering Handbook: Second Edition.......Page 3146
ch189.pdf......Page 3148
189.2 Professional Ethics and Ethics Plain and Sim.........Page 3149
189.3 Professions......Page 3150
189.4 The Profession of Biomedical Engineering......Page 3151
189.6 Professional Ethics in Biomedical Engineerin.........Page 3152
189.7 Tools for Design and Decision in Professiona.........Page 3153
References......Page 3155
ch190.pdf......Page 3157
190.1 Introduction......Page 3158
190.2 Defining Death: A Moral Dilemma Posed by Med.........Page 3159
190.3 Euthanasia......Page 3160
Active Versus Passive Euthanasia......Page 3162
Involuntary and Non-Voluntary Euthanasia......Page 3163
Should Voluntary Euthanasia be Legalized?......Page 3164
Further Information......Page 3165
ch191.pdf......Page 3166
191.1 Introduction......Page 3167
The Reason for Clinical Trials......Page 3168
Clinical Trials and the Doctor-Patient Relationshi.........Page 3169
The Need for Double-Blind Trials......Page 3170
The Need for Animal Research......Page 3171
The Public Debate......Page 3172
References......Page 3173
ch192.pdf......Page 3175
192.1 Introduction......Page 3176
192.2 Ethical Issues in Feasibility Studies......Page 3177
192.3 Ethical Issues in Emergency Use......Page 3178
192.4 Ethical Issues in Treatment Use......Page 3180
Further Information......Page 3181
appxav2.pdf......Page 3182
The Role of Professional Societies in Biomedical E.........Page 3183
American Institute for Medical and Biological Engi.........Page 3184
IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (.........Page 3185
French Groups for Medical and Biological Engineeri.........Page 3186
International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU)......Page 3187
Bioengineering in Latin America......Page 3188
References......Page 3189