The Biology of Coastal Sand Dunes

0198570368......Page 1
Contents......Page 12
1.1 Introduction......Page 16
1.2 Sediment supply......Page 17
1.3 Properties of sand grains......Page 19
1.5 Sediment movement......Page 21
1.7 Dune morphology......Page 26
1.8 Creation of scarps......Page 31
1.9 Blowouts......Page 32
1.10 Coastal dune formation in the tropics......Page 34
1.12 Summary......Page 35
2.2 Soil moisture......Page 38
2.3 Soil and air temperatures......Page 42
2.5 Photosynthetically active radiation......Page 43
2.7 Wind velocity......Page 44
2.8 Soil genesis......Page 45
2.10 Weathering in sand dunes......Page 46
2.12 Nutrient status......Page 47
2.14 Summary......Page 52
3.1 Introduction......Page 55
3.2 Dispersal in water......Page 56
3.3 Dispersal in wind......Page 61
3.4 Dispersal by animals......Page 64
3.5 Human influence......Page 66
3.6 Summary......Page 67
4.2 Types of coastal soil seed banks......Page 68
4.3 Soil seed bank dynamics......Page 71
4.4 Soil bud bank......Page 73
4.6 Seed bank potential......Page 74
4.7 Above-ground seed banks......Page 76
4.8 Summary......Page 78
5.1 Introduction......Page 79
5.2 Colonization......Page 80
5.3 Seed mass and establishment......Page 81
5.4 Seed germination in dunes......Page 83
5.5 Seedling emergence......Page 84
5.6 Patterns of seedling emergence......Page 86
5.7 Survivorship and establishment......Page 89
5.8 Limiting factors......Page 93
5.9 Summary......Page 100
6.2 Impact of burial in other ecosystems......Page 102
6.4 Burial and plant growth......Page 104
6.5 Physiological ecology......Page 107
6.6 Tolerance limits......Page 110
6.7 A general model of sand accretion and plant response......Page 112
6.8 Modes of emergence from burial......Page 113
6.9 Summary......Page 119
7.1 Introduction......Page 121
7.2 Degeneration response......Page 122
7.3 Stimulation response......Page 129
7.4 Summary......Page 130
8.2 Formation of salt spray......Page 132
8.3 Salt spray deposition......Page 133
8.4 Composition of salt spray......Page 135
8.5 Soil salinity......Page 137
8.6 Plant response to salt......Page 139
8.7 Mechanisms of resistance......Page 144
8.8 Salt stress and evolution......Page 145
8.9 Summary......Page 147
9.1 Introduction......Page 149
9.2 Classification and colonization process......Page 150
9.3 Spore germination and host association in the dune complex......Page 152
9.4 Species richness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi......Page 153
9.5 Dispersal mechanisms......Page 154
9.6 Spore density and sporulation period......Page 155
9.7 Effect of soil biota and physical environment......Page 156
9.8 Effects of disturbance......Page 157
9.9 Benefits of AM fungi to sand dune plant species......Page 158
9.10 Role in sand dune succession......Page 162
9.11 Summary......Page 165
10.2 Life in the intertidal zone......Page 168
10.3 Reptiles......Page 170
10.4 Birds and their impact on dunes and vegetation......Page 171
10.5 Insects and their impact on vegetation......Page 172
10.7 Mammalian herbivores and their impact on vegetation......Page 173
10.8 The compensatory ability of plants......Page 177
10.9 Summary......Page 178
11.2 Composition of plant communities......Page 179
11.3 Quantitative analysis of communities......Page 193
11.4 Summary......Page 194
12.1 Introduction......Page 196
12.3 Is zonation determined by soil salinity and salt spray?......Page 197
12.4 Is zonation caused by burial in sand?......Page 201
12.5 Causes of zonation: a critical evaluation......Page 205
12.6 Succession: basic assumptions......Page 206
12.7 Factors other than time that affect sand dune succession......Page 207
12.9 Summary......Page 210
13.2 Sea levels over time......Page 212
13.3 The special significance of high water surges......Page 217
13.4 Natural erosion and building under high sea levels......Page 218
13.5 The future of coastal dune landforms......Page 220
13.6 Responses of dune vegetation......Page 221
13.7 Episodic rise in sea levels?......Page 225
13.8 Vulnerability to human manipulation......Page 226
13.9 Extinction of dune plants?......Page 227
13.10 Summary......Page 229
D......Page 230
S......Page 231
X......Page 232
15 Literature cited......Page 233
A......Page 260
B......Page 262
C......Page 263
D......Page 265
E......Page 266
G......Page 267
H......Page 268
L......Page 269
M......Page 270
O......Page 271
P......Page 272
R......Page 274
S......Page 275
T......Page 278
W......Page 279
Z......Page 280