The Biogeochemical Cycle of Silicon in the Ocean

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 11
1.1. The element “silicon”......Page 15
1.2. Orthosilicic acid......Page 16
1.3. Particulate silicas......Page 17
1.3.1. Lithogenic silica......Page 18
1.3.2. Biogenic silica......Page 19
2.1. Techniques for the chemical analysis of silicon......Page 21
2.1.1. The sequential digestion method......Page 22
2.1.3. The correction by aluminum method
......Page 23
2.2.1. Labeling with radioactive isotopes......Page 25
2.2.2. Labeling with stable isotopes......Page 28
2.3. Silica deposit labeling and cellular imaging......Page 31
2.4. Isotopic fractionation of silicon and utilization of δ30 Si as a tracer in oceanography......Page 32
2.4.1. Demonstration of the isotopic fractionation by the diatoms......Page 36
2.4.2. Utilization of δ30 Si as a tracer in oceanography......Page 37
2.4.3. The interest of analyses of the isotopic ratio of silicon......Page 38
3.1. Radiolarians......Page 41
3.3. Diatoms......Page 43
3.4. Silicification within the scope of nanoplankton and picoplankton......Page 45
3.5. Siliceous sponges......Page 47
3.6. The functions of biogenic silica......Page 48
3.7. The evolution of the siliceous organisms and the oceanic cycle of the silicon......Page 51
3.8. Sedimentary opal deposits......Page 53
4.1.1. General formulations and kinetics information......Page 57
4.2.1. The model of Riedel and Nelson [RIE 85]......Page 60
4.2.2. The model of Del Amo and Brzezinski......Page 62
4.2.3. The membrane transporters......Page 64
4.3. Cellular mechanisms of orthosilicic acid uptake......Page 65
4.4.1. The Hecky et al. conceptual model......Page 67
4.4.2. Frustulins and silaffins......Page 70
4.4.3. Frustule synthesis, a complex physiological process......Page 72
4.5.1. Stoichiometry in diatoms and limitation by iron......Page 73
4.5.2. The influence of trace metals on the uptake of orthosilicic acid......Page 75
5.1. Reactivity of the particulate silica and dissolution constants......Page 77
5.2. Processes of control of the dissolution in aqueous phase......Page 80
5.2.1. Variation of the solubility of opal with depth......Page 81
5.2.3. Role of temperature......Page 82
5.2.4. Relationship with bacterial degradation process......Page 84
5.2.5. Influence of aluminum concentration......Page 85
5.3. The solubility of opal in natural conditions......Page 87
6.1. The preservation of calcite in ocean sediments......Page 91
6.1.1. Control of alkalinity by organic production......Page 92
6.1.2. The CaCO3/Corg ratio (rain ratio)......Page 93
6.1.3. The distribution of orthosilicic acid in the Global Ocean......Page 94
6.2.1. Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW)......Page 97
6.2.2. Si* tracer......Page 99
6.2.4. The conceptual model of Sarmiento et al.......Page 101
6.3.1. The last glacial–interglacial transition......Page 103
6.3.2. The sedimentary record......Page 108
7.1. Estimates of production and export of biogenic silica......Page 113
7.1.1. Estimation of the upper limit......Page 114
7.1.2. Estimation of the lower limit......Page 116
7.1.3. General overview of production and export......Page 118
7.2. The biogeochemical cycle of silicon in the Global Ocean......Page 120
Bibliography......Page 123
Index......Page 143
Other titles from ISTE in Earth Systems - Environmental Engineering......Page 145
EULA......Page 0