The Biobased Economy: Biofuels, Materials and Chemicals in the Post-oil Era

Contents......Page 6
List of Figures, Tables and Boxes......Page 8
List of Contributors......Page 14
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations......Page 24
SECTION ONE: TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY......Page 28
Prelude:Why this book?......Page 30
Replacing fossil fuels......Page 33
Analysing changes......Page 38
An integrated approach......Page 43
Introduction......Page 45
Three levels in the multilevel perspective......Page 47
References......Page 58
Background: Sustainable development in a biobased economy......Page 60
Challenges for agriculture......Page 63
Challenges for the biorefinery sector......Page 66
Challenges for sustainability assessment......Page 67
Conclusion – paradigm shift to a sustainable biobased economy......Page 72
References......Page 73
Introduction......Page 76
Photosynthesis and respiration......Page 77
Major inputs......Page 78
Crop development and production......Page 80
Crop production systems......Page 82
Assessing system performance......Page 84
Towards more efficient systems......Page 89
Discussion and conclusion......Page 91
References......Page 92
Introduction......Page 94
Impact of breeding......Page 95
Plant breeding and the biorefinery chain......Page 100
Breeding methods......Page 101
Case: Miscanthus for bioenergy......Page 104
Final remarks......Page 106
References......Page 107
Introduction......Page 110
Biomass demand......Page 111
Trends in biomass production......Page 112
Production potential......Page 115
Other estimates......Page 117
Factors affecting crop production......Page 120
Availability at what price?......Page 122
Discussion and conclusion......Page 124
References......Page 125
SECTION TWO: BIOMASS REFINING AND CONVERSION......Page 128
Technologies......Page 130
A broader scope......Page 132
Biobased economy......Page 133
Contents of this section......Page 134
Guide to the chapters......Page 136
Introduction: The value of biorefining......Page 138
Biorefinery: Definition and classification system......Page 141
Conventional biorefineries......Page 144
Advanced biorefineries......Page 145
Chain development......Page 151
Discussion and conclusions......Page 152
References......Page 154
Annex: SWOT analysis on biorefinery......Page 156
Introduction......Page 158
Agro- and petro-industry: Partners in a biobased economy?......Page 159
Criteria for CBB production from plants......Page 161
Monomeric compounds......Page 162
Polymeric compounds......Page 165
Outlook for the chemical industry......Page 168
Outlook for the agrisector......Page 169
References......Page 170
Introduction......Page 173
Biomass in the bulk chemical industry......Page 174
State of the art......Page 175
What raw material, product and technology?......Page 181
Discussion......Page 185
References......Page 189
Introduction......Page 192
Technological developments in advanced biofuels......Page 195
Advanced biofuels, their implementation and associated policies......Page 202
Conclusion......Page 204
References......Page 206
Introduction......Page 207
Process......Page 208
Feedstock......Page 210
Biogas composition......Page 212
Applications......Page 216
Role of biogas in the biobased economy......Page 217
Discussion and conclusion......Page 221
References......Page 222
SECTION THREE: ACTOR INVOLVEMENT......Page 226
Introduction......Page 228
This section......Page 229
Introduction......Page 230
The starting point: What are the underlying objectives?......Page 231
Successful policy strategies exploit domestic strengths and opportunities......Page 234
Technology development stages and appropriate policy instruments......Page 236
References......Page 240
Introduction......Page 241
Beyond a plausible stalemate: Biobased economy from a development perspective......Page 242
A biobased economy based on agro-industries in developing countries......Page 243
The Netherlands’ ‘Agrification’ experience......Page 245
Discussion: Institutional change in a biobased economy in developing countries......Page 248
Conclusion......Page 251
References......Page 252
Introduction......Page 256
The biofuel market......Page 257
Players, their role and partnership with others in the biofuel chain......Page 258
Causes and explanations......Page 264
Conclusions on biofuels......Page 268
Discussion......Page 269
References......Page 270
Introduction......Page 271
Modelling biofuels......Page 273
Description of scenarios......Page 277
Scenario results......Page 278
Summary and conclusions......Page 283
References......Page 284
Biofuels and biomass......Page 286
Biofuel and sustainability......Page 287
Effects on policy......Page 294
Conclusion......Page 297
Notes......Page 298
References......Page 299
SECTION FOUR: TRANSITION IN ACTION......Page 302
Introduction......Page 304
Limitations......Page 305
This section......Page 306
Transition......Page 308
Introduction......Page 310
Biodiesel......Page 311
Biodiesel quality standards......Page 315
Impact for land use and sustainability......Page 318
Lessons learnt......Page 324
Conclusions......Page 325
References......Page 326
Biomass supply......Page 329
Bioenergy......Page 331
Industrial use of renewable raw materials......Page 336
Policy......Page 342
Perspectives......Page 347
References......Page 348
Early developments in the biobased economy......Page 350
New driving forces......Page 351
Canadian policy responses to new driving forces......Page 353
Emerging bioindustrial platforms......Page 354
Novel industrial organization and value chains......Page 356
Key challenges and opportunities......Page 358
Outlook for the future......Page 361
Closing comments......Page 363
Notes......Page 364
References......Page 365
Introduction......Page 368
Perspectives for a biobased economy......Page 369
New chain developments......Page 377
Discussion......Page 383
Conclusion......Page 384
References......Page 385
Introduction......Page 388
Introducing the biobased economy......Page 389
Realization of the biobased potential......Page 392
Transition and system changes......Page 396
A critical review......Page 398
Lessons learnt......Page 401
References......Page 403
Index......Page 406