The art of scalability: scalable web architecture, processes, and organizations for the modern enterprise

Foreword xxiii Acknowledgments xxvii About the Authors xxix Introduction 1   Part I: Staffing a Scalable Organization 7   Chapter 1: The Impact of People and Leadership on Scalability 9 The Case Method 9 Why People? 10 Why Organizations? 11 Why Management and Leadership? 17 Conclusion 19   Chapter 2: Roles for the Scalable Technology Organization 21 The Effects of Failure 21 Defining Roles 23 Executive Responsibilities 25 Individual Contributor Responsibilities 30 A Tool for Defining Responsibilities 35 Conclusion 39   Chapter 3: Designing Organizations 41 Organizational Influences That Affect Scalability 41 Team Size 44 Organizational Structure 51 Conclusion 69   Chapter 4: Leadership 101 71 What Is Leadership? 72 Leadership: A Conceptual Model 74 Taking Stock of Who You Are 76 Leading from the Front 78 Checking Your Ego at the Door 79 Mission First, People Always 80 Making Timely, Sound, and Morally Correct Decisions 81 Empowering Teams and Scalability 82 Alignment with Shareholder Value 83 Transformational Leadership 84 Vision 84 Mission 87 Goals 89 Putting It All Together 90 The Causal Roadmap to Success 94 Conclusion 95   Chapter 5: Management 101 99 What Is Management? 100 Project and Task Management 102 Building Teams: A Sports Analogy 105 Upgrading Teams: A Garden Analogy 107 Measurement, Metrics, and Goal Evaluation 111 The Goal Tree 114 Paving the Path for Success 115 Conclusion 116   Chapter 6: Relationships, Mindset, and the Business Case 119 Understanding the Experiential Chasm 119 Defeating the IT Mindset 122 The Business Case for Scale 124 Conclusion 127   Part II: Building Processes for Scale 129   Chapter 7: Why Processes Are Critical to Scale 131 The Purpose of Process 132 Right Time, Right Process 135 When Good Processes Go Bad 139 Conclusion 140   Chapter 8: Managing Incidents and Problems 143 What Is an Incident? 144 What Is a Problem? 145 The Components of Incident Management 146 The Components of Problem Management 149 Resolving Conflicts Between Incident and Problem Management 150 Incident and Problem Life Cycles 150 Implementing the Daily Incident Meeting 152 Implementing the Quarterly Incident Review 153 The Postmortem Process 153 Putting It All Together 156 Conclusion 157   Chapter 9: Managing Crises and Escalations 159 What Is a Crisis? 160 Why Differentiate a Crisis from Any Other Incident? 161 How Crises Can Change a Company 162 Order Out of Chaos 163 Communications and Control 168 The War Room 169 Escalations 170 Status Communications 171 Crisis Postmortem and Communication 172 Conclusion 173   Chapter 10: Controlling Change in Production Environments 177 What Is a Change? 178 Change Identification 179 Change Management 180 The Change Control Meeting 191 Continuous Process Improvement 192 Conclusion 193   Chapter 11: Determining Headroom for Applications 197 Purpose of the Process 198 Structure of the Process 199 Ideal Usage Percentage 203 A Quick Example Using Spreadsheets 206 Conclusion 207   Chapter 12: Establishing Architectural Principles 209 Principles and Goals 209 Principle Selection 212 AKF's Most Commonly Adopted Architectural Principles 214 Conclusion 222   Chapter 13: Joint Architecture Design and Architecture Review Board 225 Fixing Organizational Dysfunction 225 Designing for Scale Cross-Functionally 226 JAD Entry and Exit Criteria 228 From JAD to ARB 230 Conducting the Meeting 232 ARB Entry and Exit Criteria 234 Conclusion 236   Chapter 14: Agile Architecture Design 239 Architecture in Agile Organizations 240 Ownership of Architecture 241 Limited Resources 242 Standards 243 ARB in the Agile Organization 246 Conclusion 247   Chapter 15: Focus on Core Competencies: Build Versus Buy 249 Building Versus Buying, and Scalability 249 Focusing on Cost 250 Focusing on Strategy 251 "Not Built Here" Phenomenon 252 Merging Cost and Strategy 252 Does This Component Create Strategic Competitive Differentiation? 253 Are We the Best Owners of This Component or Asset? 253 What Is the Competition for This Component? 254 Can We Build This Component Cost-Effectively? 254 The Best Buy Decision Ever 255 Anatomy of a Build-It-Yourself Failure 256 Conclusion 258   Chapter 16: Determining Risk 259 Importance of Risk Management to Scale 259 Measuring Risk 261 Managing Risk 268 Conclusion 271   Chapter 17: Performance and Stress Testing 273 Performing Performance Testing 273 Don't Stress over Stress Testing 281 Performance and Stress Testing for Scalability 287 Conclusion 288   Chapter 18: Barrier Conditions and Rollback 291 Barrier Conditions 291 Rollback Capabilities 297 Markdown Functionality: Design to Be Disabled 300 Conclusion 301   Chapter 19: Fast or Right? 303 Tradeoffs in Business 303 Relation to Scalability 306 How to Think About the Decision 307 Conclusion 311   Part III: Architecting Scalable Solutions 315   Chapter 20: Designing for Any Technology 317 An Implementation Is Not an Architecture 317 Technology-Agnostic Design 318 The TAD Approach 323 Conclusion 325   Chapter 21: Creating Fault-Isolative Architectural Structures 327 Fault-Isolative Architecture Terms 327 Benefits of Fault Isolation 329 How to Approach Fault Isolation 336 When to Implement Fault Isolation 339 How to Test Fault-Isolative Designs 341 Conclusion 341   Chapter 22: Introduction to the AKF Scale Cube 343 The AKF Scale Cube 343 The x-Axis of the Cube 344 The y-Axis of the Cube 346 The z-Axis of the Cube 349 Putting It All Together 350 When and Where to Use the Cube 352 Conclusion 353   Chapter 23: Splitting Applications for Scale 357 The AKF Scale Cube for Applications 357 The x-Axis of the AKF Application Scale Cube 359 The y-Axis of the AKF Application Scale Cube 361 The z-Axis of the AKF Application Scale Cube 363 Putting It All Together 365 Practical Use of the Application Cube 367 Conclusion 371   Chapter 24: Splitting Databases for Scale 375 Applying the AKF Scale Cube to Databases 375 The x-Axis of the AKF Database Scale Cube 376 The y-Axis of the AKF Database Scale Cube 381 The z-Axis of the AKF Database Scale Cube 383 Putting It All Together 385 Practical Use of the Database Cube 388 Conclusion 393   Chapter 25: Caching for Performance and Scale 395 Caching Defined 395 Object Caches 399 Application Caches 402 Content Delivery Networks 407 Conclusion 408   Chapter 26: Asynchronous Design for Scale 411 Synching Up on Synchronization 411 Synchronous Versus Asynchronous Calls 412 Defining State 418 Conclusion 422   Part IV: Solving Other Issues and Challenges 425   Chapter 27: Too Much Data 427 The Cost of Data 427 The Value of Data and the Cost-Value Dilemma 430 Making Data Profitable 431 Handling Large Amounts of Data 434 Conclusion 444   Chapter 28: Grid Computing 447 History of Grid Computing 447 Pros and Cons of Grids 449 Different Uses for Grid Computing 454 Conclusion 457   Chapter 29: Soaring in the Clouds 459 History and Definitions 460 Characteristics and Architecture of Clouds 463 Differences Between Clouds and Grids 467 Pros and Cons of Cloud Computing 468 Where Clouds Fit in Different Companies 476 Decision Process 478 Conclusion 481   Chapter 30: Making Applications Cloud Ready 485 The Scale Cube in a Cloud 485 Overcoming Challenges 487 Intuit Case Study 491 Conclusion 493   Chapter 31: Monitoring Applications 495 "Why Didn't We Catch That Earlier?" 495 A Framework for Monitoring 496 Measuring Monitoring: What Is and Isn't Valuable? 503 Monitoring and Processes 504 Conclusion 506   Chapter 32: Planning Data Centers 509 Data Center Costs and Constraints 509 Location, Location, Location 511 Data Centers and Incremental Growth 514 When Do I Consider IaaS? 516 Three Magic Rules of Three 519 Multiple Active Data Center Considerations 525 Conclusion 527   Chapter 33: Putting It All Together 531 What to Do Now? 532 Further Resources on Scalability 535   Part V: Appendices 537   Appendix A: Calculating Availability 539 Hardware Uptime 540 Customer Complaints 541 Portion of Site Down 542 Third-Party Monitoring Service 543 Business Graph 544   Appendix B: Capacity Planning Calculations 547   Appendix C: Load and Performance Calculations 555   Index 563