The Armenian Experience: From Ancient Times to Independence

Cover page
Halftitle page
Title page
Copyright page
Contents
Acknowledgements
Introduction
	The nebulous Armenian question
	The complexities of the question
	Domination
Part I History and Memory: The Logics of Domination
1 International Domination
	An ‘internalized territory’
	Sovereign Armenia
	Armenia under domination
	The Armenian Question, a multilateral issue
	Haitadism in motion
	Haitadism in slow motion
	A blocked Haitadism
	The three ordeals of Haitadism, 1915–1923
	1915: physical extinction: The European concert
	The ARF and the CUP
	‘Bloodletting’
	1920, political extinction: The double challenge
	An independent state, but for how long?
	What alliance for what protection?
	The Turkish neighbourhood
	Which national unity for which political project?
	1923, diplomatic extinction: The Armenian Question overtaken
	Dashnaks and Bolsheviks
2 Political-Religious Domination
	The system’s contemporary avatars
	The impossible separation of the throne and the altar
	Neither fundamentalism nor secularism
	Traditionalism and messianism
	No political system
	Politics in the diaspora
3 Socio-Economic Domination
	Subject to systems of inequality
	Physical insecurity in the Ottoman Empire
	Risks of assimilation into the Russian Empire
	Sociology and religion
Part II Attempts to Change the Course of History
4 The Revolutionary Movement, 1878–1914
	Christaporism, the embodiment of politics
	Christapor and the ‘Bergsonian synthesis’
	Hopes and disillusionment
	A spontaneous and organized movement
5 Grounding the History of a Fragmented Identity, 1920–1988
	Reconstructing history through literature
6 Rebirth of the Sovereign State, 1988–1998
	The Karabakh movements
	A paradigm shift
	Second or Third Republic? Third or Fourth Republic?
	To leave the war
	Anticipating the shock of globalization
	Reinventing identity
	Divergence with the diaspora
	The switch to a liberal utopia
Part III The Power of Memory
7 The Haitadist Cultural Revolution, 1972–1991
	Foundations of a new identity in crisis
	A Third World approach to identity
	Manifestations of the revolution
	A negative global balance sheet?
8 Turkey or the Unique Case of State Denial
	Between official historiography and state industry
	De-Kemalization and the Armenian Question
9 The Armenian Memorial State, from February 1998 to April 2018
	Consolidate the foundations of the state by the cult of the past
	A national memory at the service of the State
	Pan-Armenian solidarity
	Politics before economics
	A European horizon
	A transnational diplomacy
	Sargsyan the chess player
	The impossible work of remembrance
	Accent on remembrance to avoid accountability to the population
	Remembrance as a denial of reality
	The road to the ‘Velvet Revolution’ . . .
Part IV Beyond the Genocide
10 Democratizing Identity
	Armenia–diaspora relations to redefine
	Between vassalization and new breath
	What process for democratization?
	The principle of ‘win-win-win’
11 Building Dialogue with the Turks
	Civil society against the Turkish state
	The emergence of a Turkish memory to revive the Armenian–Turkish past
	Why does Turkey refuse to acknowledge the genocide?
	The stakes of Turkish–Armenian normalization
	Actors involved in the dialogue
	Which Modus Operandi?
12 Encouraging the Commitment of the International and Academic Communities
	When security does not accord with peace
	Placing social sciences at the service of secure peace
	The future
Conclusion
	First direction
	Second direction
	Third direction
	Fourth direction
Bibliography
Index