The Archaeology of Egypt in the Third Intermediate Period

The Archaeology of Egypt in the Third Intermediate Period
Contents
List of Figures
List of Maps
List of Tables
Preface
Acknowledgements
Chronological Tables
List of Abbreviations
1 Terminology and Chronology
	TERMINOLOGY
	CHRONOLOGY
	THE WHM-MSWT (REPEATIN G OF BIRTHS), THE THEBAN HIGHPRIESTLY SUCCESSION, AND TWENTY-FIRST DYNASTY HIGH PRIESTS OF AMUN
	THE EARLY TWENTY-SECOND DYNASTY: SHOSHENQ I TO OSORKON II
	THE MID-TWENTY-SECOND DYNASTY TO THE TWENTY-THIRD DYNASTY
	THE KINGDOM OF THE WEST UNDER TEFNAKHT AND THE PROTO-TWENTY-FIFTH DYNASTY IN NUBIA
	THE TWENTY-FOURTH DYNASTY
	THE TWENTY-FIFTH DYNASTY
2 Settlement Patterns and Land Policy
	EARLY NINETEENTH- AND TWENTIETH-CENTURY APPROACHES TO EGYPTIAN SETTLEMENT STUDIES OF THE THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
	THE THEORETICAL, METHODOLOGICAL, AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT FOR INTERROGATING EGYPTIAN SETTLEMENT LANDSCAPES
	THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND SETTLEMENT LOCATIONS
	CONSTRUCTING ANCIENT HYDROLOGY AND SETTLEMENT LOCATIONS
	ANCIENT AND MODERN LAND RECLAMATION
	SEBAKHIN AND MUD-BRICK EXTRACTION
	MODERN URBANISM
	THE CONCEPT OF SITE IN EGYPTOLOGY
	FRAGMENTED LANDSCAPES IN MODERN EGYPT
	‘OFF-SITE’ SURVEYS AND EGYPTIAN ARCHAEOLOGY
	TELL FORMATION IN EGYPT
	THE SIZE OF ‘SITES’ IN EGYPT
	ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN EGYPT
	ANCIENT TEXTS OF THE THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
		The Onomasticon of Amenemope
		Cairo Block JE 39410 (Shoshenq I)
		Land Registers
		Land Donation Stelae
		The Piankhy Stela
		The Campaign Records of Assyria
	AN EVALUATION OF THE THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD SETTLEMENT DATA: TEXT-BASED VS ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA
	UPPER EGYPT
	LOWER EGYPT
	SPATIAL ANALYSIS AND QUANTIFICATION OF THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD SITES
	THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN EGYPTIAN SETTLEMENT PATTERN MODEL
	SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD: THE CASE STUDIES
	UPPER EGYPT: THE FIRST AND SECOND UPPER EGYPTIAN NOMES
	THE THEBAN NOME
	UPPER EGYPT: AKORIS TO ATFIH
	THE MEMPHITE REGION
	HYDROLOGY AND SETTLEMENT IN THE CANOPIC REGION DURING THE NEW KINGDOM AND THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
	THE WESTERN DELTA UNDER SHOSHENQ III AND SHOSHENQ V
	THE CENTRAL-WESTERN DELTA
	THE EASTERN DELTA: THE MENDESIAN BRANCH OF THE NILE
	THE EASTERN DELTA: TANITIC AND PELUSIAC BRANCHES OF THE NILE
	THE EAST BANK OF THE PELUSIAC BRANCH
	THE MILITARY LANDSCAPE OF THE THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
	LAND MANAGEMENT AND LOCAL ECONOMIES
		Land Registers
		Libyan Delta Land Management: Donation Stelae
		Libyan Land Policy in the North
	LOCAL AND HOUSEHOLD INDUSTRIES
	OBSERVATIONS ON THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD LAND POLICY AND LOCAL ECONOMIES
3 Settlement Development and Built Remains of the Third Intermediate Period
	THE SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD SETTLEMENTS
		1 Thebes
		2 Matmar
		3 Hermopolis
		4 Memphis
		5 Kom Firin
		6 Mendes
		7 Kom el-Hisn
		8 Tell el-Balamun
	DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SPATIAL LAYOUT OF THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD SETTLEMENTS
	THE LATE PERIOD PALIMPSEST
	THE BUILT ARCHITECTURE OF THE THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
		Enclosure Walls
			Third Intermediate Period Wall Terminology
			Third Intermediate Period Walling: Archaeological Evidence
			Representational Evidence of Third Intermediate Period Enclosure Walls
			Enclosure Walls as Defence
			Enclosure Walls as Reflections of Royal Strategy and Ideology
		Palaces
			Third Intermediate Period Palace Terminology
			Archaeological Evidence for Third Intermediate Period Palaces
		Temples
		Defining Third Intermediate Period Housing Phases
	HOUSEHOLD ARCHAEOLOGY AND EGYPTOLOGY
	REVIEW OF THE EARLY EXCAVATIONS AT THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD SITES
		The Karnak Priestly Houses
		The Memphite Doorways in the South-west of the Ptah Temple
		The House of Butahamun at Medinat Habu
	ARCHITECTURAL HOUSE PLANS OF THE NEW KINGDOM
	THE ARCHITECTURAL STYLES OF THE THIRD INTERMEDIATEP ERIOD IN UPPER EGYPT
		1 The Central Room with Double Column and Dais
		2 Amarna Style House Plans
		3 Other Domestic Architectural Designs
	OTHER ARCHITECTURAL DOMESTIC FEATURES
		Staircases, Columns, Stone Fittings, Ovens, Wall Decoration, and Mud-bricks
		Granaries and Storage Areas
		Animal Stabling and Husbandry Areas
		Areas for Refuse Disposal with the Settlements
	CEMETERY AND BURIAL LOCATIONS
	THE CONTINUITY AND TRANSITION OF THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD SETTLEMENTS
4 Domestic Material Culture of the Third Intermediate Period
	POTTERY
		Ceramic Phasing
			Phase One: Third Intermediate Period
			Phase Two: The Mid-Eighth Century BCE
			Phase Three: End of the Eighth to the Start of the Seventh Century BCE
			Phase Four: The Seventh Century BCE (End of the Twenty-Fifth to the Start of the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty)
		Domestic Manufacture and Distribution
		Foreign Trade
		Ceramics as Indicators of Dining and Drinking Developments
	STONE VESSELS
	FAIENCE VESSELS
	STATUE FRAGMENTS AND THE RE-USE OF NEW KINGDOM INSCRIBED AND UNINSCRIBED STONES IN DOMESTIC STRUCTURES
	JEWELLERY: EARRINGS, EAR-STUDS, BRACELETS, RINGS, AND PERFORATED SHELLS
	TERRACOTTA FIGURINES
		Cobra Figurine Manufacture
		Terracotta Quadrupeds and Other Figurine Types
		Terracotta Female Figurines
		Terracotta Votive Beds: a Theban Tradition of the Twenty-Second and Twenty-Third Dynasty
		Other Terracotta Model Types
	SCARABS
	AMULETS
	WEAPONRY: METAL AND FLINT SPEARHEADS, METAL BLADES, AND ARROWHEADS
	OTHER TOOLS: METAL AND FLINT
	ENTERTAINMENT (BOARD GAMES)
	‘GAMING PIECES’
	TESSON
	HEIRLOOMS, SOCIAL STATUS, ELITE EMULATION, AND THE RE-USE OF SACRED OBJECTS
	TERRACOTTA REPRESENTATIONAL FIGURES
	THE USE OF AMULETS
	RE-USE OF STONE: PRAGMATIC ECONOMIES VS SYMBOLIC ATTACHMENT
5 Conclusions: Transition and Continuity in the Third Intermediate Period
	POLITICAL FRAGMENTATION AND REGIONAL ELITES
	SETTLEMENT PATTERNS CREATED OUT OF POLITICAL FRAGMENTATION
	LAND ADMINISTRATION AND ECONOMY
	DEFENCE POLICIES
	REGIONALISM
	SELF-SUFFICIENCY
	SOCIAL STATUS THROUGH MATERIAL CULTURE AND ELITE EMULATION
Appendix 1: Gazetteer of Third Intermediate Period Sites
	DATA LAYOUTS FOR UPPER EGYPTIAN SITES
	DATA LAYOUTS FOR LOWER EGYPTIAN SITES
	UPPER EGYPT
	LOWER EGYPT
		1. Memphite Area
		2 West of Classical Sebennytic
		3 East of Classical Sebennytic
	GEOGRAPHICAL ZONES AND GEOLOGICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL FEATURE LOCATIONS
Appendix 2: Temple Building of the Twenty-Second to Twenty-Fourth Dynasty
	SHOSHENQ I
	OSORKON I
	SHOSHENQ IIB
	OSORKON II
	HARSIESE
	TAKELOTH II
	PEDUBAST
	SHOSHENQ IV
	SHOSHENQ V
	OSORKON III
	TAKELOTH III
	RUDAMUN
	OSORKON IV
	SANKHTAWY SEKHEMKARA, SHEPSESKARA IRENRA GEMENEFKHONSBAK, AND NEFERKARE P . . .
Appendix 3: Unidentified Tomb, Mortuary Temple, and Palace Locations
	THE RESIDENCE OF SHOSHENQ I
	THE HOUSE OF MILLIONS OF YEARS OF SHOSHENQ I
	THE TOMB OF OSORKON III AT THEBES
Notes
	1 Terminology and Chronology
	2 Settlement Patterns and Land Policy
	3 Settlement Development and Built Remains of the Third Intermediate Period
	4 Domestic Material Culture of the Third Intermediate Period
	5 Conclusions: Transition and Continuity in the Third Intermediate Period
	Appendix 1: Gazetteer of Third Intermediate Period Sites
	Appendix 2: Temple Building of the Twenty-Second to Twenty-Fourth Dynasty
	Appendix 3: Unidentified Tomb, Mortuary Temple, and Palace Locations
Bibliography
Index