The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age

Cover ......Page 1
THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF CHINA......Page 3
CAMBRIDGE WORLD ARCHAEOLOGY......Page 5
Tilte ......Page 7
Copyright ......Page 8
Dedication ......Page 9
CONTENTS......Page 11
ILLUSTRATIONS......Page 15
TABLES......Page 19
PREFACE......Page 21
CHAPTER 1 CHINESE ARCHAEOLOGY: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE 
......Page 25
The Historical Context of Chinese Archaeology ......Page 26
Excavations in Anyang ......Page 29
Discovery of the Longshan Culture ......Page 30
Western Origin, Dual Origins, and Indigenous Origin of Chinese Civilization ......Page 31
Archaeology Before the Cultural Revolution (1950–65)......Page 32
Neolithic Archaeology ......Page 33
Archaeology of the Three Dynasties ......Page 34
Archaeology During the Cultural Revolution (1966–77)......Page 35
Archaeology in the Post-cultural Revolution Era (1978–present)......Page 37
Multiregional Development of Civilization in China ......Page 40
National History and the Origins of Civilization ......Page 41
INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH IN CHINA 
......Page 43
CONCLUSIONS......Page 44
GEOGRAPHY......Page 46
RIVER SYSTEMS......Page 50
ECOLOGICAL DIVISIONS......Page 53
PALEOCLIMATE, PALEOENVIRONMENT, AND HUMAN ADAPTATIONS 
......Page 54
Variation of the Monsoon System ......Page 56
Sea Level Fluctuation ......Page 58
Postglacial Abrupt Climate Changes ......Page 59
Communications in Geographical Contexts ......Page 64
CONCLUSIONS......Page 65
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND HUMAN ADAPTATIONS......Page 66
RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND TERMINOLOGY......Page 68
TERMINAL PLEISTOCENE FORAGERS IN NORTH CHINA......Page 70
Longwangchan ......Page 71
Hutouliang ......Page 74
EARLY HOLOCENE COLLECTORS IN NORTH CHINA 
......Page 75
Donghulin and Zhuannian ......Page 76
Nanzhuangtou ......Page 79
Lijiagou and Bianbiandong ......Page 80
Summary ......Page 81
Yuchanyan ......Page 82
Zengpiyan ......Page 84
Shangshan ......Page 85
ORIGINS OF POTTERY IN CHINA
......Page 88
ORIGINS OF POTTERY IN THE REGIONAL CONTEXT OF EAST ASIA......Page 92
THE EMERGENCE OF SEDENTISM IN CHINA
......Page 94
TRANSITIONS IN OTHER REGIONS OF CHINA
......Page 97
CONCLUSIONS......Page 98
DOMESTICATION OF PLANTS
......Page 99
Rice ......Page 100
Millets ......Page 106
Soybeans ......Page 109
Tubers ......Page 115
Wheat, Barley, and Oats ......Page 116
Development of the Multicropping Agricultural System ......Page 119
Dogs ......Page 120
Pigs ......Page 122
Sheep and Goats ......Page 129
Cattle ......Page 130
Water Buffalo ......Page 132
Horses ......Page 135
Chickens ......Page 139
Secondary Products in Animal Domestication ......Page 140
Summary ......Page 141
DYNAMICS OF DOMESTICATION
......Page 142
CONCLUSIONS......Page 145
CHAPTER 5 NEOLITHIZATION: SEDENTISM AND FOOD PRODUCTION IN THE EARLY NEOLITHIC (7000–5000 BC)......Page 147
DETERMINING SEDENTISM AND SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES
......Page 150
NORTHEAST AND NORTH CHINA
......Page 151
The Xinglongwa Culture (ca. 6200–5200 Bc)......Page 153
The Cishan-beifudi Culture (ca. 6500–5000 Bc)......Page 157
The Houli Culture (ca. 6500–5500 Bc)......Page 162
The Peiligang Culture (ca. 7000–5000 Bc)......Page 165
The Baijia-dadiwan Culture (ca. 6000–5000 Bc)......Page 174
The Middle Yangzi River Region ......Page 176
The Lower Yangzi River Region ......Page 182
SOUTH CHINA......Page 184
DISCUSSION
......Page 186
Variability in Sedentism ......Page 188
Variability in the Development of Food Production ......Page 189
The Role of Nut Collection and Arboriculture ......Page 190
CONCLUSIONS......Page 191
CHAPTER 6 EMERGENCE OF SOCIAL INEQUALITY - THE MIDDLE NEOLITHIC (5000–3000 BC)......Page 193
THE LIAO RIVER VALLEY
......Page 196
Hongshan Subsistence Economy ......Page 198
Hongshan Settlement Patterns and Ritual Landscape ......Page 201
Hongshan Jades ......Page 203
Social Complexity of the Hongshan Culture ......Page 204
The Collapse of Hongshan Complex Society ......Page 206
THE YELLOW RIVER REGION 
......Page 207
The Dawenkou Culture ......Page 208
The Yangshao Culture ......Page 213
Ritual Power ......Page 218
THE YANGZI RIVER REGION 
......Page 221
The Middle Yangzi River ......Page 222
The Lower Yangzi River ......Page 224
SOUTH CHINA
......Page 231
CONCLUSIONS......Page 234
CHAPTER 7 RISE AND FALL OF EARLY COMPLEX SOCIETIES: THE LATE NEOLITHIC (3000–2000 BC)......Page 237
The Lower Yellow River Region ......Page 240
The Middle Yellow River Valley ......Page 244
The Northern Zone ......Page 252
The Upper Yellow River ......Page 256
NORTHEAST CHINA
......Page 258
The Liangzhu Culture ......Page 260
Qujialing (3400–2500 Bc) and Shijiahe (2500–2000 Bc)......Page 266
SOUTH AND WEST CHINA
......Page 270
Southeast China ......Page 271
Southwest and West China ......Page 273
CONCLUSIONS......Page 274
CHAPTER 8 FORMATION OF EARLY STATES IN THE CENTRAL PLAIN: ERLITOU AND ERLIGANG (1900/1800–1250 BC)......Page 277
Xia Nais Classic Evolutionary Approach ......Page 278
Su Bingqis Neolithic Civilization Approach ......Page 279
Historiographical Approach ......Page 280
Social Archaeological Approach ......Page 282
SEARCH FOR THE XIA DYNASTY
......Page 283
The Xinzhai Phase ......Page 284
THE ERLITOU CULTURE AND ERLITOU STATE
......Page 286
The Erlitou Urban Center ......Page 287
Erlitou Urban Planning and Population ......Page 294
Erlitou Bronze Metallurgy and Ritual Power ......Page 295
Erlitou Hinterland and Periphery ......Page 296
Xiaqiyuan ......Page 298
Yueshi ......Page 299
The Erligang Core Area ......Page 302
Erligang Expansion ......Page 308
AFTERMATH OF THE ERLIGANG EXPANSION: THE MIDDLE SHANG DECENTRALIZATION 
......Page 314
CONCLUSIONS......Page 318
CHAPTER 9 BRONZE CULTURES OF THE NORTHERN FRONTIERS AND BEYOND DURING THE EARLY SECOND MILLENNIUM BC 
......Page 321
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND CULTURAL BACKGROUND
......Page 324
Subsistence and Settlement Patterns ......Page 326
Mortuary Pattern and Social Relations ......Page 330
Metallurgy ......Page 332
Cultural Interactions ......Page 334
Subsistence ......Page 336
The Zhukaigou Site ......Page 337
Metallurgy and the Formation of the Northern Zone Tradition ......Page 344
THE QIJIA CULTURE
......Page 346
Settlement Patterns and Subsistence ......Page 347
Burial Patterns ......Page 350
Jade and Stone Ritual Objects ......Page 352
Metallurgy ......Page 353
Cultural Interactions ......Page 354
Subsistence and Settlement Distribution ......Page 357
Burial Patterns ......Page 358
Metallurgy and Cultural Interactions ......Page 359
Qäwrighul and Tieban River Cemeteries ......Page 361
Xiaohe ......Page 364
Tianshanbeilu ......Page 366
Eastward Exploration by Central Asian and Eurasian Steppe Cultures ......Page 369
Political Expansion of the Central Plain States ......Page 370
Development of Social Complexity in the Northern Frontier Cultures ......Page 371
CHAPTER 10 THE LATE SHANG DYNASTY AND ITS NEIGHBORS (1250–1046 BC)......Page 374
RESEARCH QUESTIONS......Page 376
THE SHANG WORLD......Page 377
YINXU: SITE OF THE LATE SHANG CAPITAL CITY
......Page 379
SHANG AND ITS NEIGHBORS
......Page 384
Taixi in the North ......Page 385
Shandong in the East ......Page 387
Wucheng in the South ......Page 392
Sanxingdui in the Southwest ......Page 396
Laoniupo in the West ......Page 401
The Loess Plateau in the Northwest ......Page 405
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
......Page 413
INTERPRETING CHINESENESS......Page 416
ANCIENT CHINA WITH OTHER PARTS OF THE WORLD......Page 418
FORMATION OF CHINESE CIVILIZATION AND CULTURAL IDENTITY
......Page 420
RISE AND FALL OF COMPLEX SOCIETIES......Page 421
CONCLUSIONS......Page 423
APPENDIX HORSE BONES IN FAUNAL ASSEMBLAGES FROM NEOLITHIC AND EARLY BRONZE AGE SITES IN NORTH CHINA......Page 425
GLOSSARY......Page 427
REFERENCES......Page 437
INDEX......Page 487