The Arabic Influence on Northern Berber

The Arabic Influence on\rNorthern Berber......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
Acknowledgements......Page 12
1 Introduction......Page 14
Abbreviations, Transcriptions and Glosses......Page 19
Transcription System......Page 23
2.1 The Afroasiatic Heritage......Page 26
2.2 Berber Classification......Page 29
The Major Blocks of Berber Varieties......Page 30
2. Tuareg......Page 31
3. South-Central Morocco......Page 32
5. Zenatic......Page 34
6. Kabyle......Page 37
10. Awdjila (aka Augila)......Page 38
2.3 Maghribian Arabic and the Arabicization of Northern Africa......Page 39
2.4 Sociolinguistics of Berber-Arabic Contact......Page 42
Diglossia......Page 55
2.6 The Dating of Arabic-Based Berber Innovations......Page 58
3.1 Proto-Berber......Page 64
3.2 Pre-Roman Loans in Berber......Page 69
3.3 Latin Loans in Berber......Page 75
The Names of the Solar Calendar......Page 85
3.4 Early Islamic Terminology......Page 89
Newly Coined Terms......Page 91
Re-utilized Christian Terms......Page 93
Early Loans from Arabic......Page 95
4.1 Introduction......Page 100
4.1.1 Core Borrowings vs. Cultural Borrowings......Page 101
4.1.2 Additive Borrowing......Page 102
4.1.4 Diglossic Insertion......Page 107
4.2 Quantitative Approaches......Page 110
4.3 Text Frequency of Arabic Borrowings......Page 111
4.4 Borrowing Frequency in the Lexicon: The LWT Sample......Page 114
4.5 Borrowing Frequency in the Lexicon: Core Vocabulary......Page 117
4.5.1 Borrowing Lists of Basic Vocabulary......Page 118
4.5.2 Borrowing Rates in a Number of Standard Lists......Page 120
4.5.3 Borrowing in the Leipzig-Jakarta List: Quantitative Results......Page 121
4.5.4 Borrowing in the Leipzig-Jakarta List: Detailed Lexical Study......Page 128
4.6.1 Body Parts......Page 139
4.6.2 Natural Phenomena......Page 142
4.6.3 Insects and other Small Non-Vertebrates......Page 143
4.6.4 Metals......Page 145
4.6.5 Cultivated Plants......Page 148
4.6.6 Domestic Animals......Page 161
4.7 Verbs......Page 171
4.7.1 Verbs in Basic Word Lists......Page 172
4.7.3 Verbs of the Household Context......Page 173
4.7.5 Verbs of the Market Context......Page 175
4.7.6 Movement Verbs......Page 176
4.7.7 Verbs of Cognition and Emotion......Page 177
4.7.8 Transitive Actions with (Normally) Inanimate Objects......Page 178
5.1 Phonological Systems of Berber and Arabic......Page 182
5.2 The Earliest Stratum of Loanwords......Page 189
5.3 Later Loanwords......Page 190
5.3.1 Arabic Loans and Berber-Internal Innovations......Page 191
5.3.2 The Integration of Foreign Phonemes......Page 196
5.3.2.1 The Fate of ṣ and ṣṣ......Page 197
5.3.2.2 The Fate of ḍ and ṭ and Their Long Counterparts......Page 199
5.3.2.3 The Fate of Arabic q......Page 202
5.3.2.5 Some Rare Berber Consonants Strengthened by Arabic......Page 209
5.4 The Use of Arabic Sounds in Non-Arabic Words......Page 212
6.1 General Overview of the Two Systems......Page 216
6.2 Integrated Borrowings......Page 220
6.2.1 Non-Integrated Borrowings: General Features......Page 221
6.2.2 Paradigmatic Gender Relationship in Non-Integrated Borrowings......Page 228
6.3 Integrated Borrowings with Retention of the Arabic Article......Page 236
6.4 Non-integrated Borrowings Lacking the Arabic Article......Page 239
6.5 The Distribution of Integrated and Non-Integrated Borrowings over the Lexicon......Page 243
6.6 Comparing Berber Morphology and Non-Integrated Morphology......Page 247
7.1 General Morphological Facts......Page 250
7.2 Arabic Derived Forms in Berber......Page 253
7.3 The Insertion of Arabic Verb Shapes into Berber Morphology......Page 256
7.3.1.1 CCC Verbs and Longer Stems......Page 257
7.3.1.2 C1C2C2 Verbs......Page 259
7.3.1.3 Arabic Aspectual Apophony in Borrowed Arabic Verbs without a Plain Vowel......Page 263
7.3.2.1 First Stem Verbs......Page 266
7.3.2.2 Other Stem Forms......Page 270
7.3.2.3 Vowel-final Arabic Verbs and the Question of Imperfect Vocalization......Page 272
7.3.3.1 Verbs with Initial Ɂa......Page 274
7.3.3.2 Verbs with an Internal Vowel, Excepting CVC Verbs......Page 275
7.3.3.3 CVC Verbs......Page 278
7.4 Taking over Arabic Inflection......Page 283
7.5 Labile Valency in Borrowed Verbs......Page 285
7.6 Stative Verbs and Adjectives......Page 288
8.1 Adjectives......Page 292
8.2 Collective Nouns Versus Unit Nouns......Page 295
8.3 Arabic Participles......Page 297
8.4 Diminutives......Page 299
8.5 Adjectival Grading......Page 300
9.1 Personal Pronouns......Page 304
9.1.1 Arabic Pronominal Forms with Borrowed Particles......Page 305
9.1.4 Arabic Reciprocal Pronouns......Page 309
9.2.1 Interrogatives ‘who’ and ‘what’......Page 310
9.2.2 Adverbial Interrogatives......Page 315
9.2.3 ‘which’......Page 317
9.2.4 Yes/No Questions......Page 318
9.3.1 Cardinal Numbers......Page 319
9.3.2 Fractions......Page 324
9.4 Universal Quantifiers......Page 325
10.1 Deixis......Page 334
10.2 Negation......Page 337
10.2.1 Verbal Negation......Page 338
10.2.1.1 The Use of Arabic Pre-Verbal Negators in Berber......Page 342
10.2.1.2 The Second Part of the Negation......Page 345
10.2.2 Negation of Non-Verbal Predicates......Page 348
11.1 Coordination......Page 350
11.1.1 NP Coordination......Page 351
11.1.2 Clause Coordination......Page 352
11.1.2.1 Borrowing of the Arabic Conjunction w ~ u......Page 353
11.1.2.2 Clause Coordination by Means of d......Page 355
11.1.2.3 d as a Clause Coordinator Only before NPs......Page 356
11.1.4 Conclusions on Coordination......Page 359
11.1.5 Disjunction......Page 361
11.1.6 Adversative Conjunctions......Page 363
11.2 Subordinating Conjunctions......Page 364
11.2.1 The System of Temporal and Conditional Subordination......Page 365
11.2.2 The Impact of Arabic......Page 375
12.1 General Overview of the Systems......Page 382
12.2 The Difference between Relative Constructions with Definite Heads and Those with an Indefinite Head......Page 384
12.3 The Use of Resumptive Pronouns in Non-Paratactic RCs......Page 387
12.4 The Use of Special Elements Introducing RCs......Page 396
12.4.1 Pronominal Elements as RC Markers......Page 397
12.4.2 The Specialisation of One Specific Deictic Clitic to the Head for Signalling the Following RC......Page 405
12.4.3 The Extension of Interrogative Markers to RC Contexts and other Pronominal Solutions......Page 409
12.4.4 The Introduction of a Dedicated Relative Marker Through Grammaticalization or Otherwise......Page 410
12.5 Conclusions......Page 414
13.1 General Characteristics: Phonology......Page 422
13.2 General Characteristics: Morphology......Page 423
13.3 General Characteristics: Syntax......Page 429
13.4 General Characteristics: Lexicon......Page 430
13.5 Comparison of Borrowing in Different Berber Varieties......Page 431
13.6 A Characterization of Arabic Grammatical Borrowing in Berber......Page 435
13.7 Arabic Influence on Berber and the Typology of Contact-Induced Change......Page 440
13.8 Arabic Borrowing in Berber and Language Mixing......Page 444
References......Page 446
a. Subjects......Page 466
b. Languages......Page 468
c. Lexemes......Page 470