The Apartheid City and Beyond: Urbanization and Social Change in South Africa

Book Cover......Page 1
Half-Title......Page 2
Title......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Contents......Page 5
List of figures......Page 8
List of tables......Page 9
List of Contributors......Page 10
Preface......Page 12
Introduction......Page 14
The people of South Africa......Page 16
The cities......Page 18
The future......Page 20
The book and its content......Page 22
References......Page 23
PART ONE Background......Page 24
The origins of urban South Africa......Page 25
Rural dispossession and urbanization......Page 27
The apartheid era......Page 29
Internal problems of apartheid urbanization......Page 31
Renewed apartheid? Land invasion and state land allocation......Page 33
Conclusion......Page 34
References......Page 35
Introduction......Page 38
Historical context: the forging of Verwoerdian apartheid......Page 39
Contradictions of the Verwoerdian scheme......Page 41
Neo-apartheid political geography: the search for new spatial coordinates of control......Page 42
Popular opposition to apartheid rule during the 1980s......Page 44
The era of negotiation politics......Page 47
Conclusion......Page 48
References......Page 49
PART TWO Housing and community under apartheid......Page 51
The genesis of urban social theory......Page 53
1948: the birth of the apartheid state......Page 54
The period 1960 to 1973......Page 56
The period 1973 to 1980......Page 57
The present conjuncture......Page 60
Social movements in Durban......Page 63
Synthesis and conclusion......Page 64
References......Page 65
4 State intervention in housing provision in the 1980s......Page 67
State house building in the 1980s......Page 68
State home ownership incentives......Page 72
Conclusion......Page 76
References......Page 77
5 Class struggle over the built environment in Johannesburg’s coloured areas......Page 79
The coloured working class versus the appropriator of rent......Page 81
Conflict over urban renewal in Westbury......Page 82
The intervention of capital in urban struggles......Page 84
Conclusion......Page 86
References......Page 87
The prelude to the Act......Page 89
The Durban City Council and the Group Areas Act......Page 90
The Technical Sub-Committee’s race-zoning proposals......Page 92
The Durban City Council's response to the Technical Sub-Committee's proposals......Page 93
The Durban City Council’s amendments to the race-zoning proposals......Page 94
The 1958 Group Area proclamations in Durban......Page 95
The Durban City Council—an about-turn?......Page 98
Failure of compromise—the impress of the central state......Page 99
Conclusion......Page 100
References......Page 101
Introduction......Page 102
Indians as ‘aliens’ in colonial and post-colonial Durban......Page 103
The founding of the southern Durban Indian community......Page 105
The destruction of communal living space in southern Durban......Page 108
Conclusion......Page 112
References......Page 113
Orderly urbanization—the policy......Page 114
The history of Duncan Village......Page 117
Upgrade proposals for Duncan Village......Page 118
An assessment of the upgrade proposals......Page 119
Assessment of urbanization policy......Page 120
A sample of the future?......Page 122
Conclusions......Page 123
References......Page 124
PART THREE Informal settlement......Page 126
Introduction......Page 127
Spatial and functional evolution......Page 129
Settlement features: interface, imposition and intervention......Page 133
Future metropolitan role of Winterveld......Page 136
References......Page 137
10 Khayelitsha: new settlement forms in the Cape Peninsula......Page 139
Housing......Page 141
The people......Page 144
Social and administrative organization......Page 145
Services......Page 146
Economic activity......Page 147
Conclusion......Page 148
References......Page 149
Introduction......Page 150
The pattern of urbanization from white-owned farms......Page 151
Causes of squatting amongst peri-urban farmworkers......Page 153
Locally specific causes of peri-urban squatting......Page 158
Conclusion......Page 159
References......Page 160
Introduction......Page 161
The meaning of shack ‘upgrading’......Page 162
Case studies......Page 163
Myth versus reality......Page 166
Conclusion......Page 170
References......Page 171
PART FOUR Servicing the cities......Page 172
13 The absorptive capacity of the informal sector in the South African city......Page 174
Reform and the re-formation of the urban informal economy......Page 175
The absorptive capacity of the informal sector......Page 179
The informal sector beyond apartheid......Page 182
References......Page 183
14 Travelling under apartheid......Page 186
Territorial segregation and travel......Page 187
Social segregation and travel......Page 192
References......Page 194
Repression in the taxi industry, 1930–76......Page 196
From repression to limited tolerance, post-1976......Page 197
Finance capital in the Black taxi industry......Page 199
The making of Soweto......Page 201
The Black taxi industry in Soweto......Page 202
Concluding remarks......Page 205
References......Page 206
The historical development of regionalization of services initiatives in the Durban metropolitan area......Page 207
Introduction of the Regional Services Council (RSC) Bill—initial reaction......Page 209
Ambivalence, acceptance and opposition......Page 211
Recent developments......Page 215
Conclusion......Page 217
References......Page 218
Introduction......Page 220
The socio-economic context......Page 221
Tourism, development and Durban......Page 222
Understanding tourism in the South African Context......Page 223
Evaluating tourism as an agent for development in Durban......Page 225
Making tourism development sustainable: some suggestions for Durban......Page 228
Acknowledgements......Page 229
References......Page 230
Introduction......Page 231
Overview of the health system in South Africa......Page 232
Urbanization and health......Page 233
Health problems related to poverty......Page 235
Health problems associated with an urban environment......Page 238
Health facilities......Page 239
Conclusion......Page 240
References......Page 241
PART FIVE Towards a post-apartheid city......Page 243
Introduction......Page 245
The contemporary situation......Page 246
Towards the future......Page 248
Inner-city ‘grey areas’: the new slums......Page 249
The white suburbs......Page 251
The Black townships......Page 252
The squatters’ areas......Page 254
References......Page 255
Introduction......Page 257
Current urban characteristics......Page 258
An appropriate philosophy......Page 261
The philosophy applied......Page 262
Conclusion......Page 267
References......Page 268
Current housing policy in South Africa......Page 269
Policy issues affecting housing......Page 271
The housing process......Page 276
Conclusions......Page 278
Introduction......Page 280
Over accumulation crisis......Page 281
Finance and the city......Page 284
A new political-economic dispensation?......Page 286
The east end of the Johannesburg central business district......Page 288
Conclusion......Page 290
References......Page 291
Brief overview of the history of Westville Residents’ Support Group......Page 293
Winning support: general strategy......Page 296
Measuring support and perceptions......Page 297
The Survey results......Page 298
Strategic assessment......Page 300
Class, race and prejudice: the geography of struggle......Page 301
What of the future?......Page 304
Acknowledgement......Page 305
24 Power, space and the city: historical reflections on apartheid and post-apartheid urban orders......Page 306
Discourses of urban administration in the formation of urban apartheid......Page 307
Imagining geographies: order and the planning of townships......Page 308
Beyond apartheid? Political projects, discursive constructions and urban form......Page 312
Conclusion......Page 315
References......Page 316
25 Lessons from the Harare, Zimbabwe, experience......Page 317
Black propensities to take up ownership in the LDRA of Harare......Page 319
The pattern of property acquisition by Africans over time in the LDRA......Page 320
The spatial dimensions of the transformation in the LDRA......Page 321
Conclusion......Page 325
References......Page 327
Conclusion......Page 328
Index......Page 332