The antioxidant vitamins C and E

1893997294......Page 1
The Antioxidant Vitamins C and E......Page 2
Preface......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
Structure and Chemistry of Vitamin C (L-Ascorbic Acid)......Page 8
Table of Contents......Page 0
Electron Donor for Enzymes......Page 9
Dietary Iron Absorption......Page 10
Plasma Concentrations......Page 11
Recommended Intake of Vitamin C......Page 12
Dietary Sources of Vitamin C......Page 13
Recognition of the Biological Importance of Vitamin C in the Prevention of Scurvy and Associated Symptoms......Page 14
Stimulation of Interest in the Use of Vitamin C to Prevent and Treat Diseases Other than Scurvy......Page 15
Beneficial Effects of Dietary Vitamin C in Chronic Disease Prevention......Page 16
References......Page 18
Introduction......Page 24
Subjects and Methods......Page 25
Results......Page 26
Discussion......Page 34
References......Page 36
Vitamin C......Page 39
Iron......Page 41
Autoxidation of Ascorbate and Other Biomolecules......Page 43
The Ascorbate-Driven, Iron-Catalyzed Oxidation of Biological Macromolecules......Page 44
Studies on the Interaction of Vitamin C and Iron Under Physiologically Relevant Conditions......Page 47
Studies Using Plasma and Cultured Cells......Page 48
Animal Supplementation Studies......Page 49
Human Supplementation Studies......Page 50
Conclusions......Page 51
References......Page 52
Introduction......Page 57
Formation of Lipid Hydroperoxides......Page 58
Transition Metal Ion-Mediated Decomposition of Lipid Hydroperoxides......Page 59
Vitamin C–Induced Decomposition of Lipid Hydroperoxides......Page 61
DNA-Adducts from Lipid Hydroperoxides......Page 63
Summary......Page 67
References......Page 69
Introduction......Page 73
Materials and Methods......Page 75
Ascorbic Acid Potentiates NO Synthesis in Endothelial Cells......Page 77
Ascorbic Acid Enhances the Availability of the NOS Cofactor Tetrahydrobiopterin......Page 80
Ascorbic Acid Protects Tetrahydrobiopterin from Oxidation......Page 83
References......Page 88
Introduction......Page 96
Serum Ascorbic Acid and Gallbladder Disease......Page 97
Serum Ascorbic Acid, Bone Mineral Density, and Fractures......Page 99
Serum Ascorbic Acid and Lead Poisoning......Page 101
Serum Ascorbic Acid and Nontraditional CVD Risk Factors......Page 102
Conclusions......Page 105
References......Page 106
Introduction......Page 112
Studies Using Blood Ascorbate Concentrations......Page 113
Studies Using Vitamin C Intake......Page 114
Discussion......Page 119
Summary......Page 120
References......Page 121
Introduction......Page 123
Vitamin C Supplement Use......Page 124
Vitamin E Supplement Use......Page 125
Systemic Conditioning (Rebound Scurvy)......Page 126
Kidney Stone Formation......Page 127
Prooxidant Activity......Page 128
Gastrointestinal Effects......Page 130
Antiplatelet Effects......Page 131
Prooxidant Activity......Page 132
Supplementation and Drug Interactions......Page 133
References......Page 134
Molecular Structure of Vitamin E......Page 140
Biological Activity of Vitamin E......Page 141
Dietary Sources, Supplements, and Recommended Intake of Vitamin E......Page 142
Uptake, Distribution and Metabolism of Vitamin E......Page 143
Milestones in Vitamin E Research......Page 144
References......Page 152
Definitions of Bioavailability and Potency......Page 159
Novel Definition of Vitamin E Activity by Food and Nutrition Board......Page 160
The Challenge to Determine Vitamin E Potency in Humans......Page 161
Intraindividual Biokinetic Comparisons of d3-RRR and d6-all-rac......Page 162
References......Page 165
Vitamin E Structures vs. Activities......Page 168
Bioavailability of α-Tocopherol......Page 169
Studies in Mice Lacking the α-Tocopherol Transfer Protein......Page 170
Vitamin E Kinetics in Pigs......Page 172
Biologic Activity of the Tocotrienols: Importance of Metabolism......Page 173
Conclusions......Page 174
References......Page 175
Absorption......Page 178
B-Oxidation......Page 179
w-Oxidation......Page 182
References......Page 184
Introduction......Page 187
Specific Beneficial Effects of y-Tocopherol......Page 188
Use of Deuterated y-Tocopherol to Examine Its Biokinetics in Normal Subjects......Page 189
Protocol......Page 190
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Analysis of Urinary Metabolites QL and CEHC......Page 191
Results......Page 193
Discussion......Page 197
References......Page 198
Arterial Imaging Studies......Page 202
Tocopherol Binding Proteins in Tissues......Page 203
Molecular Properties of α-Tocopherol: Antioxidant
and Nonantioxidant Functions......Page 204
Effects of α-Tocopherol at the Cellular Level......Page 205
Acknowledgments......Page 208
References......Page 209
Introduction......Page 216
Differential Gene Expression in Rat Liver......Page 217
Differential Gene Expression in Human Endothelial Cells......Page 220
References......Page 221
Introduction......Page 223
Mechanisms of Immunoenhancing Effect of Vitamin E......Page 225
References......Page 232
Data Suggesting Benefit of Vitamin E Supplementation......Page 235
Basic Research on Role of Vitamin E in Atherosclerosis......Page 236
Randomized Clinical Trials with Vitamin E in Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)......Page 237
Role of Vitamin E in Lipid Oxidation in the Vessel Wall......Page 240
Randomized Controlled Studies......Page 243
Vitamin E Supplements Against CHD?......Page 244
References......Page 245
The Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene (ATBC) Cancer Prevention Study......Page 250
The Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study (CHAOS)......Page 252
GISSI (Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Supravivenza nell’Infarto Miocardico) Prevenzione Trial......Page 253
Secondary Prevention with Antioxidants of CVD in End-Stage Renal Disease (SPACE)......Page 254
Collaborative Group for the Primary Prevention Project (PPP)......Page 255
Antioxidant Supplementation in Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (ASAP Study)......Page 256
HDL-Atherosclerosis Treatment Study (HATS)......Page 257
References......Page 259
Reproduction (Preeclampsia)......Page 262
Cataract......Page 264
Clinical Trials......Page 265
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1......Page 266
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2......Page 267
Vitamin E and Pregnancy......Page 269
Neurodegenerative Disorders (Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease)......Page 270
Other Forms of Dementia......Page 272
Skin Aging (Photoaging)......Page 273
Healthy Aging......Page 275
Physical Exercise......Page 277
Future Perspectives......Page 278
References......Page 280