The Ancient Roman Afterlife: Di Manes, Belief, and the Cult of the Dead

Abbreviations of Ancient Authors
Abbreviations of Journals and Modern Editions
Acknowledgments
Preface
	A) The Afterlife: Interpretive Issues
	B) The Primacy of the Manes
1. Di Manes: The Godhood of the Dead
	A) Manes: A General Definition
	B) The Term Di Manes
	C) The Manes and Roman Categories of “Gods”
2. Di Manes: The Number of the Gods
	A) The Plural Form Manes
	B) The Worship of Individuals
	C) The Chronology of Worshipping Individua ls
	D) The Manes of Dis Manibus
3. Who Worshipped Whom?
	A) The Complex Legacy of Fustel de Coulanges
	B) Inheritance
		1. Scaevola’s Rules
		2. Coruncanius’ Rules
		3. The Digest
	C) Inheritance Rules and the Diversity of Worship
	D) Pietas, Affection, and Loyalty
		1. Familial Relationships
		2. Extensions of One’s Family
		3. The Political “Family”
	E) Contemporary Focus (and Elite Exceptions)
	F) Inclusiveness
4. The Manes in the Context of Roman Religion: Beliefs and Variations
	A) Variation: A Challenge to Interpretation
	B) The Debate over Defining the Word “Belief”
	C) Roman Implications of Nondogmatic Belief
		1. Polymorphism
		2. Pietas: Collective and Individual Relationships
		3. Orthopraxy
	D) An Interpretive Model: Belief Clusters
5. The Powers of the Dead
	A) Power over Life and Death
		1. Guardians of the Living—Benefits for Individuals
			a. The Extension of Life
			b. Clusters within Clusters
		2. Guardians of the Living—Benefits for the Community
			a. The Mundus
			b. The Lupercalia
		3. Bringers of Death
			a. Instruments of Vengeance
			b. Destroyers of Armies and Cities
	B) The Power to Monitor the Living
		1. Guardians of Oaths
		2. Voices from Beyond
	C) Protectors after Death
	D) Powers and Worshippers
6. The Manes in the Context of the Funeral
	A) Ritual Conservatism and the Potential for Generalization
	B) The Funerary Ritual: Early Stages through the Cremation
	C) The Afterlife in the Early Stages
	D) At the Grave: Rites of Worship
		1. Dis Manibus Sacrum: A Point of Terminology
		2. Creating Sacred Space and Offerings to the Manes
		3. The Liberation of the Dead
		4. After the Sacrifices
	E) The Manes at the Funeral
7. Festivals, Ceremonies, and Home Shrines
	A) The Parentalia
		1. Ovid as a Source
		2. The Ceremony
	B) The Lemuria
		1. The Ritual Form
		2. Belief Cluster: Manes and Lemures
	C) Personal Observances
		1. Home Shrines
		2. Further Offerings at the Tomb
		3. Lifestyle and Nonritual Offerings
	D) Rituals: Conclusions
8. Conclusion
Appendix 1. The Larvae
Appendix 2. The Decline of the Lemuria
Notes
Bibliography
General Index
Index Locorum