The Ancient Greek Hero in 24 Hours

Acknowledgments
    Introduction
    Part One: Heroes in Epic and Lyric Poetry
        Introduction to Homeric Poetry
        Hour 1: The Homeric Iliad and the Glory of the Unseasonal Hero
            The Meaning of Kleos
            The Kleos of Achilles as Epic ‘Glory’
            A Much Shorter Version of Epic ‘Glory’
            The Immortalizing Power of Kleos as Epic ‘Glory’
            The Meaning of Hōrā
            The Need for Heroes to ‘Script’ Their Own Death
            Hēraklēs as a Model Hero
            The Labors of Hēraklēs
            Hēraklēs and the Meaning of Kleos
            Hēraklēs and the Idea of the Hero
            Achilles and the Idea of the Hero
            Achilles and the Meaning of Kleos
        Hour 2: Achilles as Epic Hero and the Idea of Total Recall in Song
            The Meaning of Memnēmai
            Phoenix and His Total Recall
            The Idea of Kleos as a Medium of Total Recall
            The Idea of Kleos as Epic Narrative
            An Epic Tale Told by Phoenix
            The Form of Epic Poetry
            To Sing the Klea Andrōn, ‘Glories of Men’
            The Klea Andrōn, ‘Glories of Men’, as Heroic Song
            The Concept of a Speech Act
            Back to the Epic Tale Told by Phoenix
            The Emotions of Fear and Pity
            The Story of Meleager and Kleopatra
            Plato’s Reading of the Iliad
            The Epic Choice of Achilles
        Hour 3: Achilles and the Poetics of Lament
            The Meaning of Akhos and Penthos
            A Man of Constant Sorrow
            Achilles and Penthesileia the Amazon
            The Essentials of Singing Laments
            A Conventional Gesture in Women’s Laments
            A Typological Comparison of Laments
            The First Lament of Andromache
            What Achilles Sang
            The Song of Kleopatra
        Hour 4: Achilles as Lyric Hero in the Songs of Sappho and Pindar
            The Meaning of Aphthito-
            The Imperishable Glory of Achilles in a Song of Pindar
            The Lyric Glory of Achilles
            The Imperishable Glory of Hector and Andromache in a Song of Sappho
            Achilles as a Bridegroom
            Achilles as a Focus of Lament
            The Unfailing Glory of Achilles
            Contrasting the Artificial and the Natural
            The Unwilting Glory of Achilles
            Achilles as a Model for Singing Lyric Songs of Glory
            Models of Lament
        Hour 5: When Mortals Become ‘Equal’ to Immortals: Death of a Hero, Death of a Bridegroom
            The Meaning of Daimōn
            The Expression ‘Equal to a Daimōn’
            Apollo as Divine Antagonist of Achilles
            Arēs as Divine Antagonist of Achilles
            Achilles as Ideal Warrior and Ideal Bridegroom
            The Historical Background of Sappho’s Songs
            Transition to Sappho’s Songs
            Arēs and Aphrodite as Models for the Bridegroom and the Bride
            Song 31 of Sappho
            Song 1 of Sappho
            The Ritual Background of Song 1 of Sappho
            The Maiden Song of Alcman
            A Typological Comparison of Initiation Rituals
            Song 16 of Sappho
            Another Song of Sappho
            Back to Song 16 of Sappho
            Back to Song 31 of Sappho
            Epiphany and Death
            Erōs and Arēs
            Arēs as a Model for Achilles
            Achilles the Eternal Bridegroom
            Briseis as a Stand-in for Aphrodite
            The Merging of Identity in Myth and Ritual
            Distinctions between Real Death and Figurative Death in Lyric
            Apollo as Model for Achilles
            Fatal Attraction
        Hour 6: Patroklos as the Other Self of Achilles
            The Meaning of Therapōn
            Patroklos as Therapōn
            Anatolian Origins of the Word Therapōn
            Early Greek Uses of the Words Therapōn, Theraps, Therapeuein
            The Therapōn as Charioteer
            The Therapōn as a Ritual Substitute
            Arēs as Divine Antagonist of Patroklos and Achilles
            The Therapeutic Function of the Therapōn
            Patroklos as the Other Self of Achilles
            Ramifications of the Idea of Another Self
            Simone Weil on Sacrificial Substitution
        Hour 7: The Sign of the Hero in Visual and Verbal Art
            The Meaning of Sēma
            The Sign of the Hero at a Chariot Race
            The Sign in the Visual Arts
            Selected Examples of Signs in the Visual Arts
            Hour 7a. Myth and Ritual in Pictures of Chariot Scenes Involving Achilles
            Hour 7b. Apobatic Chariot Racing
            Hour 7c. Apobatic Chariot Fighting
            Hour 7d. Distinctions between Chariot Fighting and Chariot Racing
            Hour 7e. Homeric Poetry at the Festival of the Panathenaia in Athens
            Hour 7f. Signs of Alternative Epic Traditions as Reflected in Athenian Vase Paintings
            Hour 7g. The Apobatic Moment
        Hour 8: The Psychology of the Hero’s Sign in the Homeric Iliad
            The Meaning of Psūkhē
            The Psūkhē of Patroklos in the Iliad
            The Psūkhē of Patroklos in the Picture Painted on the Münster Hydria
            Achilles and Patroklos as Cult Heroes of Apobatic Chariot Racing
            An Athletic Event at Eleusis
            Achilles and Dēmophōn as Cult Heroes of Festivals
            Achilles as a Model of Rhapsodic Performance
            Achilles and Patroklos as Cult Heroes of a Poetic Event
            The Prefiguring of Achilles by Patroklos
            Heroic Immortalization and the Psūkhē
            The Psūkhē as Both Messenger and Message
            A Fusion of Heroic Myth and Athletic Ritual
            Back to the Glory of the Ancestors
            Back to the Meaning of Patroklos
            Hour 8a. About the Ritual Origins of Athletics
            Hour 8b. The Meaning of Āthlos / Aethlos
            Hour 8c. Back to the Panathenaia
            Hour 8d. Patroklos as a Model for Achilles
            Hour 8e. The Mentality of Re-enactment at Festivals
        Hour 9: The Return of Odysseus in the Homeric Odyssey
            The Meaning of Nostos
            The Roles of Odysseus
            The Complementarity of the Iliad and the Odyssey
            The Heroic Mentality of Achieving Nostos
            A Nostos in the Making
            Echoes of Lament in a Song about Homecoming
        Hour 10: The Mind of Odysseus in the Homeric Odyssey
            The Meaning of Noos
            The Interaction of Noos and Nostos
            The Hero’s Return to His Former Social Status
            The Hero’s Return from the Cave
            The Return to Light and Life
            The Journey of a Soul
        Hour 11: Blessed Are the Heroes: The Cult Hero in Homeric Poetry and Beyond
            The Meaning of Olbios
            Signs of Hero Cult
            Different Meanings of the Word Olbios for the Initiated and for the Uninitiated
            How a Homeric Hero Can Become Truly Olbios
            The Death of Odysseus
            A Mystical Vision of the Tomb of Odysseus
            Two Meanings of a Sēma
            An Antagonism between Athena and Odysseus
            Conclusion: The Seafarer Is Dead and the Harvest Is Complete
        Hour 12: The Cult Hero as an Exponent of Justice in Homeric Poetry and Beyond
            The Meaning of Dikē
            An Occurrence of Dikē as ‘Justice’ in the Odyssey
            The Golden Generation of Humankind
            Hesiod as an Exponent of Justice
            Metaphors for Dikē and Hubris
            The Silver Generation of Humankind
            Two Further Generations of Humankind
            Hesiod in the Iron Age
            Back to Hesiod as an Exponent of Dikē
            A Reconnection of Generations in an Orchard
    Part Two: Heroes in Prose Media
        Hour 13: A Crisis in Reading the World of Heroes
            The Meaning of Krinein
            A Story about the Meaning of Olbios in the Histories of Herodotus
            Another Story about the Meaning of Olbios in the Histories of Herodotus
            Variations in Discriminating between the Real and the Unreal
            Variations in Discriminating between Justice and Injustice
            Heroes as Exponents of Justice in Poetry after Homer and Hesiod
        Hour 14: Longing for a Hero: A Retrospective
            The Meaning of Pothos
            Testimony from the Hērōikos of Philostratus
            Longing for Protesilaos in the Homeric Iliad
            The Sacred Eroticism of Heroic Beauty
            The Beauty of Seasonality in a Modern Greek Poem
            The Beauty of the Hero in Death
            A Beautiful Setting for the Beautiful Cult Hero
            Paroxysms of Sentimentality in Worshipping Cult Heroes
            Back to the Tumulus of Achilles
            Longing for Achilles: You’re Going to Miss Me
            Longing for Patroklos: I’ll Miss Him Forever
        Hour 15: What the Hero ‘Means’
            The Meaning of Sēmainein
            What Protesilaos ‘Means’
            The Mystery of a Cult Hero
            What Herodotus ‘Means’
            More on the Mystery of a Cult Hero
            Back to the ‘Meaning’ of Protesilaos
            Initiation into the Mysteries of a Cult Hero
            The Descent of an Initiand into the Nether World of a Cult Hero
            A Brief Commentary on the Text about the Descent
            The Oracular Consultation of Heroes
            An Initiation for the Reader
            The Personal Intimacy of Experiencing a Heroic Epiphany
            Ritual Correctness in Making Mental Contact with the Cult Hero
            How the Cult Hero Communicates
            More on the Oracular Consultation of Heroes
            Coming Back Once Again to What the Hero ‘Means’
            The Cult Hero as a Medium
    Part Three: Heroes in Tragedy
        Introduction to Tragedy
        Hour 16: Heroic Aberration in the Agamemnon of Aeschylus
            The Meaning of Atē
            The Oresteia Trilogy of Aeschylus in the Larger Context of His Other Tragedies
            The Atē of Agamemnon in Epic and Tragedy
            An Ainos about a Lion Cub
            Predators as Agents of Dikē
            Predators as Agents of Deeds Contrary to Dikē
            A Sequence of Symbols
            The Symbolic Wording of the Watchman
            Three Further Examples of Symbolic Wording
        Hour 17: Looking beyond the Cult Hero in the Libation Bearers and the Eumenides of Aeschylus
            The Meaning of Tīmē
            The Agenda of Athena
            Pouring Libations for Cult Heroes or for Ancestors
            What Stands in the Way of a Ritually Correct Libation by Electra
            Transcending the Spirit of Vendetta
            A New World Order for Athens
        Hour 18: Sophocles’ Oedipus at Colonus and the Power of the Cult Hero in Death
            The Meaning of Kolōnos
            More on the Meaning of Colonus
            How to Imagine Colonus
            Colonus, Land of Running Horses
            Further Perspectives on the Meanings Connected to the Word Kolōnos and to the Name Kolōnos
            Oedipus as Cult Hero at Colonus
            The Mysterious Death of Oedipus
            Scenarios for Dying and Then Coming Back to Life
            The Mystification of the Hero’s Tomb in the Oedipus at Colonus
            Personalizing the Death of Oedipus
        Hour 19: Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus and Heroic Pollution
            The Meaning of Miasma
            The Pollution of Tyrants
            A Look inside the Psūkhē of Oedipus
            The Pollution Caused by Oedipus
            Oedipus as Savior
            A Second Look inside the Psūkhē of Oedipus
            Purifying the Pollution in Tragedy
            The Reaction of Oedipus to His Own Pollution in the Oedipus Tyrannus
        Hour 20: The Hero as Mirror of Men’s and Women’s Experiences in the Hippolytus of Euripides
            The Meaning of Telos
            Two Contexts of Telos for Hippolytus
            Hippolytus as a Cult Hero in Athens
            Hippolytus as a Cult Hero in Trozen
            Comparing the Trozenian and the Athenian Versions of the Hippolytus Tradition
            Two Conventional Patterns of Thinking about Hippolytus as a Cult Hero in Trozen
            Hippolytus in Epidaurus
            Euripides Recapitulates a Trozenian Ritual
            Love Song and Song of Laments
            The Trouble with Hippolytus
            The Complementarity of Artemis and Aphrodite
            From Native Trozenian Ritual to the Drama of Athenian State Theater
            Empathy for Female and Male Experiences
            The Death of Phaedra
            Epilogue: The Death of Phaethon
        Hour 21: The Hero’s Agony in the Bacchae of Euripides
            The Meaning of Agōn
            The Agōn of Pentheus
            The Meaning of Pathos
            Staging the Dismemberment of Pentheus
            The Staging of Dionysus
            The Subjectivity of Dionysus
            Staging the Bacchants
            Staging Pentheus
            A Divine Prototype for the Passion of Pentheus
            Tracking Down the Origins of Tragedy
            Hope for a Reassembly of the Body after Its Dismemberment
    Part Four: Heroes in Two Dialogues of Plato
        Hour 22: The Living Word I: Socrates in Plato’s Apology of Socrates
            The Meaning of Daimonion
            The Subversive Threat of ‘the Superhuman Signal’
            What Happens to Socrates after Death
            A Heroic Timing for the Death of Socrates
            Socrates and Achilles
            An Odyssean Way for the Journey of Socrates
            The Swan Song of Socrates
        Hour 23: The Living Word II: More on Plato’s Socrates in the Phaedo
            The Meaning of Theōriā
            The Symbolism of Theōriā in Plato’s Phaedo
            The Garlanding of the Theoric Ship
            Revisiting another Theōriā
            Theorizing about Theōriā
            Socrates, Master of Poetry as well as Dialogue
            A New Way to Imagine Immortalization after Death
    Part Five: Heroes Transcended
        Hour 24: The Hero as Savior
            The Meaning of Sōzein and Sōtēr
            Theseus as a Savior for the Athenians
            A Metaphorical Use of the Word Sōzein by Plato’s Socrates
            A Metaphorical Use of the Word Sōphrōn in an Archaic Hymn
            Achilles as Saved Hero and as Savior Hero
            Achilles, Hero of the Hellespont
            Three More Glimpses of Heroic Salvation
            The Living Word of Plato’s Socrates
    Core Vocabulary of Key Greek Words
    Abbreviations
    References
    Index Locorum