The American Spirit: United States History as Seen by Contemporaries, Volume II

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 24
1. Black Leaders Express Their Views (1865)......Page 26
2. Carl Schurz Reports Southern Defiance (1865)......Page 29
4. The Former Slaves Confront Freedom (1901)......Page 31
1. Southern Blacks Ask for Help (1865)......Page 34
2. The White South Asks for Unconditional Reintegration into the Union (1866)......Page 35
3. The Radical Republicans Take a Hard Line (1866)......Page 37
4. President Andrew Johnson Tries to Restrain Congress (1867)......Page 38
5. The Controversy over the Fifteenth Amendment (1866, 1870)......Page 41
1. Johnson’s Cleveland Speech (1866)......Page 42
2. Senator Lyman Trumbull Defends Johnson (1868)......Page 44
1. Thaddeus Stevens Demands Black Suffrage (1867)......Page 45
2. Black and White Legislatures (c. 1876)......Page 46
3. W. E. B. Du Bois Justifies Black Legislators (1910)......Page 47
4. Benjamin Tillman’s Antiblack Tirade (1907)......Page 49
1. Alfred Richardson Testifies About Reconstruction-Era Georgia (1871)......Page 50
2. Maria Carter Describes an Encounter with the Klan (1871)......Page 53
3. Henry Lowther Falls Victim to the Klan (1871)......Page 55
1. Editor E. L. Godkin Grieves (1871)......Page 58
2. Frederick Douglass Complains (1882)......Page 59
3. Booker T. Washington Reflects (1901)......Page 60
23 Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age, 1869–1896......Page 63
1. Zachariah Chandler Assails the Solid South (1879)......Page 64
2. Reconstruction and Redemption (1880)......Page 65
1. A Southern Senator Defends Jim Crow (1900)......Page 67
2. A Spokesman for the “New South” Describes Race Relations in the 1880s (1889)......Page 68
3. An African American Minister Answers Henry Grady (1890)......Page 70
4. Booker T. Washington Accommodates to Segregation (1895)......Page 72
5. A Southern Black Woman Reflects on the Jim Crow System (1902)......Page 74
1. Tom Watson Supports a Black-White Political Alliance (1892)......Page 76
2. A Black-Alliance Man Urges Interracial Cooperation (1891)......Page 78
3. The Wilmington Massacre (1898)......Page 79
1. The Supreme Court Declares That Separate Is Equal (1896)......Page 81
2. A Justice of the Peace Denies Justice (1939)......Page 83
1. United States Balance of Trade and Share of World Exports (1870–1910)......Page 84
3. Destination of United States Exports (1869–1908)......Page 85
4. Distribution of Long-Term Foreign Investments in the United States (1803–1880)......Page 86
1. A Defense of Long-Haul Rates (1885)......Page 88
2. Railroad President Sidney Dillon Supports Stock Watering (1891)......Page 89
3. General James B. Weaver Deplores Stock Watering (1892)......Page 90
1. John D. Rockefeller Justifies Rebates (1909)......Page 91
2. An Oil Man Goes Bankrupt (1899)......Page 93
3. Weaver Attacks the Trusts (1892)......Page 94
1. Andrew Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth (1889)......Page 95
2. The Nation Challenges Carnegie (1901)......Page 96
3. Russell Conwell Deifies the Dollar (c. 1900)......Page 97
1. Henry Grady Issues a Challenge (1889)......Page 99
2. A Yankee Visits the New South (1887)......Page 100
3. Life in a Southern Mill (1910)......Page 101
1. In Praise of Mechanization (1897)......Page 103
2. A Tailor Testifies (1883)......Page 105
3. The Life of a Sweatshop Girl (1902)......Page 107
4. The Knights of Labor Champion Reform (1887)......Page 109
5. Samuel Gompers Condemns the Knights (c. 1886)......Page 110
6. Capital Versus Labor (1871)......Page 111
1. Upton Sinclair Describes the Chicago Stockyards (1906)......Page 113
2. An Engineer Describes Smoke Pollution (1911)......Page 114
1. Frederick Law Olmsted Applauds the City’s Attractions (1871)......Page 116
2. Sister Carrie Is Bedazzled by Chicago (1900)......Page 118
3. Cleaning Up New York (1897)......Page 119
4. Jacob Riis Photographs the New York Tenements (1890)......Page 121
5. Jacob Riis Documents the Tenement Problem (1890)......Page 123
1. Mary Antin Praises America (1894)......Page 124
2. The American Protective Association Hates Catholics (1893)......Page 125
3. President Cleveland Vetoes a Literacy Test (1897)......Page 126
4. Four Views of the Statue of Liberty (1881, 1885, 1886)......Page 127
5. Jane Addams Observes the New Immigrants (1910)......Page 132
6. Global Migrations (1870–2001)......Page 133
1. The Shock of Darwinism (1896)......Page 134
2. Henry Ward Beecher Accepts Evolution (1885)......Page 136
1. Frances Willard Prays in a Saloon (1874)......Page 137
2. Samuel Gompers Defends the Saloon (c. 1886)......Page 138
1. Victoria Woodhull Advocates Free Love (1871)......Page 139
2. The Life of a Working Girl (1905)......Page 141
3. An Italian Immigrant Woman Faces Life Alone in the Big City (c. 1896)......Page 143
4. Jane Addams Demands the Vote for Women (1910)......Page 146
1. The U.S. Army Negotiates a Treaty with the Sioux (1868)......Page 150
2. Harper’s Weekly Decries the Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876)......Page 153
3. She Walks with Her Shawl Remembers the Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876)......Page 155
4. Chief Joseph’s Lament (1879)......Page 157
5. Theodore Roosevelt Downgrades the Indians (1885)......Page 158
6. Carl Schurz Proposes to “Civilize” the Indians (1881)......Page 160
7. A Native American Tries to Walk the White Man’s Road (1890s)......Page 162
2. A Texan Scorns Futile Charity (1852)......Page 164
3. President James Buchanan Kills a Homestead Bill (1860)......Page 165
1. Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way (1868)......Page 167
2. A Pioneer Woman Describes the Overland Trail (1862)......Page 168
3. Taming the Canadian Frontier (1877)......Page 170
4. Opening Montana (1867)......Page 171
5. Sodbusters in Kansas (1877)......Page 173
6. John Wesley Powell Reports on the “Arid Region” (1879)......Page 175
1. The Evolving Wheat Economy (1852–1914)......Page 176
2. An Iowan Assesses Discontent (1893)......Page 178
3. Mrs. Mary Lease Raises More Hell (c. 1890)......Page 179
4. William Allen White Attacks the Populists (1896)......Page 180
1. A Populist Condemns George Pullman (1894)......Page 182
2. Pullman Defends His Company (1894)......Page 184
3. Starvation at Pullman (1894)......Page 185
1. Coin’s Financial School (1894)......Page 186
2. William Jennings Bryan’s Cross of Gold (1896)......Page 187
27 Empire and Expansion, 1890–1909......Page 190
1. Joseph Pulitzer Demands Intervention (1897)......Page 191
2. William Randolph Hearst Stages a Rescue (1897)......Page 192
1. President McKinley Submits a War Message (1898)......Page 193
2. Professor Charles Eliot Norton’s Patriotic Protest (1898)......Page 195
1. Albert Beveridge Trumpets Imperialism (1898)......Page 196
2. Mark Twain Denounces Imperialism (c. 1900)......Page 197
3. David Starr Jordan Spurns Empire (1898)......Page 198
4. William Jennings Bryan Vents His Bitterness (1901)......Page 200
5. The Nation Denounces Atrocities (1902)......Page 201
6. Cartoonists Tackle the Philippines Question (c. 1900)......Page 202
1. John Hay Twists Colombia’s Arm (1903)......Page 203
2. Theodore Roosevelt Hopes for Revolt (1903)......Page 204
3. Official Connivance in Washington (1903)......Page 205
1. Roosevelt Launches a Corollary (1904)......Page 207
2. A Latin American Protests (1943)......Page 208
1. Californians Petition for Chinese Exclusion (1877)......Page 209
2. The New York Times Champions Exclusion (1880)......Page 211
3. A Christian Chinese Protests Restrictions on Civil Liberties (1892)......Page 212
4. President Roosevelt Anticipates Trouble (1905)......Page 214
5. Japan Resents Discrimination (1906)......Page 215
6. The Gentleman’s Agreement (1908)......Page 216
28 Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt, 1901–1912......Page 218
1. Exposing the Meatpackers (1906)......Page 219
2. Theodore Roosevelt Roasts Muckrakers (1906)......Page 220
1. Lincoln Steffens Bares Philadelphia Bossism (1904)......Page 222
2. George Washington Plunkitt Defends “Honest Graft” (1905)......Page 223
1. From the Depths (1906)......Page 225
3. Child Labor in the Coal Mines (1906)......Page 227
4. Sweatshop Hours for Bakers (1905)......Page 229
5. The Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire Claims 146 Lives (1911)......Page 230
1. Roosevelt Defends the Forests (1903)......Page 233
2. The West Protests Conservation (1907)......Page 235
3. Gifford Pinchot Advocates Damming the Hetch Hetchy Valley (1913)......Page 236
4. John Muir Damns the Hetch Hetchy Dam (1912)......Page 237
5. “Beauty as Against Use” (1920s)......Page 239
1. Senator Robert Owen Supports Women (1910)......Page 240
2. A Woman Assails Woman Suffrage (1910)......Page 241
3. Images of the Suffrage Campaign (1900–1915)......Page 244
1. Theodore Roosevelt Proposes Government Regulation (1912)......Page 248
2. Woodrow Wilson Asks for “a Free Field and No Favor” (1912)......Page 250
1. Louis Brandeis Indicts Interlocking Directorates (1914)......Page 252
2. J. P. Morgan Denies a Money Trust (1913)......Page 253
3. William McAdoo Exposes the Bankers (c. 1913)......Page 254
1. Mexico Warns Against Intervention (1913)......Page 256
2. Wilson Asks for War on General Huerta (1914)......Page 257
3. A Republican Assails “Watchful Waiting” (1916)......Page 259
1. Lord Bryce’s Propaganda Report (1915)......Page 260
2. Walter Page Plays Britain’s Game (c. 1915)......Page 261
3. Robert Lansing’s Pro-Ally Tactics (c. 1916)......Page 262
1. President Wilson Breaks Diplomatic Relations (1917)......Page 265
2. Representative Claude Kitchin Assails the War Resolution (1917)......Page 267
1. Un-Christlike Preachers (1918)......Page 268
2. Abusing the Pro-Germans (1918)......Page 269
3. Robert La Follette Demands His Rights (1917)......Page 270
4. The Supreme Court Throttles Free Speech (1919)......Page 272
5. Zechariah Chafee Upholds Free Speech (1919)......Page 273
1. George Creel Spreads Fear Propaganda (c. 1918)......Page 274
2. Woodrow Wilson Versus Theodore Roosevelt on the Fourteen Points (1918)......Page 275
1. General John Pershing Defines American Fighting Tactics (1917–1918)......Page 280
2. A “Doughboy” Describes the Fighting Front (1918)......Page 282
1. The Text of Article X (1919)......Page 284
2. Wilson Testifies for Article X (1919)......Page 285
3. The Lodge-Hitchcock Reservations (1919)......Page 286
4. Wilson Defeats Henry Cabot Lodge’s Reservations (1919)......Page 287
1. Germany Protests (1919)......Page 288
2. Jan Christiaan Smuts Predicts Disaster (1919)......Page 289
3. Ho Chi Minh Petitions for Rights (1919)......Page 290
1. Theodore Roosevelt Preaches “Americanism” (1915)......Page 292
2. Randolph Bourne Defends Cultural Pluralism (1916)......Page 293
3. The World’s Work Favors Restrictive Quotas (1924)......Page 295
4. The New Republic Opposes Racialized Quotas (1924)......Page 296
5. Samuel Gompers Favors Restriction (1924)......Page 297
6. Two Views of Immigration Restriction (1921, 1924)......Page 299
1. Tar-Bucket Terror in Texas (1921)......Page 301
2. A Methodist Editor Clears the Klan (1923)......Page 302
1. A German Observes Bootlegging (1928)......Page 303
2. Fiorello La Guardia Pillories Prohibition (1926)......Page 304
3. The WCTU Upholds Prohibition (1926)......Page 305
1. Margaret Sanger Campaigns for Birth Control (1920)......Page 307
2. The Lynds Discover Changes in the Middle-American Home (1929)......Page 309
3. The Supreme Court Declares That Women Are Different from Men (1908)......Page 311
4. The Supreme Court Declares That Men and Women Are Equal (1923)......Page 313
1. Conservative Clergymen Uphold The Fundamentals (1910)......Page 314
2. A Liberal Protestant Assails Fundamentalism (1922)......Page 315
3. The Christian Century Acknowledges the Religious Divide (1924)......Page 317
1. A Critic Blasts Materialism (1924)......Page 318
2. An African American Reflects on Jazz (1925)......Page 320
3. The Flapper Takes the Stage (1926)......Page 322
4. Advertising Targets Women as Consumers (1924–1929)......Page 323
1. President Harding Hates His Job (c. 1922)......Page 328
2. William Randolph Hearst Blasts Disarmament at Washington (1922)......Page 329
3. Japan Resents the Washington Setback (1922)......Page 330
1. The Plague of Plenty (1932)......Page 331
2. Distress in the South (1932)......Page 333
3. Rumbles of Revolution (1932)......Page 334
1. On Public Versus Private Power (1932)......Page 335
2. On Government in Business (1932)......Page 337
3. On Balancing the Budget (1932)......Page 338
4. On Restricted Opportunity (1932)......Page 340
1. Hoover Defends His Record (1932)......Page 341
2. Roosevelt Indicts Hoover (1932)......Page 342
33 The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1933–1939......Page 344
1. The Contracting Spiral of World Trade (1929–1933)......Page 345
2. France Champions International Cooperation (1933)......Page 346
3. Jan Christiaan Smuts Blames the Versailles Treaty (1933)......Page 347
4. John Maynard Keynes Praises Roosevelt (1933)......Page 348
1. César Chávez Gets Tractored off the Land (1936)......Page 349
2. A Salesman Goes on Relief (1930s)......Page 350
4. Hard Times in a North Carolina Cotton Mill (1938–1939)......Page 353
1. The Agreeable FDR (1949)......Page 355
2. Coffee for the Veterans (1933)......Page 356
3. FDR the Administrative “Artist” (1948)......Page 357
1. Senator Huey P. Long Wants Every Man to Be a King (1934)......Page 358
2. Father Coughlin Demands “Social Justice” (1934, 1935)......Page 360
3. Norman Thomas Proposes Socialism (1934)......Page 363
4. Dr. Francis E. Townsend Promotes Old-Age Pensions (1933)......Page 364
1. Tom Girdler Girds for Battle (1937)......Page 365
2. John Lewis Lambastes Girdler (1937)......Page 367
1. Backcountry Poets Reflect on the Civilian Conservation Corps (1934, 1935)......Page 368
2. A Daughter of the Plains Struggles with Dust Storms (1934)......Page 369
3. Franklin Roosevelt Creates the Tennessee Valley Authority (1933)......Page 371
4. Roosevelt Promotes Natural Resources Planning (1935)......Page 372
5. Roosevelt Dedicates Boulder (Hoover) Dam (1935)......Page 374
1. Harold Ickes Defends His Chief (1937)......Page 376
2. Dorothy Thompson Dissents (1937)......Page 378
3. Republicans Roast Roosevelt (1940)......Page 379
4. Assessing the New Deal (1935, 1936)......Page 380
1. Two Views of Isolationism (1936, 1938)......Page 384
2. Roosevelt Pleads for Repeal of the Arms Embargo (1939)......Page 386
3. Senator Arthur Vandenberg Fights Repeal (1939)......Page 387
4. Charles Lindbergh Argues for Isolation (1941)......Page 388
5. The New York Times Rejects Isolationism (1941)......Page 390
1. FDR Drops the Dollar Sign (1940)......Page 391
2. Senator Burton Wheeler Assails Lend-Lease (1941)......Page 392
3. William Randolph Hearst Denounces Aid to the Soviet Union (1941)......Page 394
1. Framing the Atlantic Charter (1941)......Page 395
2. The Chicago Tribune Is Outraged (1941)......Page 396
3. FDR Proclaims Shoot-on-Sight (1941)......Page 397
1. Harold Ickes Prepares to “Raise Hell” (1941)......Page 399
2. Togo Blames the United States (1952)......Page 400
3. Cordell Hull Justifies His Stand (1948)......Page 401
1. War Warnings from Washington (1941)......Page 402
2. Admiral H. E. Kimmel Defends Himself (1946)......Page 403
3. Secretary Henry Stimson Charges Negligence (1946)......Page 404
4. Franklin Roosevelt Awaits the Blow (1941)......Page 406
35 America in World War II, 1941–1945......Page 408
1. The War Transforms the Economy (1943)......Page 409
2. A Black American Ponders the War’s Meaning (1942)......Page 410
3. A Woman Remembers the War (1984)......Page 412
1. Yamato Ichihashi Relates His Relocation Experience (1942)......Page 414
2. A Japanese American Is Convicted (1943)......Page 416
3. A Draft Resister Explains His Decision (1943–1944)......Page 418
1. Eisenhower Urges the Earliest Possible Second Front (1942)......Page 420
2. Churchill Explains to Stalin That There Will Be No Second Front in 1942 (1942)......Page 421
3. Stalin Resents the Delay of the Second Front (1943)......Page 422
4. A Russian Novelist Appeals to the American People (1943)......Page 423
5. Roosevelt and Stalin Meet Face-to-Face (1943)......Page 425
6. Two Allies, One War? (1941–1945)......Page 427
1. Robert Sherwood Defends FDR (1948)......Page 428
2. Cordell Hull Opposes Unconditional Surrender (1948)......Page 429
1. Vivian Fry Considers the Causes of Skepticism (1942)......Page 430
2. Freda Kirchwey Blasts Allied Reticence (1943)......Page 432
3. John W. Pehle Wants to Bomb Auschwitz (1944)......Page 434
4. John J. McCloy Opposes Bombing Auschwitz (1944)......Page 435
5. The War Refugee Board Reports on Rescue Efforts (1945)......Page 436
6. The Christian Century Grapples with the Holocaust (1945)......Page 438
1. A Soldier at Anzio (1944)......Page 439
2. An Airman Recounts the Regensburg Raid (1943)......Page 440
3. A Marine Assaults Peleliu (1944)......Page 442
4. An American Encounters a Wounded Enemy (1943)......Page 443
1. Japan’s Horrified Reaction (1945)......Page 444
2. The Christian Century Deplores the Bombing (1945)......Page 446
3. Harry Truman Justifies the Bombing (1945)......Page 447
36 The Cold War Begins, 1945–1952......Page 450
1. Dr. Benjamin Spock Advises the Parents of the Baby-Boom Generation (1957)......Page 451
2. A Working Mother Lauds the New “Two-Income Family” (1951)......Page 452
3. The Move to Suburbia (1954)......Page 454
1. Franklin Roosevelt “Betrays” China and Japan (1945)......Page 456
2. The Freeman’s Bill of Indictment (1953)......Page 458
3. Secretary Edward Stettinius Defends Yalta (1949)......Page 460
1. George Kennan Proposes Containment (1946)......Page 462
2. Harry Truman Appeals to Congress (1947)......Page 465
3. The Chicago Tribune Dissents (1947)......Page 466
4. The World Through Soviet Eyes (1946)......Page 468
1. Secretary George Marshall Speaks at Harvard (1947)......Page 470
2. Senator Arthur Vandenberg Is Favorable (1947, 1948)......Page 471
3. Moscow’s Misrepresentations (c. 1947)......Page 473
1. Secretary Dean Acheson Drops Jiang Jieshi (1949)......Page 474
2. Senator Joseph McCarthy Blasts “Traitors” (1952)......Page 475
2. Truman Accepts the Korean Challenge (1950)......Page 478
3. NSC-68 Offers a Blueprint for the Cold War (1950)......Page 480
4. Secretary Acheson Defends NSC-68 (1969)......Page 483
37 The Eisenhower Era, 1952–1960......Page 486
1. Secretary John Foster Dulles Warns of Massive Retaliation (1954)......Page 487
2. President Eisenhower Calls for “Open Skies” (1955)......Page 488
1. Joseph McCarthy Upholds Guilt by Association (1952)......Page 490
2. A Senator Speaks Up (1950)......Page 491
3. McCarthy Inspires Fear at Harvard (1954)......Page 493
4. The Soviets “Develop” American Spies (1944)......Page 494
1. The Court Rejects Segregation (1954)......Page 496
2. One Hundred Representatives Dissent (1956)......Page 498
3. Eisenhower Sends Federal Troops (1957)......Page 499
5. A Black Newspaper Praises Courage (1958)......Page 501
6. Martin Luther King, Jr., Asks for the Ballot (1957)......Page 502
1. The Editors of Fortune Celebrate American Affluence (1955)......Page 506
2. John Kenneth Galbraith Criticizes the Affluent Society (1958)......Page 509
3. Newton Minow Criticizes the “Vast Wasteland” of Television (1961)......Page 511
4. Women’s Career Prospects (1950)......Page 513
5. Agnes Meyer Defends Women’s Traditional Role (1950)......Page 514
6. Betty Friedan Launches the Modern Feminist Movement (1963)......Page 516
E. Eisenhower Says Farewell (1961)......Page 517
1. President Kennedy Proclaims a “Quarantine” (1962)......Page 521
2. Premier Khrushchev Proposes a Swap (1962)......Page 523
4. The Soviets Save Face (1962)......Page 524
1. Michael Harrington Discovers Another America (1962)......Page 526
2. President Johnson Declares War on Poverty (1964)......Page 528
3. War on the Antipoverty War (1964)......Page 529
1. Rosa Parks Keeps Her Seat (1955)......Page 531
2. Students Sit In for Equality (1960)......Page 532
3. Riders for Freedom (1961)......Page 534
4. Martin Luther King, Jr., Writes from a Birmingham Jail (1963)......Page 540
5. Malcolm X Is Defiant (1964)......Page 542
6. President Johnson Supports Civil Rights (1965)......Page 544
7. A Conservative Denounces Black Rioters (1965)......Page 547
1. The Joint Chiefs of Staff Propose a Wider War (1964)......Page 549
2. President Johnson Asserts His War Aims (1965)......Page 551
3. The British Prime Minister Criticizes U.S. Bombing (1965)......Page 552
4. Defense Secretary Robert McNamara Foresees a Stalemate (1965)......Page 553
5. Secretary McNamara Opposes Further Escalation (1966)......Page 554
6. Massacre at My Lai (1968)......Page 557
7. The Soldiers’ War (1966)......Page 559
8. The Dilemma of Vietnam (1966)......Page 561
1. Students for a Democratic Society Issues a Manifesto (1962)......Page 562
2. Young Americans for Freedom Makes a Statement (1960)......Page 564
3. A War Protester Decides to Resist the Draft (1966)......Page 565
4. Stewart Alsop Senses the End of an Era (1970)......Page 567
5. The CIA Assesses “Restless Youth” (1968)......Page 570
1. The President Defends His Incursion (1970)......Page 572
2. The St. Louis Post-Dispatch Dissents (1970)......Page 574
3. Henry Kissinger Dissects the Dissenters (1979)......Page 576
1. Nixon’s Grand Plan in Foreign Policy (1968–1969)......Page 578
2. Nixon’s Address to the Nation (1973)......Page 580
3. Canadians See Neither Peace nor Honor (1973)......Page 581
4. The Expulsion from Vietnam (1975)......Page 582
1. The First Article of Impeachment (1974)......Page 584
2. Impeachment as a Partisan Issue (1974)......Page 585
3. Nixon Incriminates Himself (1972)......Page 586
4. A Critical Canadian Viewpoint (1974)......Page 589
5. Nixon Accepts a Presidential Pardon (1974)......Page 591
1. The National Organization for Women Proclaims the Rebirth of Feminism (1966)......Page 592
2. The Case for the Equal Rights Amendment (1970)......Page 593
3. The Supreme Court Upholds Abortion Rights (1973)......Page 595
4. Phyllis Schlafly Upholds Traditional Gender Roles (1977)......Page 597
E. Cartooning the Energy Crisis......Page 599
40 The Resurgence of Conservatism, 1980–1992......Page 602
1. The Supply-Side Gospel (1984)......Page 603
2. President Reagan Asks for a Tax Cut (1981)......Page 604
3. The New York Times Attacks Reagan’s Policies (1981)......Page 607
1. Reagan Sees Red in Nicaragua (1986)......Page 608
2. A Journalist Urges Caution in Nicaragua (1986)......Page 611
3. An Editor Analyzes the Iran-Contra Affair (1987)......Page 613
4. Four Views on the End of the Cold War (1994)......Page 617
1. Ronald Reagan Sees “A Time For Choosing” (1964)......Page 621
2. Editor Irving Kristol Defines Neoconservatism (1983)......Page 622
3. Journalist Peter Steinfels Criticizes the Neoconservatives (1979)......Page 625
1. A Skeptical View of Reagan’s Legacy (2004)......Page 627
2. Charles Krauthammer Praises Reagan (2004)......Page 629
3. James T. Patterson Weighs the Reagan Record (2003)......Page 630
1. Stephen J. Solarz Makes the Case for War Against Iraq (1991)......Page 632
2. The Gulf War as Happy Ending or Ominous Beginning (1991)......Page 634
3. The Foreign Policy President Falls Short at Home (1991)......Page 635
41 America Confronts the Post–Cold War Era, 1992–2009......Page 637
1. Anthony Lake Advocates Replacing Containment with Enlargement (1993)......Page 638
2. Searching for a Post–Cold War Foreign Policy (1994)......Page 641
3. Stephen M. Walt Assesses Clinton’s Record (2000)......Page 642
1. The Supreme Court Makes George W. Bush President (2000)......Page 643
2. Justice Stevens Dissents (2000)......Page 645
3. William Safire Sees All Roads Leading to Bush (2000)......Page 646
1. A British Journalist Takes Aim at U.S. Foreign Policy (2001)......Page 647
2. President Bush Describes an “Axis of Evil” (2002)......Page 649
3. The 9/11 Commission Finds Fault (2004)......Page 651
1. President Bush Claims the Right of Preemptive War (2002)......Page 654
2. Thomas L. Friedman Supports the War (2003)......Page 655
3. America Is Humiliated at Abu Ghraib (2004)......Page 658
4. Jonathan Alter Decries the Abu Ghraib Scandal (2004)......Page 659
5. Dexter Filkins Finds Chaos in Iraq (2004)......Page 660
6. Dexter Filkins Reconsiders (2008)......Page 662
7. Charles Ferguson Doubts Victory in Iraq (2008)......Page 665
42 The American People Face a New Century......Page 667
1. Paul Krugman Blasts the New Gilded Age (2007)......Page 668
2. Poverty Amidst Plenty? (2003)......Page 669
3. David Brooks Fears for the Middle Class (2008)......Page 670
4. Thomas Friedman Offers a “Green Solution” (2008)......Page 672
1. The Gender Divide (1975–2007)......Page 674
2. Gloria Steinem Sees Stubborn Sexism (2008)......Page 675
3. Gail Collins Celebrates Hillary Clinton’s Campaign (2008)......Page 676
1. Samuel P. Huntington Fears a Cultural Divide (2004)......Page 678
2. Jason Riley Criticizes Multiculturalism (2008)......Page 681
3. Justice Sandra Day O’Connor Approves Affirmative Action—for Now (2003)......Page 683
4. Justice Clarence Thomas Deems Affirmative Action Unconstitutional (2003)......Page 685
5. Barack Obama Reaches Across the Racial Divide (2008)......Page 687
6. Changing Attitudes toward Diversity (1937–2007)......Page 689
7. Cartoonists Cheer Obama’s Victory (2008)......Page 690
8. Obama and the Arab World (2008)......Page 693
1. President George W. Bush Restricts Embryonic Stem Cell Research (2001)......Page 694
2. Patti Davis Pleads for More Embryonic Stem Cell Research (2004)......Page 696
3. Tom Toles Illustrates the Abortion Dilemma (2003)......Page 698
4. Hendrik Hertzberg Reflects on Religion and Politics (2004)......Page 699
5. E.J. Dionne, Jr., Sees a Shifting Religious Landscape (2008)......Page 702
6. Governor Mitt Romney Defends Traditional Marriage (2004)......Page 703
7. The California Supreme Court Upholds Gay Marriage (2008)......Page 706
Constitution of the United States of America......Page 709
Index......Page 729