The American Direct Primary: Party Institutionalization and Transformation in the North

Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Dedication......Page 7
Contents......Page 9
Tables......Page 12
Abbreviations......Page 13
Preface and Acknowledgments......Page 15
1 Introduction......Page 19
1. Patterns of Social Division and/or Political Ideology......Page 20
2. Political Culture......Page 23
3. Governmental Decentralization......Page 30
4. Explaining the Rise of the Direct Primary......Page 33
5. North and South......Page 36
6. Institutionalization of the Parties......Page 38
Section A......Page 43
Section B......Page 44
Section C......Page 45
A HOW THE DIRECT PRIMARY AROSE......Page 47
1. The Adoption of the Australian Ballot......Page 49
2. Informal Procedures and the Problems of Scale......Page 50
3. Reformers’ Promotion of the Australian Ballot......Page 57
(i) Pure Office Block (POB)......Page 59
(v) “Shoestring” Ballot......Page 60
5. The Positions of Reformers and Parties in Relation to the Types of Ballot Used......Page 61
6. The Weakness of Opposition to the Australian Ballot......Page 63
7. Success and Failure for the Antiparty Reformers......Page 65
8. Ballot Reform and Interparty Competition......Page 69
9. Concluding Remarks......Page 73
1. Candidate Selection in the Nineteenth Century......Page 75
2. The Problems With the Caucus-Convention System......Page 81
(i) Participation......Page 83
(ii) Logistics......Page 86
(iii) Fraud......Page 88
(iv) Control......Page 91
(v) The Interconnections of the Four Factors......Page 94
3. The Impact of the Australian Ballot......Page 95
4. The 1898 National Conference......Page 99
5. Why Legal Controls Over Parties were Introduced......Page 102
6. Did Legal Control Turn Parties Into Public Utilities?......Page 108
7. Concluding Remarks......Page 111
4 The Spread of Direct Nominations......Page 113
1. The Rising Popularity of the Crawford County System......Page 115
2. The Rural and Midwestern Base of Direct Elections......Page 118
3. The Impact of the Southern Experience......Page 120
4. Direct Nominations Move to the City: Cleveland......Page 123
5. Statewide Legislation and the Direct Primary: Kentucky......Page 126
6. The Legally Mandated Direct Primary in Minneapolis, 1899......Page 128
7. The States Convert to Direct Primaries, 1903–15......Page 135
8. Insurgency and Party Reform in Wisconsin......Page 142
9. Concluding Remarks......Page 145
B WHY THE DIRECT PRIMARY WAS INTRODUCED......Page 147
5 Reformers versus Urban Machines?......Page 149
1. Massachusetts......Page 150
2. Pennsylvania......Page 156
3. Missouri......Page 163
4. Illinois......Page 168
5. New York......Page 172
6. Concluding Remarks......Page 178
6 The Impact of Party Competition......Page 180
1. Competition in the United States before the Mid-1890s......Page 181
2. Party Competition after the Mid-1890s......Page 186
3. Why the Democrats were Disadvantaged......Page 194
4. Changes in Party Competition and the Rise of the Direct Primary......Page 196
5. Competition as a Stimulant to Nomination Reform......Page 198
6. Party Competition and Political Exclusion: Southern New England......Page 201
7. Political Reform and the Direct Primary in Connecticut......Page 207
8. Concluding Remarks......Page 213
7 Explaining an “Irrational” Reform......Page 214
1. The Constraint Imposed by Public Opinion......Page 217
2. Reformers and the Invention of a “Solution”......Page 221
(i) Logistics......Page 222
(ii) Fraud......Page 223
(iii) Control......Page 224
(iv) Participation......Page 225
3. Consensus Over the Direct Primary: The Case of New Jersey......Page 229
4. Could the Parties Have Done More to Protect Themselves?......Page 232
5. Concluding Remarks......Page 241
C WHAT HAPPENED NEXT?......Page 243
1. Reaction Against the Direct Primary......Page 245
2. The State of the Parties in 1930......Page 249
3. The Delayed Impact of the Direct Primary......Page 260
4. Changes in the Direct Primary Since the 1920s......Page 264
5. The Direct Primary and the Presidential Primary......Page 266
6. Concluding Remarks......Page 272
9 Conclusions......Page 273
Index......Page 283