The Amazon from an International Law Perspective

Cover......Page 1
Frontmatter......Page 2
Contents......Page 8
List of Maps and Figures......Page 12
List of Tables......Page 13
Preface......Page 16
Acknowledgments......Page 18
Abbreviations and Acronyms......Page 20
1 - Introduction......Page 26
1.1. International Cooperation in the Field of Environmental Protection......Page 28
1.2. The Context and Meaning of International Cooperation......Page 30
1.3. Limits to International Cooperation in the Environmental Field......Page 35
1.4. International Cooperation in the Context of the Present Study......Page 41
2.1. Physical Characteristics......Page 48
2.2. Socioeconomic Characteristics......Page 54
2.3. Current Threats to the Amazonian Environment......Page 59
3.1. International Boundaries Delimiting the Amazon Region......Page 75
3.2. Commerce and Navigation......Page 85
3.3. Early Forms of Cooperation in the Amazon Region......Page 91
Conclusions......Page 97
4 - The 1978 Amazon Cooperation Treaty......Page 99
4.1. The Rationale of a Regional Cooperation Treaty......Page 100
4.2. The Negotiation of a Regional Cooperation Treaty......Page 107
4.3. Normative Framework......Page 110
4.4. Institutional Framework......Page 125
4.5. Assessing the Effectiveness of the 1978 Amazon Cooperation Treaty......Page 143
Conclusions......Page 148
5 - Regional and Subregional Organizations......Page 152
5.1. Organization of American States......Page 154
5.2. Andean Community......Page 157
5.3. Caribbean Community......Page 162
5.4. Common Market of the South......Page 165
5.5. Inter-American Development Bank......Page 170
5.6. Andean Development Corporation......Page 173
Conclusions......Page 174
6 - Other Legal Instruments Adopted by the Amazon States Inter Se......Page 176
A. Cooperation among the Amazon States Inter Se......Page 177
6.1. Freshwater Resources......Page 178
6.2. Biodiversity......Page 184
6.3. Health, Food Safety, and Sanitation......Page 191
6.4. Forests......Page 195
6.6. Disaster Prevention and Management......Page 199
6.7. Indigenous Populations......Page 200
B. Cooperation among the Amazon States and Other Countries in Latin America and the Caribbean......Page 209
Conclusions......Page 211
A. Multilateral Environmental Agreements......Page 213
7.1. International Organizations......Page 221
7.2. International Nongovernmental Organizations......Page 235
C. Synergies and Conflicts between Norms and Institutions......Page 239
Conclusions......Page 249
8 - Positive Incentives for Protecting the Amazon......Page 252
8.1. Carbon Trading......Page 258
8.2. Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation......Page 263
8.3. Payments for Environmental Services......Page 278
Conclusions......Page 285
9 - The Legal Status of the Amazon......Page 291
9.1. The Amazon as a Common Heritage of Humankind?......Page 295
9.2. The Amazon as an Area of Special Protection?......Page 300
9.3. The Amazon as a Common Concern of Humankind......Page 304
Conclusions......Page 329
10.1. Cooperation among the Amazon States Inter Se......Page 331
10.2. The Role of the 1978 Amazon Cooperation Treaty......Page 336
10.3. Cooperation between the Amazon States and the International Community......Page 344
10.4. International Legal Status for the Amazon and Possible Implications......Page 348
Bibliography......Page 352
Index......Page 396