The Agri-Environment [agriculture

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface and Acknowledgements......Page 9
Introduction......Page 11
Species that inhabit farmed land......Page 12
Population dynamics of single species......Page 13
Two species interactions in agriculture......Page 17
Parasites, pests and diseases......Page 20
Biological control and chemical control......Page 23
Multiple species interactions and communities......Page 25
Semi-natural habitats and agricultural management......Page 27
Summary......Page 28
Agricultural policy: the start of government intervention......Page 29
The expansion of agricultural production......Page 31
Rise of environmental concerns......Page 33
The advent of food surpluses......Page 35
The start of agricultural policy reform......Page 36
Introduction of agri-environment schemes......Page 37
The development of environmental objectives into agricultural policy......Page 38
A multifunctional agricultural industry......Page 42
Rural development: the European agricultural model......Page 44
Agri-environmental policy in the United States and other jurisdictions......Page 48
Summary......Page 51
The traditional integrated low-input low-output system......Page 52
Technology: the driver of agricultural modernisation......Page 53
The impact of agricultural policy on agricultural practices......Page 54
Environmental pollution from agriculture......Page 58
The impact of agriculture on wildlife......Page 67
Summary......Page 73
The motivation for agri-environmental policy......Page 74
General mechanisms of agri-environmental policy......Page 80
Payments......Page 81
Tradable rights......Page 84
Cross-compliance mechanisms......Page 85
Research and development......Page 86
Labelling/standards/certification......Page 87
Achieving agri-environmental policy objectives......Page 88
Targeting of agri-environmental policy......Page 90
Summary......Page 92
Introduction......Page 93
Regional language......Page 94
Audit maps......Page 95
Preparing to carry out an environmental audit......Page 96
What needs auditing?......Page 97
Fuzzy definitions and habitat mosaics......Page 98
Auditing by remote sensing......Page 102
Farm conservation plans and agreements......Page 103
Grasses......Page 99
Annual herbs......Page 100
Subshrubs......Page 101
Flood plains and common grazing......Page 104
Conservation priorities in management planning......Page 105
Method 4. Points can be awarded for including local priorities......Page 106
What management options are available?......Page 107
Management plans......Page 108
Rare and unusual species......Page 109
Site-specific issues......Page 110
Agri-environment scheme agreement economics......Page 111
Using economics for the farmer’s benefit......Page 112
Summary......Page 114
What is conservation value?......Page 115
The principles of habitat restoration......Page 118
Grazing as a tool in habitat restoration......Page 120
Grassland restoration......Page 121
Heathland restoration......Page 123
Woodland and wood pasture restoration......Page 124
Riparian habitats......Page 126
Arable systems, beetle-banks, headlands, low inputs......Page 127
Nutrients and soil fertility......Page 131
Grassland recreation......Page 132
Woodland recreation......Page 134
Summary......Page 136
What are farm wastes?......Page 137
Farm-produced wastes/nutrient management......Page 139
Farm waste management planning and nutrient budgeting......Page 143
Gaseous wastes and greenhouse gases......Page 148
Fallen stock: wildlife resource or disease reservoir?......Page 149
Farm waste material imported on to the farm......Page 150
Summary......Page 152
What are environmental impacts and how are they assessed?......Page 153
Why do environmental impacts matter and what environment do we want?......Page 158
Ethical reasons......Page 159
Organic agriculture......Page 161
Sustainable agriculture......Page 162
Biodynamic agriculture......Page 164
Integrated crop management......Page 165
Balancing aims and methods......Page 166
Turning the clock back or applying new technologies......Page 167
The effects of organic agriculture on biodiversity......Page 169
The language of low-impact farming and conflicts with conventional agriculturalists......Page 170
Summary......Page 171
Introduction......Page 172
What is landscape ecology?......Page 173
More complex landscapes and more complex species......Page 176
Landscape ecology and the agri-environment......Page 179
Boundary habitats, linear features and wildlife corridors......Page 180
Managing time and space using ecological models......Page 182
The importance of scale in landscape ecology......Page 185
The evaluation of field- and farm-scale trials......Page 186
Macro-ecology......Page 188
Summary......Page 189
Introduction......Page 190
Market trends......Page 191
Technological trends......Page 194
Climate trends......Page 196
Policy trends......Page 198
The future of agri-environmental policy......Page 199
International trade agreements (WTO)......Page 201
Summary......Page 203
Glossary......Page 206
References......Page 213
Index......Page 225