The Agency And The Hill: The CIA's Relationship With Congress, 1946-2004

Comments and questions may be addressed to:......Page 2
L. Britt Snider......Page 1
The Agency and the Hill......Page 3
CIA’s Relationship with Congress, 1946-2004......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 15
What the Relationship Was Like......Page 19
The Central Intelligence Group (1946-47)......Page 21
The Early Oversight Arrangements: 1947-56......Page 23
The Mansfield Resolutions: 1953-55......Page 29
Debate in the Senate: 1956......Page 32
Subsequent Developments: 1956-59......Page 35
The Issue of GAO Audits: 1959-62......Page 38
The Bay of Pigs: 1961......Page 39
McCone’s Early Interaction with the Congress......Page 41
The “Dust-up” with Congressman Lindsay: 1963-64......Page 42
CIA Interaction with the Congress: 1963-66......Page 43
The SFRC Asserts Its Right to Oversee the CIA: 1966......Page 44
1971: A Pivotal Year......Page 45
Congressional Inquiries into Watergate: 1973-74......Page 46
Congressional Inquiries into the CIA Activities in Chile: 1973-74......Page 49
Allegations of Domestic Spying and Other Abuses: 1974-75......Page 51
The Church Committee: 1975-76......Page 53
The Nedzi/Pike Committees: 1975-76......Page 55
The Early Congressional Arrangements: 1947-76......Page 57
The Joint Committee “Panacea”......Page 60
The Personalities, Attitudes, and Circumstances of the Early DCIs......Page 61
The Senate Select Committee on Intelligence: 1976......Page 69
The House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence: 1977......Page 71
1977-80: The Committees Prove Themselves......Page 74
The Intelligence Oversight Act of 1980......Page 77
The Mining of the Nicaraguan Harbors and the Casey Accords: 1984......Page 78
Term Limits as an Issue for the SSCI: 1984......Page 79
Continued Wrangling over Covert Action Notification: 1985-86......Page 80
Tightening Control over Intelligence Funding: 1986......Page 81
Investigating the Iran-contra Affair: 1986-87......Page 82
Changes to Congressional Oversight Prompted by Iran-contra: 1987-91......Page 84
The Creation of a Statutory Inspector General for the CIA: 1989......Page 86
Statutory Recognition of the Agency’s Support of Congress: 1992......Page 87
Formalization of Notification Procedures: The Guatemala Inquiries, 1995......Page 88
Procedures for “Whistleblowers” Who Wished to Contact Congress: 1998......Page 89
The Joint Inquiry into the 9/11 Attacks: 2001-2003......Page 91
Criticism from the 9/11 Commission and an End to Term Limits: 2004......Page 92
What Changed When the Select Committees Were Created......Page 93
The Joint Committee Solution......Page 94
Term Limits for Members of the Select Committees......Page 95
The Impact of Personalities, Attitudes, and Circumstances......Page 96
INTELLIGENCE-SHARING AND OTHER INTERACTION......Page 111
Provision of Intelligence Analysis to Congressional Committees......Page 112
Responding to Personal Requests from the Agency’s Overseers......Page 122
Dealing with Other Members of Congress at a Personal Level......Page 125
Briefing and Debriefing Members with Access to Substantive Intelligence......Page 130
Intelligence-Sharing......Page 132
Other Interaction......Page 137
Significance of the Incidental Interaction with Congress......Page 138
Why Congress Needs Intelligence Support......Page 139
The Impact of Intelligence-Sharing with the Congress......Page 140
One-Man Operations......Page 143
An Expanded Office of Legislative Counsel: 1976-81......Page 145
Casey and Congress: 1981-86......Page 146
Strengthening Ties to the Hill after the Guatemala Episode: 1995......Page 148
The Office of Congressional Affairs: 1988-2004......Page 149
The Agency’s Arrangements for Dealing with the Congress......Page 150
What the Relationship Produced......Page 153
The Agency’s Original Charter: Section 202 of the National Security Act of 1947......Page 155
The CIA Act of 1949......Page 159
The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978......Page 161
The Intelligence Identities Protection Act of 1982......Page 163
Exemption from the Freedom of Information Act for CIA: 1984......Page 164
The CIA Inspector General Act of 1989......Page 165
The Intelligence Reorganization Act of 1992......Page 167
Naming of the Headquarters Compound: 1998......Page 168
The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004......Page 169
Legislating Missions and Authorities for the CIA......Page 171
The President and Intelligence Legislation......Page 173
What Never Made It Through the Congressional Mill......Page 175
The Transition from CIG to CIA: 1946-47......Page 177
Covert Action: Funding a New Mission for the Agency......Page 179
Interaction in the Early Years: 1948-52......Page 180
Interaction during the Eisenhower Years: 1953-60......Page 183
The Agency Headquarters Building: 1951-56......Page 188
Developments in the 1960s and Early 1970s......Page 190
Consideration of the Budget Process by the Church and Pike Committees......Page 195
Budget Oversight by the Select Committees on Intelligence: 1977-81......Page 197
Interaction During the Reagan Administration: 1981-89......Page 200
The End of the Cold War and Its Effect on the Budget: 1989-95......Page 202
Return to Relative Stability and Modest Increases: 1995-2000......Page 204
Exercising Power of the Purse......Page 205
Hiding within the Defense Budget......Page 206
The Quality of Budget Oversight......Page 207
The Impact of Budget Oversight......Page 208
The Early Years: 1947-74......Page 211
The Church and Pike Committees......Page 217
Early Interaction with the Select Committees: 1976-80......Page 219
Later Interaction Regarding Analytical Issues: 1980-90......Page 222
The Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait and the Persian Gulf War: 1990-91......Page 225
The Gates Confirmation Hearings: 1991......Page 228
Interaction with the Select Committees 1991- 2000......Page 230
The Nature of the Interaction over Analysis......Page 238
The Implications of Sharing Intelligence for Oversight......Page 240
Early Congressional Awareness of Espionage Operations: 1947-60......Page 241
Early Technical Collection: The U-2 and CORONA Programs......Page 245
The Cuban Missile Crisis: 1962-63......Page 248
Contact with Respect to the Nosenko Case: 1967......Page 249
Helms and the Leaders of the CIA Subcommittees: 1966-73......Page 250
The Church Committee’s Investigation of CIA Domestic Activities: 1975-76......Page 251
The Church Committee’s Look at Liaison Relationships: 1976......Page 253
Early Involvement of the SSCI in Operational Matters: 1976-80......Page 254
Early HPSCI Involvement in Operational Matters: 1977-80......Page 256
Executive Order 12333 and Limits on Domestic Activities: 1981......Page 257
SSCI Inquiry into “Death Squads” in El Salvador: 1984......Page 258
The SSCI’s Consideration of Arms Control Treaties: 1987-92......Page 259
The SSCI’s Reviews of CIA Support to Military Operations: 1990-91......Page 260
The SSCI’s Banca Nazionale del Lavoro Investigation: 1992-93......Page 261
The Guatemala Inquiries and their Aftermath: 1995-96......Page 262
Alleged Involvement in Crack Cocaine Sales in Los Angeles: 1996-2000......Page 263
CIA’s Role in the Accidental Bombing of the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade: 1999......Page 264
SSCI Inquiry into the Shootdown of a Civilian Aircraft in Peru: 2001......Page 265
Operational Issues in the Joint Report on 9/11: 2002......Page 266
Operational Issues in the SSCI’s Inquiry into the Prewar Intelligence Assessments on Iraq: 2004......Page 268
HPSCI Criticism of the DO: 2004......Page 270
Congress and Espionage......Page 271
Congress and the Agency’s Technical Collection......Page 273
Congressional Awareness and Involvement from 1948 until the Bay of Pigs......Page 277
The Bay of Pigs: 1961......Page 284
The Ramparts Affair: 1967......Page 286
The “Secret War” in Laos: 1962-71......Page 287
Chile and the Hughes-Ryan Amendment: 1973-74......Page 289
Angola: 1975-76......Page 292
The Church Committee and Alleged Assassination Plots: 1975......Page 293
Other Covert Action Investigated by the Church Committee: 1975-76......Page 295
Covert Action and the Pike Committee: 1975-76......Page 296
The Select Committees and How “Findings” Were Handled: 1976-80......Page 297
Initial Oversight Efforts of the Committees: 1977-79......Page 299
The Iranian Rescue Operations: 1979-80......Page 300
Afghanistan: 1979-87......Page 301
Angola and South Africa: 1985-88......Page 304
Central America: 1979-86......Page 305
The Investigation of CIA’s Involvement in the Iran-contra Affair: 1987......Page 313
Noriega and the SSCI: 1988-89......Page 317
Iranian Arms Shipments to Bosnia: 1996......Page 319
Support for the INC and the Iraq Liberation Act of 1998......Page 320
Covert Action in the Joint Report on 9/11: 2002......Page 322
Why Congress Paid Little Attention At First......Page 323
The Issues Covert Action Raises for Congress......Page 324
“Overt” Covert Action......Page 326
Covert Action Since the End of the Cold War......Page 327
The Impact of the Select Committees’ Oversight of Covert Action......Page 328
The Confrontations with Senator Joseph R. McCarthy: 1950-54......Page 331
Max Hugel and the SSCI’s Investigation of DCI Casey’s Prior Business Dealings: 1981......Page 334
The “Year of the Spy” and Its Aftermath: 1985-87......Page 336
Concerns over Embassy Security: 1985-88......Page 339
The Congressional Reaction to the Aldrich Ames case: 1994......Page 340
The Mishandling of Classified Information by Former DCI Deutch: 2000......Page 344
HPSCI Action on Proposed Compensation Reform: 2003-04......Page 345
The Threat and Reality of Espionage......Page 346
Personnel Matters......Page 347
The Early DCIs: Souers through Dulles......Page 349
John McCone: 1962......Page 351
Richard M. Helms: 1966......Page 352
James R. Schlesinger: 1973......Page 353
William E. Colby: 1973......Page 354
George H.W. Bush: 1976......Page 355
President Carter’s Appointments: Sorensen and Turner......Page 356
William J. Casey: 1981......Page 357
William H. Webster: 1987......Page 358
The Second Gates Nomination: 1991......Page 359
President Clinton’s Choices: Woolsey, Carns, Deutch, Lake, and Tenet......Page 361
Porter Goss: 2004......Page 366
Openness of the Confirmation Process......Page 367
Significance of the Confirmation Process......Page 368
The Ideal Nominee?......Page 369
APPENDIX A. DIRECTORS OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE......Page 371
SENATE SELECT COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE (1976-2004)......Page 372
SENATE APPROPRIATIONS SUBCOMMITTEE ON DEFENSE (1975-2004)......Page 373
HOUSE APPROPRIATIONS COMMITTEE (1947-2004)......Page 374
APPENDIX C. HEADS OF THE CIA OFFICE OF CONGRESSIONAL AFFAIRS (1947-2004)......Page 376
APPENDIX D. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS......Page 377
Public Documents......Page 379
Other Interviews......Page 382
Books, Articles and Unpublished Manuscripts......Page 383
Index......Page 391