The Advanced Materials Revolution: Technology and Economic Growth in the Age of Globalization

The Advanced Materials Revolution......Page 4
Contents......Page 10
Preface......Page 14
Acknowledgments......Page 20
PART I ADVANCED MATERIALS, PAST AND PRESENT......Page 22
References......Page 30
1. The Coming of the Advanced-Materials Revolution......Page 32
Continuity and New Directions: 1980s and 1990s......Page 35
The New Materials and the Rise of the “Technological” Society......Page 39
References......Page 40
PART II OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS......Page 42
2. A Great Potential—Markets and Society......Page 44
Bioengineered Materials......Page 48
Advanced Metals: Advanced Stainless Steel and “Superalloys”......Page 49
Advanced Ceramics and Superconductors......Page 50
Synthetic Engineering (Nonconduction) Polymers......Page 56
Organic Electronic Materials (Conduction Polymers)......Page 57
Advanced (Nonthin) Coatings......Page 59
Nanopowders and Nanocomposites......Page 63
Nanocarbon Materials......Page 64
Nanofibers......Page 67
Thin Films......Page 69
Advanced Composites......Page 70
Global Markets: The Question of Convergence......Page 72
References......Page 80
3. The Great Divide: Advanced Materials, Productivity, and Economic Growth in the United States and Europe......Page 84
Technology and Economic Performance. I—IT, Energy and Biomedical......Page 89
Technology and Economic Performance. II—The Role of Advanced Materials......Page 92
Localization, Globalization, and the Competitiveness Factor: European Union versus United States......Page 97
References......Page 101
4. Facing Reality: The Risk Factor in Advanced-Materials Technology......Page 104
The Risks of Innovation......Page 105
Technical Risk: Can This Be Done?......Page 106
The Financial Capital Dilemma: Can This Be Paid For?......Page 113
The Human Capital Dilemma: Can This Be Staffed?......Page 115
The “Selection” Dilemma: Can We Pick the Winner?......Page 117
The Market Dilemma: Can We Sell This?......Page 118
The Management Dilemma: Can Our Team Be Effective?......Page 122
Public Policy and Perception Dilemmas: Will Government Action Derail Our Strategy?......Page 124
References......Page 127
PART III CREATION: RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT......Page 130
5. Research and Development I: The American Context......Page 132
Advanced Polymers......Page 133
Organic Polymer Electronics (OPEs)......Page 136
Nanocarbon Materials: Metal Fullerness and Nanotubes......Page 137
Nanocrystals and Quantum Dots......Page 138
What Type of R&D?......Page 139
Where Is R&D Located? The Decentralization of Innovation......Page 140
What Are the Fruits of R&D? Patents......Page 143
References......Page 145
6. Research and Development II: The European Context......Page 148
The European Dilemma in R&D I: Funding Problems......Page 149
Structural Problems I: The Questions of Patent Law and Resource Allocation......Page 150
Structural Problems II: The Universities, Science, and Innovation: The Question of Entrepreneurship......Page 151
Structural Problems III: Resource Overextension: The Question of Eastern Europe......Page 153
Structural Problems IV: The Coordination Question......Page 154
The European Dilemma in R&D III: The “Cultural” Problem......Page 155
Cultural Bias and the Science versus Technology Issue......Page 156
Cultural Bias, Public Perception, and Fear of Technology Issue......Page 158
Discussion......Page 160
References......Page 162
PART IV A WIDER CONTEXT: THE SEAMLESS WEB......Page 164
7. Seamless Web I: Companies (Large and Small), Universities, and Incubators......Page 166
The Corporation: Captive Markets and The Large Integrated Firm......Page 167
The “Immediate Captive Market Permanent R&D (ICMPR&D)” Firm......Page 168
The “Immediate Captive Market Ad Hoc R&D (ICMAHR&D)” Firm......Page 169
The “Projected Captive Market Permanent R&D (PCMPR&D)” Firm......Page 170
The Rise of the Small Start-Up Firm in Advanced Materials......Page 171
Decline of the Large Corporation as Technology Leader......Page 172
Emergence of American SMEs as Centers of Innovation......Page 175
Universities, SMEs, and Incubators......Page 177
Universities and the High-Technology SME......Page 178
Incubators Enter the “Seamless: Network......Page 182
References......Page 187
8. The Seamless Web II: Signaling, Selection, and Focusing Mechanisms Within the Seamless Network—SMEs, Entrepreneurs, and Venture Capital......Page 190
Selection and Focusing Mechanisms of Start-up Advanced-Materials SMEs......Page 191
The Downstream Cost Savings (DCS) Model......Page 192
The Downstream Product Enhancement (DPE) Model......Page 193
SMEs and the Venture Capital Community......Page 195
Specialization in the U.S. Venture Capital Community......Page 196
The Capital, Business, and Science–Technology Network: The “Dialogue” Factor......Page 199
References......Page 203
PART V ORGANIZING GROWTH: CLUSTERS AND GATEKEEPERS......Page 206
Introduction to Advanced-Material Clusters......Page 208
Advanced-Material Clusters in the United States......Page 209
The Southwest Region: Creation of New Clusters—The Dominant Company-Based Cluster Model......Page 211
The Upper New York State Region: Creation of New Clusters—The Polically Centered Cluster Model......Page 213
California: The Revitalization of Maturing High-Technology Cluster Model—The Central Role of the University......Page 217
Mid-West: The Revitalization of Old Industry Model......Page 218
The European Scene......Page 219
Case Study: Oxford’s High-Technology and Advanced-Material Cluster......Page 221
Fragmentation and Critical Mass: Clusters and the Multienvironment......Page 223
References......Page 228
Gatekeepers and Advanced Materials......Page 232
American Styles of Gatekeeping and Advanced-Material Clusters......Page 234
Investor Gatekeepers......Page 235
Engineer Gatekeepers......Page 237
Corporate Gatekeepers......Page 241
Is Europe in the Gatekeeping Game?......Page 245
Europe’s Traditional “Gatekeeping” Model: Oxford Nanoscience/Polaron PLC (UK)......Page 247
The American Gatekeeping Model: Imago Scientific Instruments......Page 248
The Winds of Change? The American Model in Europe: Oxonica......Page 250
References......Page 253
11. Conclusion: Broadening Horizons......Page 256
Multiple Environments, The Seamless Web, and High-Technology Clusters......Page 257
Opportunities and Threats: Future Choices for the United States, Europe, and Asia......Page 260
References......Page 265
Index......Page 268