The ABSITE Review

Credits
Preface to the First Edition
Preface to the Sixth Edition
1 Cell Biology
	CELL MEMBRANE
	CELL CYCLE
	NUCLEUS, TRANSCRIPTION, AND TRANSLATION
	CELLULAR METABOLISM
	OTHER CELL ORGANELLES, ENZYMES, AND STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
2 Hematology
	INTRODUCTION
	COAGULATION FACTORS
	COAGULATION MEASUREMENTS
	BLEEDING DISORDERS
	HYPERCOAGULABILITY DISORDERS
	DEEP VENOUS THROMBOSIS (DVT)
	PULMONARY EMBOLISM (PE)
	HEMATOLOGIC DRUGS
3 Blood Products
	INTRODUCTION
	HEMOLYSIS REACTIONS
	OTHER REACTIONS
	OTHER TRANSFUSION PROBLEMS
4 Immunology
	T CELLS (THYMUS) – CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
	B CELLS (BONE) – ANTIBODY-MEDIATED IMMUNITY (HUMORAL)
	MHC CLASSES
	NATURAL KILLER CELLS
	ANTIBODIES
	IL-2
	TETANUS
5 Infection
	INTRODUCTION
	MICROFLORA
	FEVER
	GRAM-NEGATIVE SEPSIS
	CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE COLITIS (PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS COLITIS)
	ABSCESSES
	WOUND INFECTION (SURGICAL SITE INFECTION)
	LINE INFECTIONS
	NECROTIZING SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS
	FUNGAL INFECTION
	SPONTANEOUS BACTERIAL PERITONITIS (SBP; PRIMARY)
	SECONDARY BACTERIAL PERITONITIS
	HIV
	HEPATITIS C
	CMV INFECTION
	OTHER INFECTIONS
6 Antibiotics
	INTRODUCTION
	ANTIBIOTIC MECHANISM OF ACTION
	MECHANISM OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
	APPROPRIATE DRUG LEVELS
	SPECIFIC ANTIBIOTICS
7 Medicines and Pharmacology
	INTRODUCTION
8 Anesthesia
	ANESTHESIA INDUCTION
	INHALATIONAL INDUCTION AGENTS
	INTRAVENOUS INDUCTION AGENTS
	MUSCLE RELAXANTS (PARALYTICS)
	LOCAL ANESTHETICS
	NARCOTICS (OPIOIDS)
	BENZODIAZEPINES
	EPIDURAL AND SPINAL ANESTHESIA
	PERIOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS
9 Fluids and Electrolytes
	TOTAL BODY WATER
	MAINTENANCE IV FLUIDS
	FLUID RESUSCITATION (FOR SIGNIFICANT DEHYDRATION)
	GI FLUID SECRETION
	GI ELECTROLYTE LOSSES
	POTASSIUM (NORMAL 3.5–5.0)
	SODIUM (NORMAL 135–145)
	CALCIUM (NORMAL 8.5–10.0; NORMAL IONIZED CA 1.0–1.5)
	MAGNESIUM (NORMAL 2.0–2.7)
	PHOSPHATE (NORMAL 2.5–4.5)
	METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
	METABOLIC ALKALOSIS
	ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
	TUMOR LYSIS SYNDROME
	VITAMIN D (CHOLECALCIFEROL)
	CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE
10 Nutrition
	INTRODUCTION
	PREOPERATIVE NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT
	RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT (RQ)
	POSTOPERATIVE PHASES
	STARVATION OR MAJOR STRESS (SURGERY, TRAUMA, SYSTEMIC ILLNESS)
	NITROGEN BALANCE
	FAT DIGESTION
	CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION
	PROTEIN DIGESTION
	CENTRAL VENOUS TPN (GENERAL COMPOSITION)
	CORI CYCLE
	METABOLIC SYNDROME (NEED 3)
11 Oncology
	INTRODUCTION
	TUMOR MARKERS
	ONCOGENESIS
	RADIATION THERAPY (XRT)
	CHEMOTHERAPY AGENTS
	MISCELLANEOUS
12 Transplantation
	TRANSPLANT IMMUNOLOGY
	DRUGS
	TYPES OF REJECTION
	KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION
	LIVER TRANSPLANTATION
	PANCREAS TRANSPLANTATION
	HEART TRANSPLANTATION
	LUNG TRANSPLANTATION
	OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS
13 Inflammation and Cytokines
	INFLAMMATION PHASES
	GROWTH AND ACTIVATING FACTORS
	TYPE I HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS
	NITRIC OXIDE (NO)
	IMPORTANT CYTOKINES
	INTERFERONS
	HEPATIC ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE PROTEINS
	CELL ADHESION MOLECULES
	COMPLEMENT
	PROSTAGLANDINS
	LEUKOTRIENES
	CATECHOLAMINES
	MISCELLANEOUS
14 Wound Healing
	WOUND HEALING
	PLATELET GRANULES
15 Trauma
	TRAUMA STATISTICS/EARLY ISSUES
	BLOOD TRANSFUSION
	HEAD INJURY
	SPINE TRAUMA
	MAXILLOFACIAL TRAUMA
	NECK TRAUMA
	CHEST TRAUMA
	PELVIC TRAUMA
	DUODENAL TRAUMA
	SMALL BOWEL TRAUMA
	COLON TRAUMA (SIGMOID COLON CONSIDERED LEFT COLON HERE)
	RECTAL TRAUMA
	LIVER TRAUMA
	SPLEEN TRAUMA
	PANCREATIC TRAUMA
	VASCULAR TRAUMA
	ORTHOPAEDIC TRAUMA
	RENAL TRAUMA
	BLADDER TRAUMA
	URETERAL TRAUMA
	URETHRAL TRAUMA
	PEDIATRIC TRAUMA
	TRAUMA DURING PREGNANCY
	OTHER
16 Critical Care
	CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
	SHOCK
	EMBOLI
	INTRA-AORTIC BALLOON PUMP (IABP)
	RECEPTORS
	CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS
	PULMONARY SYSTEM
	RENAL SYSTEM
	SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SYNDROME (SIRS)
	BRAIN DEATH
	OTHER CONDITIONS
17 Burns
	INTRODUCTION
	ADMISSION CRITERIA
	BURN ASSESSMENT
	CHILD ABUSE
	LUNG AND AIRWAY INJURY
	UNUSUAL BURNS
	1ST WEEK – EARLY EXCISION OF BURNED AREAS AND START NUTRITION
	2ND TO 5TH WEEKS – SPECIALIZED AREAS ADDRESSED, ALLOGRAFT REPLACED WITH AUTOGRAFT
	BURN WOUND INFECTIONS
	COMPLICATIONS AFTER BURNS
	RENAL ISSUES WITH SEVERE BURNS
	FROSTBITE
	ERYTHEMA MULTIFORME AND VARIANTS
18 Plastics, Skin, and Soft Tissues
	SKIN
	FLAPS
	UV RADIATION
	MELANOMA
	BASAL CELL CARCINOMA
	SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
	SOFT TISSUE SARCOMA
	OTHER CONDITIONS
19 Head and Neck
	ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
	ORAL CAVITY CANCER
	PHARYNGEAL CANCER
	LARYNGEAL CANCER
	SALIVARY GLAND CANCERS
	EAR
	NOSE
	NECK AND JAW
	ABSCESSES
	ASYMPTOMATIC HEAD AND NECK MASSES
	OTHER CONDITIONS
20 Pituitary
	ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
	PROLACTINOMA
	ACROMEGALY (GROWTH HORMONE)
	OTHER CONDITIONS
21 Adrenal
	INTRODUCTION
	ASYMPTOMATIC ADRENAL MASS
	ADRENAL CORTEX
	ADRENAL MEDULLA
22 Thyroid
	ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
	THYROID STORM
	ASYMPTOMATIC THYROID NODULE
	ABNORMALITIES OF THYROID DESCENT
	HYPERTHYROIDISM TREATMENT
	CAUSES OF HYPERTHYROIDISM
	CAUSES OF THYROIDITIS
	THYROID CANCER
23 Parathyroid
	ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
	PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
	SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
	TERTIARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
	FAMILIAL HYPERCALCEMIC HYPOCALCIURIA
	PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM
	PARATHYROID CANCER
	MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA SYNDROMES
	HYPERCALCEMIA
24 Breast
	ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
	BENIGN BREAST DISEASE
	NIPPLE DISCHARGE
	DUCTAL CARCINOMA IN SITU (DCIS)
	LOBULAR CARCINOMA IN SITU (LCIS)
	BREAST CANCER
25 Thoracic
	ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
	PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS
	LUNG CANCER
	CARCINOIDS
	BRONCHIAL ADENOMAS
	HAMARTOMAS
	MEDIASTINAL TUMORS IN ADULTS
	TRACHEA
	LUNG ABSCESS
	EMPYEMA
	CHYLOTHORAX
	MASSIVE HEMOPTYSIS
	SPONTANEOUS PNEUMOTHORAX
	OTHER CONDITIONS
26 Cardiac
	CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
	ADULT CARDIAC DISEASE
	VALVE DISEASE
	ENDOCARDITIS
	OTHER CARDIAC CONDITIONS
27 Vascular
	INTRODUCTION
	ATHEROSCLEROSIS STAGES
	CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE
	THORACIC AORTIC DISEASE
	ABDOMINAL AORTIC DISEASE
	PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE (PAD)
	AMPUTATIONS
	ACUTE ARTERIAL EMBOLI
	ACUTE ARTERIAL THROMBOSIS
	RENAL VASCULAR DISEASE
	UPPER EXTREMITY
	MESENTERIC ISCHEMIA
	VISCERAL AND PERIPHERAL ANEURYSMS
	OTHER VASCULAR DISEASES
	VENOUS DISEASE
	LYMPHATICS
28 Gastrointestinal Hormones
29 Esophagus
	ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
	PHARYNGOESOPHAGEAL DISORDERS
	DIVERTICULA
	ACHALASIA
	DIFFUSE ESOPHAGEAL SPASM
	NUTCRACKER ESOPHAGUS
	SCLERODERMA
	GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GERD)
	HIATAL HERNIA
	SCHATZKI’S RING
	BARRETT’S ESOPHAGUS
	ESOPHAGEAL CANCER
	LEIOMYOMA
	ESOPHAGEAL POLYPS
	CAUSTIC ESOPHAGEAL INJURY
	PERFORATIONS
30 Stomach
	ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
	GASTRIC VOLVULUS
	MALLORY–WEISS TEAR
	VAGOTOMIES
	UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING (UGI BLEEDING)
	DUODENAL ULCERS
	GASTRIC ULCERS
	STRESS GASTRITIS
	CHRONIC GASTRITIS
	GASTRIC ADENOCARCINOMA
	GASTROINTESTINAL STROMAL TUMORS (GISTS)
	MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE LYMPHOMA (MALT LYMPHOMA)
	GASTRIC LYMPHOMAS
	MORBID OBESITY
	POSTGASTRECTOMY COMPLICATIONS
31 Liver
	ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
	BILIRUBIN
	BILE
	JAUNDICE
	VIRAL HEPATITIS
	LIVER FAILURE
	SPONTANEOUS BACTERIAL PERITONITIS (PRIMARY BACTERIAL PERITONITIS)
	ESOPHAGEAL VARICES
	PORTAL HYPERTENSION
	BUDD–CHIARI SYNDROME
	SPLENIC VEIN THROMBOSIS
	PORTAL VEIN THROMBOSIS
	LIVER ABSCESSES
	BENIGN LIVER TUMORS
	MALIGNANT LIVER TUMORS
32 Biliary System
	ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
	CHOLESTEROL AND BILE ACID SYNTHESIS
	GALLSTONES
	CHOLECYSTITIS
	ACALCULOUS CHOLECYSTITIS
	EMPHYSEMATOUS GALLBLADDER DISEASE
	GALLSTONE ILEUS
	COMMON BILE DUCT INJURIES
	BILE DUCT STRICTURES
	HEMOBILIA
	GALLBLADDER ADENOCARCINOMA
	BILE DUCT CANCER (CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA)
	CHOLEDOCHAL CYSTS
	PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS
	PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS
	CHOLANGITIS
	SHOCK FOLLOWING LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY
	OTHER CONDITIONS
33 Pancreas
	ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
	ANNULAR PANCREAS
	PANCREAS DIVISUM
	HETEROTOPIC PANCREAS
	ACUTE PANCREATITIS
	PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYSTS
	PANCREATIC FISTULAS
	PANCREATITIS-ASSOCIATED PLEURAL EFFUSION (OR ASCITES)
	CHRONIC PANCREATITIS
	PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY
	JAUNDICE WORKUP
	PANCREATIC ADENOCARCINOMA
	NON-FUNCTIONAL ENDOCRINE TUMORS
	FUNCTIONAL ENDOCRINE PANCREATIC TUMORS
34 Spleen
	ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
	IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA (ITP)
	THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA (TTP)
	POST-SPLENECTOMY SEPSIS SYNDROME (PSSS)
	HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS: MEMBRANE PROTEIN DEFECTS
	HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS: NON–MEMBRANE PROTEIN DEFECTS
	HODGKIN’S DISEASE
	NON-HODGKIN’S LYMPHOMA
	OTHER CONDITIONS
35 Small Bowel
	ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
	SHORT-GUT SYNDROME
	CAUSES OF STEATORRHEA
	NONHEALING FISTULA
	BOWEL OBSTRUCTION
	GALLSTONE ILEUS
	MECKEL’S DIVERTICULUM
	DUODENAL DIVERTICULA
	CROHN’S DISEASE
	CARCINOID
	INTUSSUSCEPTION IN ADULTS
	BENIGN SMALL BOWEL TUMORS
	MALIGNANT SMALL BOWEL TUMORS (RARE)
	STOMAS
	APPENDICITIS
	OTHER APPENDIX
	ILEUS
	TYPHOID ENTERITIS (SALMONELLA)
36 Colorectal
	ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
	POLYPS
	COLORECTAL CANCER
	FAMILIAL ADENOMATOUS POLYPOSIS (FAP)
	LYNCH SYNDROMES (HEREDITARY NONPOLYPOSIS COLON CANCER)
	SIGMOID VOLVULUS
	CECAL VOLVULUS
	ULCERATIVE COLITIS
	CARCINOID OF THE COLON AND RECTUM
	COLONIC OBSTRUCTION
	OGILVIE’S SYNDROME
	AMOEBIC COLITIS
	ACTINOMYCES
	DIVERTICULA
	LOWER GI BLEEDING
	DIVERTICULITIS
	DIVERTICULOSIS BLEEDING
	ANGIODYSPLASIA BLEEDING
	ISCHEMIC COLITIS
	PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS COLITIS (C. DIFFICILE COLITIS)
	NEUTROPENIC TYPHLITIS (ENTEROCOLITIS)
	OTHER COLON DISEASES
37 Anal and Rectal
	INTRODUCTION
	HEMORRHOIDS
	RECTAL PROLAPSE
	CONDYLOMATA ACUMINATA
	ANAL FISSURE
	ANORECTAL ABSCESS
	PILONIDAL CYSTS
	FISTULA-IN-ANO
	RECTOVAGINAL FISTULAS
	ANAL INCONTINENCE
	AIDS ANORECTAL PROBLEMS
	ANAL CANCER
	NODAL METASTASES
38 Hernias, Abdomen, and Surgical Technology
	INGUINAL HERNIAS
	FEMORAL HERNIA
	OTHER HERNIAS
	RECTUS SHEATH
	DESMOID TUMORS
	RETROPERITONEAL FIBROSIS
	MESENTERIC TUMORS
	RETROPERITONEAL TUMORS
	OMENTAL TUMORS
	PERITONEAL MEMBRANE
	CO2 PNEUMOPERITONEUM
	SURGICAL TECHNOLOGY
39 Urology
	ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
	KIDNEY STONES
	TESTICULAR CANCER
	PROSTATE CANCER
	RENAL CELL CARCINOMA (RCC, HYPERNEPHROMA)
	BLADDER CANCER
	TESTICULAR TORSION
	URETERAL TRAUMA
	BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY (BPH)
	NEUROGENIC BLADDER
	NEUROGENIC OBSTRUCTIVE UROPATHY
	INCONTINENCE
	OTHER UROLOGIC DISEASES
40 Gynecology
	LIGAMENTS
	ULTRASOUND
	PREGNANCY
	ABORTIONS
	ENDOMETRIOSIS
	PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE
	MITTELSCHMERZ
	VAGINAL CANCER
	VULVAR CANCER
	OVARIAN CANCER
	ENDOMETRIAL CANCER
	CERVICAL CANCER
	OVARIAN CYSTS
	ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDING
	OTHER GYNECOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS
41 Neurosurgery
	INTRODUCTION
	CIRCLE OF WILLIS
	NERVE INJURY
	ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
	STROKE
	HEMORRHAGE
	SPINAL CORD INJURY
	BRAIN TUMORS
	SPINE TUMORS
	PEDIATRIC NEUROSURGERY
	MISCELLANEOUS
42 Orthopedics
	BACKGROUND
	LOWER EXTREMITY NERVES
	LUMBAR DISC HERNIATION
	TERMINAL BRANCHES OF BRACHIAL PLEXUS
	UPPER EXTREMITY
	LOWER EXTREMITY
	LEG COMPARTMENTS
	COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
	PEDIATRIC ORTHOPEDICS
	BONE TUMORS
	OTHER ORTHOPEDIC CONDITIONS
43 Pediatric Surgery
	INTRODUCTION
	MAINTENANCE INTRAVENOUS FLUIDS
	CONGENITAL CYSTIC DISEASE OF THE LUNG
	MEDIASTINAL MASSES IN CHILDREN
	CHOLEDOCHAL CYST
	LYMPHADENOPATHY
	DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIAS AND CHEST WALL
	BRANCHIAL CLEFT CYST
	CYSTIC HYGROMA
	THYROGLOSSAL DUCT CYST
	HEMANGIOMA
	NEUROBLASTOMA
	WILMS TUMOR (NEPHROBLASTOMA)
	HEPATOBLASTOMA
	MOST COMMONS
	MECKEL’S DIVERTICULUM
	PYLORIC STENOSIS
	INTUSSUSCEPTION
	INTESTINAL ATRESIAS
	DUODENAL ATRESIA
	TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULAS (TEF)
	MALROTATION
	MECONIUM ILEUS
	NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS (NEC)
	CONGENITAL VASCULAR MALFORMATION
	IMPERFORATE ANUS
	GASTROSCHISIS
	OMPHALOCELE
	EXSTROPHY OF URINARY BLADDER
	HIRSCHSPRUNG’S DISEASE
	UMBILICAL HERNIA
	INGUINAL HERNIA
	HYDROCELE
	CYSTIC DUPLICATION
	BILIARY ATRESIA
	TERATOMA
	UNDESCENDED TESTICLES
	TRACHEOMALACIA
	LARYNGOMALACIA
	CHOANAL ATRESIA
	LARYNGEAL PAPILLOMATOSIS
	CEREBRAL PALSY
	44 Statistics and Patient Safety
	INTRODUCTION
	TRIALS AND STUDIES
	QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES
	QUALITATIVE VARIABLES
	PATIENT SAFETY
Appendix
Index