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ویرایش: 1
نویسندگان: Jacques Corcos. Eric Schick
سری:
ISBN (شابک) : 1841842060, 0203690737
ناشر: Informa Healthcare
سال نشر: 2003
تعداد صفحات: 798
زبان: English
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود)
حجم فایل: 16 مگابایت
در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب Textbook of the Neurogenic Bladder به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
توجه داشته باشید کتاب کتاب درسی مثانه نوروژنیک نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
همه بیماران مبتلا به اختلال عملکرد وزیکو- مجرای ادرار، صرف نظر از ماهیت فرآیند عصبی ایجاد کننده آن، با ابزارهای تشخیصی یکسان مورد بررسی قرار می گیرند. این متن به خوبی نشان داده شده، دستورالعملهای عالی را برای انجام معاینات کامل، کارآمد و مفید بزرگسالان و کودکان با استفاده از ابزارها و آزمایشهای مختلف در اختیار پزشک قرار میدهد. ارزیابی و درمان مثانه نوروژنیک، شامل گزینههای درمانی جراحی و غیرجراحی از سوی متخصصان بینالمللی، بدون شک منبع مفیدی در انتخاب بهترین درمانها برای نتایج مطلوب است.
All patients with vesico-urethral dysfunction, regardless of the nature of the neurological process causing it, are investigated with the same diagnostic tools. This well-illustrated text provides the physician, whether qualified or in training, with excellent instruction for conducting thorough, efficient and beneficial examinations of both adults and children using a variety of instruments and tests. Including surgical and non-surgical treatment options from international experts, Evaluation and Treatment of the Neurogenic Bladder is undoubtedly a useful resource in choosing the best treatments for optimal results.
Cover......Page 0
Textbook of the Neurogenic Bladder......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
Contributors......Page 10
Foreword......Page 16
Introduction......Page 18
Part I The normal urinary tract......Page 20
Development of the cloaca......Page 22
Development of the trigone......Page 23
Development of the urethra......Page 24
Development of the innervation to the lower urinary tract......Page 27
The molecular biology of development......Page 28
References......Page 29
The detrusor muscle......Page 30
The male urethra......Page 31
Nonadrenergic noncholinergic innervation......Page 32
Locus caeruleus and subcaeruleus nucleus......Page 33
References......Page 34
Purinergic receptors......Page 36
Nonspecific cation channels......Page 37
Passive membrane properties and cell coupling......Page 38
Contractile proteins......Page 39
Regulation of the contractile apparatus......Page 40
Spontaneous activity......Page 42
Excitatory innervation......Page 43
Myofibroblasts......Page 44
Voiding......Page 45
Urothelium and suburothelial region......Page 46
Receptors......Page 47
Urethral relaxation......Page 48
References......Page 49
Striated muscle of the rhabdosphincter......Page 56
Functional properties of fast and slow muscle......Page 57
Histochemistry......Page 58
Development of the striated muscle of the urethral sphincter and of its innervation......Page 59
Peripheral motor nerves......Page 60
Viscerosomatic reflexes......Page 61
Anatomy......Page 62
Cortex and hypothalamus: the voluntary control of the striated muscle of the lower urinary tract......Page 63
Cell biology of striated muscle and the peripheral nerve and muscle junction......Page 64
Neurotrophins and other trophic factors......Page 65
Agrins......Page 66
Reflex control of the striated muscle of the lower urinary tract following spinal injury......Page 67
Conclusions......Page 69
References......Page 70
Nervous control......Page 76
Cholinergic mechanisms......Page 78
Adrenergic mechanisms......Page 79
Non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic mechanisms......Page 80
Muscarinic receptors......Page 83
α Adrenoceptors......Page 84
Nitric oxide......Page 85
Adenosine triphosphate......Page 86
References......Page 87
Efferent pathways of the lower urinary tract......Page 92
Sympathetic pathways......Page 93
Afferent pathways of the lower urinary tract......Page 94
Interaction between urothelium and afferent nerves......Page 95
The storage phase of the bladder......Page 96
The emptying phase of the bladder......Page 98
Spinal cord......Page 99
Pontine micturition center......Page 100
Central pathways modulating the micturition reflex......Page 101
Developmental changes of bladder reflexes......Page 102
References......Page 103
Part II Functional pathology of the lower urinary tract......Page 108
Cerebrovascular accident......Page 110
Cerebral palsy......Page 111
Parkinson’s disease......Page 112
Myelodysplasia......Page 113
Spinal cord injury......Page 114
Diabetes......Page 115
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome......Page 116
Human T-lymphotropic virus......Page 117
Syphilis......Page 118
Radical hysterectomy......Page 119
Non-neurogenic neurogenic bladder......Page 120
References......Page 121
Ultrastructural pathology of neurogenic bladder......Page 124
Axonal degeneration......Page 127
Axonal regeneration......Page 129
Morphologically normal axons......Page 130
Detrusor smooth muscle in experimental lower motoneuron neurogenic bladder......Page 131
Pathophysiologic considerations......Page 133
Pathology of detrusor in long-standing clinical upper motoneuron neurogenic bladder......Page 135
Pathologic features of rhabdosphincter in experimental lower motoneuron neurogenic bladder......Page 137
Innervation......Page 139
Myofibers......Page 141
Pathophysiologic considerations......Page 142
Acknowledgment......Page 144
References......Page 145
Normal properties of the detrusor......Page 150
Spontaneous activity......Page 151
Ultrastructural changes......Page 152
Changes in the bladder wall......Page 154
Changes in the micturition reflex......Page 155
Possible causes of these changes......Page 156
The problem of urgency......Page 157
References......Page 158
Guarding reflexes (guarding against stress urinary incontinence)......Page 162
Diabetes mellitus (diabetic cystopathy)......Page 163
Treatment of diabetic cystopathy......Page 164
Neuroanatomy and pathophysiology......Page 165
Clinical findings......Page 166
Urodynamic findings......Page 167
Treatment......Page 168
Herpes zoster and herpes simplex......Page 169
Sacral afferent input-modifying micturition reflexes......Page 170
Myogenic sections......Page 171
References......Page 172
Natural history of compliance in neurogenic bladder: prognostic factors related to the mode of drainage......Page 176
Data on disorders of compliance derived from conservative treatments of neurogenic bladder......Page 177
Data derived from experimental studies......Page 178
References......Page 179
Ganglion cells and sacral neurons......Page 182
Micturition and continence pathways......Page 183
Forebrain micturition control......Page 184
Pathophysiology of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia......Page 185
References......Page 186
Neurophysiology of autonomic dysreflexia after spinal cord injury......Page 188
Changes in sympathetic preganglionic neurons......Page 189
Incidence and prevalence......Page 190
Morbidity......Page 191
Conclusion......Page 192
References......Page 193
Innervation of the lower urinary tract......Page 196
Physiology of urine storage and micturition......Page 198
The pathophysiology of spinal cord injury......Page 199
Secondary mechanisms......Page 200
Vascular changes......Page 201
Free radical pathology and lipid peroxidation......Page 202
Ionic derangements......Page 203
Apoptosis (programmed cell death)......Page 204
Inflammation......Page 205
Endogenous opioids......Page 206
References......Page 207
Part III Neurological pathologies responsible for the development of the neurogenic bladder......Page 212
What is folic acid?......Page 214
Randomized controlled trials......Page 215
Dietary folate and plasma folate concentration......Page 216
National policies on and awareness of reducing risks with folic acid......Page 217
Guidelines for clinical management......Page 218
Clinical management......Page 219
Guidelines for children 6–15 years of age......Page 220
Case reports......Page 221
Summary......Page 223
References......Page 224
Urodynamic types of lower urinary tract dysfunction......Page 228
Principles of management of lower urinary tract dysfunction......Page 229
Undiversion and conversion......Page 230
References......Page 231
Clinical signs......Page 234
Urinary signs......Page 235
Clinical signs......Page 236
References......Page 237
Peripheral innervation......Page 240
Examinations......Page 241
Alcoholism......Page 243
Porphyrias......Page 244
References......Page 245
Pathophysiology......Page 248
Clinical features......Page 249
Clinical and urodynamic diagnosis......Page 250
Treatment and prognosis......Page 251
References......Page 252
Anatomic considerations in lower urinary tract innervation......Page 254
Neuro-urologic examination......Page 256
Abdominoperineal resection......Page 257
Hysterectomy......Page 258
Radiation therapy......Page 259
References......Page 261
Prevalence rate of urinary incontinence......Page 264
Etiology......Page 265
Other cerebral causes......Page 266
Drug-induced incontinence and retention......Page 268
Detrusor hyperreflexia during filling......Page 269
Toileting/behavioral therapy......Page 271
Detrusor hyperreflexia......Page 272
Electrical stimulation......Page 273
References......Page 274
Physiology and pathophysiology of motor dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease......Page 278
Pathophysiology of motor dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease......Page 279
Symptoms......Page 280
Urethral function......Page 281
References......Page 282
Urinary dysfunction and orthostatic hypotension......Page 284
Urinary dysfunction and motor disorders......Page 285
Detrusor hyperreflexia and uninhibited external sphincter relaxation......Page 286
Impaired detrusor contractility and detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia......Page 287
Sphincter electromyography and videourodynamics......Page 288
Detrusor hyperreflexia......Page 289
References......Page 290
Immunopathology......Page 294
Clinical presentation and course of multiple sclerosis......Page 295
Neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of normal lower urinary tract......Page 297
Suprasacral plaques......Page 298
Urologic symptoms associated with multiple sclerosis......Page 300
Physical examination......Page 301
Detrusor hyporeflexia......Page 302
Management of urinary manifestations of multiple sclerosis......Page 303
Behavioral modifications and pelvic floor rehabilitation......Page 304
Pharmacologic therapy......Page 305
Surgical management......Page 306
Pharmacologic therapy......Page 307
Pharmacologic therapy......Page 308
References......Page 309
Transverse myelitis......Page 312
Urodynamic findings......Page 315
Treatment......Page 317
Lyme disease......Page 318
Experimental observations......Page 319
Clinical observations......Page 320
References......Page 321
Urologic impact......Page 324
Cranial imaging and the neuro-urology of micturition......Page 325
Incontinence......Page 326
Detrusor hyperreflexia......Page 327
Urinary incontinence......Page 329
Other lower urinary tract symptoms......Page 330
References......Page 331
Introduction......Page 334
Lumbar spine: cauda equina syndrome......Page 335
Cystoscopy......Page 337
Flowmetry......Page 338
Postoperative results......Page 339
Conclusions......Page 340
References......Page 341
Clinical presentation......Page 344
Clinical diagnosis......Page 345
Treatment......Page 346
References......Page 347
Neuroanatomy......Page 348
Serotonin......Page 350
Opioid peptides......Page 351
Classification......Page 352
The bladder in ‘spinal shock’......Page 353
Detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia (internal and external)......Page 356
Autonomic dysreflexia......Page 357
Bladder......Page 358
Bladder neck and proximal urethra......Page 359
References......Page 360
Cerebral palsy......Page 364
Cerebellar and spinocerebellar disorders......Page 366
Type 1 (von Recklinhausen’s disease)......Page 367
Neurocutaneous melanosis......Page 368
Myasthenia gravis......Page 369
Myotonic dystrophy......Page 370
Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy......Page 371
Epilepsy......Page 373
References......Page 374
Part IV Evaluation of neurogenic bladder dysfunction......Page 378
Duration of symptoms......Page 380
Non-genitourinary review of systems......Page 381
Conclusion......Page 382
References......Page 383
Patient quality of life......Page 384
Quality of life measurement in spinal cord injury......Page 385
Development and validation of a specific quality of life questionnaire to assess the impact of urinary disorders in spinal cord injury patients......Page 386
Key findings from a specific quality of life questionnaire......Page 387
Results......Page 388
Summary......Page 389
References......Page 390
The Abrams–Klevmark classification......Page 392
Rationale for the voiding diary......Page 393
Normal values......Page 394
Females......Page 395
Duration of the chart......Page 396
The frequency–volume chart as a diagnostic tool......Page 397
Normal frequency–volume chart......Page 398
Sensory urgency......Page 399
Effect of neuromodulation......Page 401
Conclusion......Page 403
References......Page 404
Types of pad tests......Page 406
Children......Page 407
The 12-hour test......Page 408
The elderly......Page 409
References......Page 410
Equipment......Page 412
Bladder neck cystoscopic evaluation......Page 413
Bladder wall trabeculations......Page 414
Ureteral orifices......Page 415
Foreign bodies......Page 416
References......Page 418
Open bladder neck and proximal urethra at rest......Page 420
Imaging of the lower urinary tract......Page 422
Imaging of the upper urinary tract......Page 424
References......Page 425
Indications for uroflowmetry......Page 428
Interpretation of uroflowmetry......Page 429
Uroflowmetry and electromyography recordings......Page 430
Voiding pressures......Page 431
References......Page 432
Classification of neurogenic voiding dysfunction......Page 434
Noninvasive urodynamic assessment......Page 435
Cystometrogram......Page 436
Storage parameters – leak point pressures......Page 438
Voiding phase......Page 440
References......Page 441
Development of bladder function......Page 444
The investigation must be adapted to the child’s needs!......Page 446
Uroflow......Page 447
Frequently asked questions (FAQs) regarding cystometric techniques......Page 448
Invasive urodynamics: natural fill (ambulatory) cystometry......Page 450
Bladder capacity......Page 451
Detrusor contractility......Page 452
Compliance of the bladder wall......Page 453
Classification of neurogenic bladder dysfunction in infants and children......Page 454
Examples of common urodynamic patterns in neurogenic bladder dysfunction in children......Page 455
References......Page 458
General remarks......Page 460
Clinical assessment before electrophysiological evaluation......Page 461
Innervation of the pelvic structures......Page 462
Physiological principles of electrophysiological testing......Page 463
Kinesiological electromyography......Page 464
Concentric needle electromyography......Page 465
Single fiber electromyography vs concentric needle electromyography......Page 469
Sacral reflexes......Page 470
Motor nerve conduction studies......Page 472
Electroneurography of the dorsal penile nerve......Page 473
Sympathetic skin response......Page 474
Cauda equina and conus medullaris lesions and spinal dysrhaphisms......Page 475
Patient groups with neurogenic bladders in whom uroneurophysiological tests are of research interest......Page 476
References......Page 477
Autonomic dysreflexia......Page 482
Endoscopy......Page 483
References......Page 484
Part V Classification......Page 486
Introduction......Page 488
The micturition cycle......Page 489
The balance between the lower urinary tract and the nervous system......Page 490
Disorder, consequences, and comorbidity......Page 491
Patterns of recognition......Page 492
A harmonic micturition cycle?......Page 493
Bladder outlet obstruction......Page 494
Female incontinence......Page 495
Increased lower urinary tract activity......Page 496
A simplified structure and function based classification of lower urinary tract disorders......Page 497
Consequences of disorders......Page 498
References......Page 499
Part VI Treatment......Page 500
Physiotherapy......Page 502
Intermittent catheterization and intermittent self-catheterization......Page 504
References......Page 509
Bladder relaxant drugs......Page 514
Tolterodine......Page 515
Trospium......Page 516
Therapy for sphincter dyssynergia......Page 517
Alpha-adrenergic blockade......Page 518
Benzodiazepines......Page 519
Neurogenic bladder drug development......Page 520
References......Page 521
Common vanilloids, VR1 receptor, and desensitization......Page 526
Clinical experience with intravesical capsaicin......Page 527
The ideal patient, the ideal vanilloid, and how to apply it......Page 529
Ideal patient for botulinum A toxin treatment......Page 532
References......Page 534
Background......Page 538
Pharmacokinetic advantage......Page 539
Clinical efficacy in the overactive bladder......Page 540
Dose escalation and occurrence of dry mouth......Page 541
Discussion......Page 542
References......Page 543
Acute treatment......Page 544
Autonomic dysreflexia treatment during pregnancy and labor......Page 545
References......Page 546
General background......Page 548
Activation of continence reflexes by electrical stimulation......Page 549
Clinical techniques of electrical stimulation......Page 550
Electrical stimulation in various neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunctions......Page 551
References......Page 552
Location of stimulation......Page 554
Preoperative investigation......Page 556
Results......Page 557
Detrusor pressure......Page 558
Leakage of cerebrospinal fluid......Page 559
Selection of patients......Page 560
Detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia......Page 561
References......Page 562
Electrical stimulation for chronic lower urinary tract dysfunction......Page 566
References......Page 568
Background......Page 570
Results......Page 571
Implications for practice......Page 572
References......Page 573
Introduction......Page 576
Results......Page 577
Method......Page 579
Results......Page 580
S2–S4 Deafferentation......Page 581
References......Page 582
Introduction......Page 584
Mechanism of action......Page 585
Postoperative care......Page 586
Results......Page 587
Introduction......Page 589
Surgical techniques......Page 590
Introduction......Page 592
Indications and patient selection......Page 595
Surgical technique......Page 596
Results and complications......Page 597
Young–Dees–Leadbetter procedure......Page 600
Kropp bladder neck reconstruction......Page 601
Indications and patient selection......Page 602
Results and complications......Page 603
Surgical technique......Page 606
Introduction......Page 608
Sphincterotomy techniques......Page 609
Sphincteric stenting techniques......Page 610
Balloon dilatation of the external urethral sphincter......Page 612
References......Page 614
Introduction......Page 618
The choice of urinary diversion: patient considerations......Page 619
Antibiotic coverage......Page 620
Ureterointestinal anastomoses......Page 621
Noncontinent urinary diversion......Page 622
Ileal vesicostomy......Page 623
Continence mechanisms......Page 624
Continent bladder stoma......Page 625
The Mitrofanoff principle......Page 626
Complications of urinary diversion......Page 628
Electrolyte abnormalities......Page 629
Magnesium deficiency, drug intoxication, or abnormalities in ammonia metabolism......Page 630
Neuromechanical complications......Page 631
References......Page 632
Tissue engineering of the urethra......Page 636
Tissue engineering of the bladder......Page 637
Injectable therapies using tissue engineering techniques......Page 638
Genetically engineered cells......Page 639
Therapeutic cloning for tissue engineering......Page 640
References......Page 641
Introduction......Page 644
Sacral anterior root stimulation for emptying the paralysed bladder......Page 645
Sacral root stimulation for suppressing detrusor hyperreflexia......Page 646
Conditional neuromodulation for automatic control of reflex incontinence......Page 648
Selective stimulation of sacral roots to prevent detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia......Page 650
Prospects for complete restoration of bladder control by neuroprosthesis......Page 652
References......Page 653
Neuroprotection following spinal cord injury......Page 656
Cellular transplantation following spinal cord injury......Page 657
Future directions......Page 658
References......Page 659
Part VII Synthesis of treatment......Page 662
Therapeutic classification of vesicourethral dysfunction......Page 664
Bladder wall strengthening by striated muscle flap......Page 665
Pharmacological manipulation......Page 666
Surgery......Page 667
The pharmacological approach......Page 668
Irreversible surgical procedures......Page 669
Periurethral injections......Page 670
References......Page 671
Anticholinergic medications and clean intermittent catheterization......Page 674
Cutaneous vesicostomy......Page 675
Techniques which preserve the urothelium......Page 676
Urethral lengthening procedures......Page 678
The artificial urinary sphincter......Page 680
References......Page 681
Normal vesicourethral balance......Page 686
The obstructive outlet......Page 687
The normotonic outlet......Page 688
The obstructive outlet......Page 689
References......Page 690
Part VIII Complications......Page 692
Microorganisms involved......Page 694
Cystitis......Page 695
Lithiasis......Page 696
Renal calculi......Page 697
Bladder stones......Page 698
Neoplasm......Page 699
References......Page 700
Pathophysiology of upper urinary tract damage caused by neurogenic bladder dysfunction......Page 702
Spinal cord injury......Page 703
Ultrasonography......Page 704
Cystoscopy......Page 705
Urine drainage......Page 706
Bladder augmentation techniques......Page 708
References......Page 709
Part IX Prognosis......Page 712
The role of elevated intravesical pressure during the storage phase......Page 714
Gender......Page 715
Asymptomatic infections......Page 716
Lithiases......Page 717
Compliance......Page 718
Surveillance will be especially close as intravesical pressures are high......Page 719
References......Page 720
Appendices......Page 722
Appendix 1 The standardisation of terminology in lower urinary tract function*......Page 724
1 Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS)......Page 725
2 Signs suggestive of Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction (LUTD)......Page 727
3 Urodynamic observations and conditions......Page 729
5 Treatment......Page 734
References......Page 735
1 Introduction......Page 736
2.1.2 Specific history......Page 737
3 Investigations......Page 739
3.1.6 Urethral pressure measurement*......Page 740
3.2.2 Cystometry......Page 741
3.2.11 Specific uro-neurophysiological tests......Page 742
3.3.4 Bladder pressure measurements during micturition and pressure–flow relationships......Page 743
3.3.7 Video urodynamics......Page 744
4 Clinical value and classification of urodynamic investigation......Page 745
References......Page 746
2 Terminology of surgical procedures......Page 748
3.2.6 Other relevant studies......Page 749
4.1 Enterocystometry......Page 750
4.3 Quantification of urine loss......Page 751
6 Classification of storage dysfunction of an intestinal urinary reservoir......Page 752
6.1.3 Activity......Page 753
References......Page 754
2.1.2 Regional spinal anaesthesia......Page 756
2.2.2 Definitions......Page 757
2.3.5 Functional classification......Page 759
2.5 References......Page 760
3.3.1 General physical examination......Page 762
3.4.1 Introduction......Page 763
3.4.3 Specific uro-neurophysiologic tests......Page 764
3.6 References......Page 765
4.2.2 Lower urinary tract rehabilitation......Page 766
4.3.1 Catheterization......Page 767
4.3.5 Bladder neck and urethral procedures......Page 768
4.4.3 Denervation, deafferentation, neurostimulation, neuromodulation......Page 769
4.5 Guidelines for surgical treatment......Page 770
4.6 References......Page 771
6.2 References......Page 778
8 Conclusion......Page 779
9 Abbreviations......Page 780
Index......Page 782