Textbook of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery

Title page......Page 2
Table of Contents......Page 4
Copyright......Page 28
Dedication......Page 30
Foreword......Page 31
Preface to the Third Edition......Page 34
Preface to the First Edition......Page 36
Section I: Definition and Scope of Oral Surgery......Page 38
Dentistry (ADA Definition)......Page 39
Purpose of specialisation......Page 42
What a graduate should know......Page 43
Section II: Diagnosis......Page 46
Chapter 2: History Taking and Clinical Examination......Page 47
History taking......Page 50
Clinical examination......Page 56
Examination of ulcer......Page 76
Examination of a swelling......Page 79
Chapter 3: Radiodiagnosis......Page 90
Diagnostic tools......Page 92
Plain X-rays......Page 93
Digital imaging......Page 125
Tomography......Page 126
Magnetic resonance imaging......Page 142
Nuclear medicine......Page 143
Ultrasonography......Page 155
Chapter 4: Diagnostic Aid—Haematological, Biochemical and Microbiological Investigations......Page 158
Haematological investigations......Page 159
Biochemical investigations......Page 177
Microbiologic tests......Page 183
Chapter 5: Histopathological Investigation......Page 204
Biopsy......Page 208
Cytology......Page 221
Immunohistochemistry......Page 228
Section III: Medical Management in Oral Surgery......Page 233
Chapter 6: Management of Medically Compromised......Page 234
Hypertension......Page 235
Diabetes mellitus......Page 238
Hypoglycaemia......Page 240
Dysrhythmia......Page 245
Angina pectoris......Page 247
Myocardial infarction......Page 248
Congestive heart failure......Page 250
Infective endocarditis......Page 251
Asthma......Page 255
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease......Page 256
Renal disorders......Page 257
Adrenal insufficiency......Page 260
Hyperthyroidism......Page 261
Haematologic diseases......Page 262
Congenital coagulation defects......Page 263
Bleeding disorders......Page 268
Platelet disorders......Page 269
Neurological disorder......Page 273
Pregnancy......Page 274
Infectious diseases......Page 275
Hepatitis B......Page 284
Chapter 7: Medical Emergencies and their Management......Page 290
Chapter 8: Therapeutics in Oral Surgery......Page 336
Antimicrobials......Page 339
Analgesics......Page 365
Anti-inflammatory......Page 375
Antioedematous substances......Page 381
Antiallergic......Page 384
Local anaesthesia......Page 386
Sedatives and hypnotics......Page 387
Muscle relaxants......Page 391
Dressings to protect wounds and relieve pain......Page 392
Stimulants for circulatory failure, syncope and collapse......Page 395
Section IV: Anaesthesia in Oral Surgery......Page 397
Chapter 9: Local Anaesthesia......Page 398
Electrophysiology of nerve conduction (Fig. 9.1)......Page 400
Classification......Page 403
Basic injection techniques......Page 414
Intraoral techniques (Fig. 9.7)......Page 418
Extraoral techniques......Page 439
Block anaesthesia for the mandible......Page 447
Intraoral techniques (Fig. 9.37)......Page 448
Extraoral techniques......Page 469
Complication of local anaesthesia......Page 473
Chapter 10: General Anaesthesia......Page 486
Preanaesthetic evaluation......Page 488
General examination......Page 495
Delivery of anaesthetic gases and vapours......Page 507
Managing the airway......Page 515
Anaesthetic drugs......Page 528
Induction of anaesthesia......Page 529
Maintenance of anaesthesia: inhalational (volatile) agents and intravenous infusions......Page 535
Muscle relaxation during anaesthesia: neuromuscular blocking drugs and their antagonism......Page 543
Conscious sedation......Page 550
Section V: Principles of Practising Oral Surgery......Page 556
Chapter 11: Armamentarium......Page 557
Airway maintenance/anaesthesia......Page 562
Presurgical asepsis and draping......Page 579
Soft tissue handling armamentarium......Page 581
Instruments used for reflecting the mucoperiosteal flap......Page 591
Hard tissue handling instrument......Page 618
Instruments used for management of fractures......Page 640
Miscellaneous instruments......Page 648
Diathermy (electrocautery)......Page 667
Chapter 12: Sterilisation and Disinfection......Page 668
Cleansing of instruments......Page 670
Methods of sterilisation......Page 671
Operating room decorum......Page 690
Infection control......Page 695
Incision......Page 713
Principles of wound incision......Page 714
Principles and guidelines for flap designs......Page 715
Intraoral incisions......Page 717
Extraoral incisions......Page 725
Extraoral flap designs in oral surgery......Page 732
Skin grafts (Fig.  13.20−13.22)......Page 735
Chapter 14: Suturing Materials and Techniques......Page 739
Classification......Page 741
Absorbable suture materials......Page 744
Non-absorbable suture materials......Page 747
Needles......Page 751
Principles of suturing......Page 756
Suture methods......Page 758
Knot......Page 765
Staples......Page 769
Wound closure tapes......Page 770
Chapter 15: Haemorrhage and Shock......Page 772
Haemorrhage......Page 773
Haemostasis......Page 777
Shock......Page 793
Surgical drains......Page 799
Section VI: Minor Oral Surgery......Page 805
Chapter 17: Exodontia......Page 806
Indications for extraction......Page 808
Contraindications for extraction......Page 809
Assessment of teeth for extraction......Page 813
Anaesthesia......Page 814
Techniques of extraction of teeth......Page 815
Principles of tooth removal......Page 823
Complications of extraction......Page 850
Chapter 18: Impaction......Page 873
Maxillary third molars......Page 941
Impacted cuspids......Page 954
Surgical technique......Page 964
Chapter 19: Endodontic Surgery......Page 968
Classification of endodontic surgery......Page 970
Chapter 20: Preprosthetic Surgery......Page 1017
Hard tissue surgeries......Page 1032
Soft tissue procedures......Page 1062
Repositioning of inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) (Fig. 20.48)......Page 1081
Chapter 21: Dental Implantology......Page 1083
Implant treatment protocol......Page 1115
Surgical complication of implant therapy......Page 1146
Section VII: Space Infections......Page 1162
Chapter 22: Head and Neck Space Infections, Part -I......Page 1163
Chapter 23: Head and Neck Space Infections, Part -II......Page 1177
Chapter 24: Head and Neck Space Infections, Part -III......Page 1185
Potential spaces......Page 1189
Classification of fascial spaces......Page 1191
Primary fascial spaces......Page 1194
Buccal space......Page 1196
Infratemporal space......Page 1199
Submental space......Page 1201
Submandibular space......Page 1202
Sublingual space......Page 1207
Secondary fascial spaces (Fig. 24.15)......Page 1209
Parotid space infection......Page 1211
Submasseteric space......Page 1212
Pterygomandibular space......Page 1217
Lateral pharyngeal space......Page 1218
Retropharyngeal space......Page 1221
Peritonsillar abscess (quinsy)......Page 1222
Ludwig’s angina......Page 1223
Clinical features......Page 1225
Carotid space infection (Fig. 24.25)......Page 1229
Chapter 25: Osteomyelitis, Osteoradionecrosis and Osteochemonecrosis......Page 1239
Osteomyelitis......Page 1240
Osteoradionecrosis......Page 1255
Osteochemonecrosis......Page 1266
Treatment of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw......Page 1272
Section VIII: Maxillofacial Pathologies......Page 1275
Chapter 26: Cysts of the Oral Cavity......Page 1276
Odontogenic and nonodontogenic cyst derivatives......Page 1278
Pathogenesis of cyst formation......Page 1279
Prognostic factors......Page 1322
Chapter 27: Odontogenic Tumours......Page 1329
Benign tumours......Page 1333
Malignant tumours......Page 1353
Chapter 28: Nonodontogenic Tumours......Page 1356
Osteoma......Page 1357
Fibro-osseous lesions......Page 1360
Chapter 29: Oral Cancer......Page 1375
Staging and grading of oral cancer......Page 1377
Aetiopathogenesis......Page 1379
Squamous cell carcinoma......Page 1383
Histologic variants of squamous cell carcinoma......Page 1388
Basal (Rodent ulcer)......Page 1389
Ewing’s sarcoma (endothelial myeloma, round cell sarcoma)......Page 1391
Osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma)......Page 1393
Multiple myeloma (plasma cell myeloma, plasmacytoma)......Page 1394
Chapter 30: Management of Head and Neck Tumours......Page 1397
Surgical management......Page 1398
Radiotherapy......Page 1416
Radioprotectors......Page 1423
Chemotherapy......Page 1424
Chapter 31: Salivary Gland Pathologies......Page 1427
Classification of salivary gland diseases......Page 1457
Chapter 32: Maxillary Sinus and its Implications......Page 1507
Maxillary sinus......Page 1512
Advances in the management of maxillary sinus disease......Page 1548
Chapter 33: Orofacial Cleft......Page 1553
Prevalence......Page 1559
Evolution of theories of cleft embryo pathogenesis......Page 1560
Development of cleft lip and palate......Page 1562
Aetiology of oral cleft (OC)......Page 1582
Pathological anatomy......Page 1588
Problems faced by cleft children and their management......Page 1592
Management of patients with cleft lip and palate......Page 1594
Primary correction......Page 1595
Lip repair......Page 1598
Secondary corrections......Page 1617
Closure of alveolar cleft......Page 1624
Chapter 34: Orofacial Neuropathy......Page 1651
Anatomy of the peripheral nerve......Page 1653
Classification of disorders of the nerve......Page 1658
Section IX: Dentofacial Deformities......Page 1715
Chapter 35: Orthognathic Surgery......Page 1716
Diagnosis and treatment planning......Page 1726
Chapter 36: Distraction Osteogenesis......Page 1819
History of development of craniofacial distraction......Page 1821
Stages of distraction......Page 1825
Classification of distraction......Page 1826
Distractor device......Page 1829
Devices......Page 1832
Biologic aspect of distraction osteogenesis......Page 1836
Imaging of callus and its radiographic stages......Page 1841
Section X: TMJ......Page 1858
Chapter 37: Anatomy of TMJ......Page 1859
Joint anatomy......Page 1861
Chapter 38: TMJ Disorders......Page 1886
Classification of TMJ disorders......Page 1888
Temporomandibular joint disorders classification......Page 1889
Structural and developmental disorders of the condyle (Flowchart 38.1)......Page 1896
I. Functional disorders......Page 1915
Surgical management......Page 1926
Chapter 39: TMJ Ankylosis......Page 1928
Aetiology......Page 1929
Pathophysiology of TMJ ankylosis......Page 1932
Classification of ankylosis......Page 1933
Clinical presentation......Page 1940
Management......Page 1950
False ankylosis......Page 1968
Chapter 40: Internal Derangements and Condylar Dislocation......Page 1971
Internal derangement......Page 1972
Condylar dislocation (Condylar dislocation, Subluxation, Hypermobility of TMJ)......Page 1977
Section XI: Maxillofacial Trauma......Page 1994
Chapter 41: Emergency Management and Preliminary Examination of a Trauma Patient......Page 1995
Chapter 42: Basic Principles of Management of Maxillofacial Trauma......Page 2011
Principles in managing panfacial fractures......Page 2014
Chapter 43: Dentoalveolar Fracture......Page 2078
Chapter 44: Fractures of the Mandible......Page 2102
Classification of mandibular fracture (Box  44.2 and Box  44.3)......Page 2108
Condylar fractures......Page 2144
Edentulous mandible fracture......Page 2171
Chapter 45: Maxillary Fractures......Page 2180
Chapter 46: Orbitozygomatic Complex......Page 2224
Anatomy......Page 2226
Mechanism of zygomatico-orbital fractures......Page 2227
Orbital fractures......Page 2229
Clinical finding......Page 2242
Timing of repair......Page 2256
Principles of treatment of ZMC fractures......Page 2257
Fracture reduction......Page 2262
Fixation technique......Page 2265
Orbital floor reconstruction......Page 2270
Chapter 47: Naso-Orbito-Ethmoid Fracture......Page 2275
Anatomy of naso-orbito-ethmoid region......Page 2276
Nasal bone fracture......Page 2282
Chapter 48: Frontal Bone Fractures......Page 2313
Surgical anatomy......Page 2314
Applied anatomy......Page 2322
Types of frontal sinus fractures......Page 2323
Evaluation of frontal sinus injury......Page 2327
Management of frontal sinus fracture......Page 2340
Complications of frontal bone fracture......Page 2351
Section XII: Miscellaneous......Page 2357
Chapter 49: Medicolegal Considerations in Dentistry......Page 2358
Chapter 50: Recent Advances......Page 2366
Bone substitutes......Page 2367
Bioresorbable plates......Page 2388
Lasers in oral surgery......Page 2398
Piezoelectric surgery......Page 2421
Robotic surgery......Page 2427
Index......Page 2430