Textbook of neural repair and rehabilitation. / Volume II, Medical neurorehabilitation

Half-title......Page 2
Title......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents (contents of Volume II)......Page 6
Contents (contents of Volume I)......Page 10
Preface......Page 14
Contributors (contributors of Volume II)......Page 16
Contributors (contributors of Volume I)......Page 22
Neurorehabilitation......Page 28
Neural repair......Page 29
Epidemiology of neurological disabilities......Page 30
4 Impact of evidence-based medicine on neurorehabilitation......Page 31
5 Impact of the revolution in the science of neuroplasticity and regeneration on neurorehabilitation......Page 32
6 Rehabilitation of cognitive functions......Page 33
7 Purpose and organization of this book......Page 34
REFERENCES......Page 35
CONTENTS......Page 38
CONTENTS......Page 40
1.3 Developing and testing measures......Page 42
Reducing the number of items......Page 43
Testing the reliability, validity and responsiveness of the new scale......Page 44
Dynamic assessments......Page 47
Reliability, validity and responsiveness of gait speed......Page 49
Laboratory outcome measures......Page 52
Neuroimaging techniques for studying changes in brain activation patterns and their relationship with functional recovery......Page 53
REFERENCES......Page 55
The current view of M1 organization......Page 61
Implications of M1 organization for recovery after brain injury......Page 63
The current view of NPMA organization......Page 64
Implications of NPMA organization for recovery after brain injury......Page 66
2.3 The corticospinal tract......Page 67
2.4 Other descending motor tracts......Page 68
2.5 The importance of spared territory for reorganization and functional recovery......Page 69
REFERENCES......Page 70
3.2 Rationales for gait retraining......Page 74
Common gait deviations......Page 76
Task-oriented training......Page 78
Functional measures......Page 80
3.6 Neural repair strategies and gait training......Page 81
REFERENCES......Page 82
4.2 Basic principles in EMG......Page 85
Lower motor lesions......Page 86
Neuromuscular transmission defect......Page 89
4.6 Use of the EMG as an outcome measure......Page 90
REFERENCES......Page 91
5.2 Functional imaging techniques......Page 93
5.4 Cerebral reorganisation in chronic stroke......Page 94
5.5 The evolution of cerebral reorganisation after stroke......Page 98
5.7 Other imaging modalities......Page 101
REFERENCES......Page 102
CONTENTS......Page 106
6.1 Introduction......Page 108
6.3 Open label human trials......Page 109
6.4 Double-blind controlled studies to assess fetal nigral transplantation in PD......Page 110
6.6 Patient selection......Page 113
6.8 Off-medication dyskinesia......Page 114
6.9 Attempts to enhance survival of transplanted dopamine neurons......Page 115
6.10 Combined striatal and SNc grafts......Page 116
6.11 Other cell-based approaches to transplantation in PD......Page 117
6.12 Need for double-blind controlled trials and sham surgery......Page 118
6.13 Conclusion......Page 119
REFERENCES......Page 120
List of abbreviations......Page 125
7.1 Introduction......Page 126
7.2 Parameters of exercise training depend on the goal......Page 127
7.3 Motor learning, skills and the disablement model......Page 128
7.4 Spontaneous use versus skilled performance in arm and hand rehabilitation training......Page 129
Augmented feedback and explicit information......Page 131
Task scheduling......Page 133
REFERENCES......Page 136
Basic terminology......Page 140
Systems model of balance control......Page 141
Sensory integration and weighting......Page 142
Balance strategies......Page 144
Framework/goal of assessment and treatment......Page 146
Balance assessment......Page 147
Balance rehabilitation: approaches and efficacy......Page 149
Synthesis of principles: balance in PD......Page 151
REFERENCES......Page 152
Peripheral effects......Page 156
Surface electrodes......Page 157
Implantable electrodes......Page 158
Pulse rate (frequency)......Page 159
Management of musculoskeletal impairments......Page 160
Upper limb function in hemiparesis......Page 161
Therapeutic exercise......Page 162
FES for standing and walking in paraplegia......Page 163
FES for hand grasp and release......Page 164
Freehand system......Page 165
Handmaster......Page 166
Control of micturition with FES......Page 167
9.7 Future directions and challenges......Page 168
REFERENCES......Page 169
10.1 AT intervention......Page 173
AT for balance and gait impairments......Page 174
10.3 AT for cognitive impairments......Page 175
AT for memory......Page 176
AT for bathing......Page 177
AT for dressing......Page 178
AT for grooming......Page 179
AT for walking and mobility......Page 180
Food preparation......Page 181
10.6 Future assistive devices......Page 182
REFERENCES......Page 183
Upper extremity repetitive strain injuries......Page 184
Vibration exposure injuries and prevention......Page 185
Prevention of pressure ulcers......Page 186
Adjustment and fitting......Page 187
Electric powered wheelchair designs......Page 189
Scooters......Page 190
Use assessment, fitting, and training......Page 191
11.6 Specialized seating and mobility......Page 192
Positioning hardware......Page 194
Credentialing......Page 196
REFERENCES......Page 197
12.2 Rehabilitation robotics......Page 202
12.3 Orthoses......Page 207
Upper-limb amputation prostheses......Page 209
Interaction control......Page 210
Amputee performance of contact tasks......Page 211
Patient-adaptive prosthetic knee system......Page 212
REFERENCES......Page 214
13.1 Introduction......Page 219
13.2 Key concepts related to VR......Page 220
13.3 Instrumentation......Page 222
13.4 VR attributes for rehabilitation......Page 224
Cognitive deficits......Page 225
Motor deficits......Page 227
Instrumental activities of daily living......Page 228
13.6 A model of VR-based rehabilitation......Page 229
13.7 Conclusions......Page 230
REFERENCES......Page 231
14.1 Introduction......Page 235
14.2 Control and display......Page 237
Individuals with motor impairment......Page 238
Young children with cerebral palsy......Page 240
Individuals with mental retardation and other developmental cognitive disabilities......Page 241
Aphasia......Page 242
Autism......Page 243
Unmet needs......Page 244
14.5 Conclusion......Page 245
REFERENCES......Page 246
Appendix: web resources......Page 250
CONTENTS......Page 252
CONTENTS......Page 254
Chronic musculoskeletal pain......Page 256
Neuropathic pain......Page 259
Migraine and cluster headache......Page 261
Behavioral interventions......Page 262
Pharmacologic interventions......Page 263
15.4 Conclusions and summary......Page 264
REFERENCES......Page 265
Loss of somatic sensation following interruption to central and peripheral nervous systems......Page 268
Functional implications of loss......Page 269
Guidelines for the selection of measures for use in clinical settings......Page 270
Neural plastic changes associated with recovery of somatic sensations......Page 271
Review of documented programs in relation to basic science and empirical foundations......Page 272
Identification and application of principles to optimize perceptual learning and brain adaptation......Page 275
Specificity of learning and principles to facilitate learning transfer......Page 278
16.6 Future directions for the integration of basic science in clinical practice, as applied to neurorehabilitation of somatic sensation......Page 279
REFERENCES......Page 280
17.1 Physiology......Page 285
17.3 Clinical manifestations of spasticity......Page 286
17.4 Evaluation of spasticity......Page 287
17.5 Treatment general principles......Page 288
17.7 Physical therapy......Page 289
17.8 Pharmacologic interventions......Page 291
17.9 Intrathecal medications......Page 293
17.10 Nerve blocks and botulinum toxin injections......Page 294
17.12 Dorsal rhizotomy......Page 296
REFERENCES......Page 297
18.2 Definitions of weakness and strength......Page 302
Relationship between muscle strength and function......Page 303
18.4 Pathophysiology of weakness......Page 304
Direct changes in motor units......Page 305
Spasticity......Page 306
Altered multi-joint coordination/abnormal co-activation of synergistic muscles......Page 307
Length associated changes of muscle .bers and connective tissues in shortened position......Page 308
Lesion type and location......Page 309
18.6 Elements of the interventional process and the role of strengthening......Page 310
Intensity, duration, and frequency of treatment......Page 311
Long-term effects of treatment......Page 312
18.7 Future areas of investigation......Page 313
REFERENCES......Page 314
19.2 Introduction......Page 320
19.4 Gait disorder in Parkinson’s disease......Page 321
Central mechanisms......Page 322
Load receptor function......Page 323
19.5 Spastic gait disorder......Page 324
Reflexes and muscle tone......Page 325
Motor unit transformation......Page 326
Neuronal capacity of spinal cord from cat to humans......Page 327
Effect of locomotor training in paraplegic patients......Page 328
19.8 Assessment of function during rehabilitation......Page 329
19.9 Outlook......Page 330
REFERENCES......Page 331
20.2 Methods of examination of postural stability......Page 335
20.3 Overview of sensory contributions to postural control......Page 336
Ankle musculature responses to support surface perturbation......Page 338
Modulation of response to support surface perturbations......Page 339
20.5 The role of the vestibulo-ocular reflex in balance......Page 341
Measurement of gaze stability during head movement......Page 342
Treatment approach to vestibular rehabilitation......Page 343
Substitution exercises......Page 344
Exercise parameters......Page 346
Falls and fall risk in people with vestibular hypofunction......Page 347
REFERENCES......Page 348
21.2 Exercise capacity......Page 352
Physiologic responses to acute exercise......Page 353
Measurement of exercise capacity......Page 354
Exercise capacity of patients with neurologic impairment......Page 355
Long-term adaptations to exercise training......Page 357
Long-term adaptations in individuals with neurologic conditions......Page 358
Biomechanical and metabolic factors......Page 362
Factors affecting energy expenditure......Page 363
Relationship between exercise capacity and energy expenditure......Page 364
21.5 Conclusions......Page 365
REFERENCES......Page 367
CONTENTS......Page 374
22.1 The natural history of the coma......Page 376
22.2 Analyses of prognostic factors......Page 378
22.3 Effectiveness of multisensory stimulation programs......Page 380
22.4 The influence of drugs on awakening from a coma......Page 382
22.5 Catabolism and neurotransmitter imbalance in severe TBI......Page 384
Post-traumatic hydrocephalus......Page 385
22.7 Conclusions......Page 387
REFERENCES......Page 388
23.1 Anatomy......Page 393
23.2 Neurophysiology......Page 394
Subcortical and cortical influences......Page 395
23.5 Treatment......Page 396
Cortical swallowing control......Page 397
Dysphagia after cortical insult......Page 399
23.8 Learned non-use......Page 400
23.9 Negative effects of treatment......Page 401
23.11 Conclusions......Page 402
REFERENCES......Page 403
24.1 Anatomy and physiology......Page 405
24.2 Autonomic dysfunction in blood pressure control......Page 409
24.3 Renin-angiotensin system and arginine vasopressin......Page 412
24.4 Autonomic dysreflexia......Page 413
24.5 Autonomic dysfunction in the urinary tract......Page 415
24.6 Autonomic dysfunction in the GI tract......Page 418
Intrinsic primary afferent neurons......Page 419
Extrinsic efferent innervation......Page 420
GI Dysfunction......Page 421
24.7 Thermoregulatory dysfunction......Page 423
REFERENCES......Page 426
Abbreviations......Page 435
25.2 Sexuality counseling for men and women......Page 437
Spermatogenesis......Page 438
Female anatomy......Page 439
Male sexual function......Page 440
Menstrual cycle, fertility, and pregnancy in SCI......Page 442
Other central nervous system lesions: TBI and stroke......Page 443
25.5 Medications and sexual dysfunction......Page 444
REFERENCES......Page 445
CONTENTS......Page 448
26.2 Theoretical basis of aphasia rehabilitation......Page 450
Restitution versus compensation......Page 451
Language loss versus language dysfunction......Page 452
Neo-associationist......Page 453
26.4 Neurobiological foundations of aphasia rehabilitation......Page 454
26.5 Efficacy of aphasia rehabilitation......Page 456
REFERENCES......Page 458
27.1 Historical note......Page 461
27.2 Apraxic syndromes......Page 462
27.3 Cognitive-motor deficits in apraxia......Page 463
27.4 Model of praxis-related processes......Page 466
27.5 Neuroanatomy of apraxia......Page 470
27.6 Clinical testing of apraxia......Page 472
27.7 Clinical relevance and therapy......Page 474
REFERENCES......Page 476
Modular deficit......Page 481
Anatomo-clinical correlations......Page 482
Treatment......Page 483
Restoring multisensory representations......Page 484
Dopaminergic treatment......Page 490
Increasing the awareness of neglect symptoms......Page 491
REFERENCES......Page 492
29.3 Restitution-oriented therapies......Page 498
Neural stem cell interventions......Page 499
Pharmacological interventions......Page 500
Memory training......Page 502
Enhanced learning......Page 503
Mnemonics......Page 504
External aids......Page 505
Environmental modification......Page 507
REFERENCES......Page 508
30.1 The dysexecutive syndrome......Page 512
30.2 Cognitive models of executive function......Page 515
Cognitive therapies......Page 516
Pharmacologic therapies......Page 520
30.4 Conclusions......Page 521
REFERENCES......Page 522
31.1 There is a neural substrate to support rehabilitation in those with dementia......Page 525
31.2 Rehabilitation is relevant for treatment of dementia......Page 526
31.3 Cognitive/behavioral assessment can be used to predict functional disability and develop treatments in dementia......Page 528
31.4 There are models of treatment available to guide rehabilitation of cognitive/behavioral deficits......Page 531
31.5 Individuals who have cognitive impairments can learn......Page 532
31.6 Individuals who have dementia can learn......Page 535
31.7 Caregivers must be involved in the rehabilitation of cognitive/behavioral deficits of individuals who have dementia......Page 540
REFERENCES......Page 544
CONTENTS......Page 550
32.1 The World Health Organization model of rehabilitation......Page 552
32.2 Team models of neurorehabilitation......Page 554
Rehabilitation nurse (www.rehabnurse.org)......Page 555
Recreational therapist (www.atra-tr.org)......Page 556
Certified rehabilitation counselor (www.crccertification.org)......Page 557
Podiatrist (www.apma.org)......Page 558
32.5 Effectiveness of neurorehabilitation......Page 559
32.6 Economics of neurorehabilitation......Page 561
REFERENCES......Page 562
33.2 Epidemiology......Page 564
33.3 Predictors of long-term outcome......Page 565
33.4 Outcome measures......Page 566
Post-acute rehabilitation......Page 567
Transition into community......Page 569
Community-based programmes and longer-term support......Page 570
Physical......Page 571
Cognitive and intellectual......Page 572
Emotional and personality problems......Page 573
33.7 Mild head injury......Page 574
REFERENCES......Page 575
34.2 The impact of epilepsy on the lives of patients......Page 579
Etiology......Page 580
Iatrogenic factors......Page 581
Post-ictal psychiatric symptoms......Page 582
Impact of depression in the quality of life of PWE......Page 583
Psychosocial obstacles in epilepsy......Page 585
Minimizing psychiatric disturbances......Page 586
Overcoming psychosocial obstacles......Page 587
The role of surgery in the treatment of epilepsy......Page 588
Epilepsy surgery and language functions......Page 589
Psychiatric complications of temporal lobectomies......Page 590
Temporal lobectomy and employment......Page 591
Neurorehabilitation interventions in temporal lobectomies......Page 592
REFERENCES......Page 593
Neurobiology and neurogenetics......Page 597
Clinical features and diagnosis......Page 598
Medical and surgical treatment......Page 599
Dementia with Lewy bodies......Page 600
Rehabilitative therapy in PD......Page 601
Fluctuations of motor performance......Page 602
Physical and occupational therapy......Page 603
Behavior modification techniques, cueing and trick maneuvers......Page 604
Relaxation techniques, spa therapy, diathermy......Page 606
Definition and classification......Page 607
Diagnosis and clinical features......Page 608
Medical and surgical treatment of dystonia......Page 609
Neuromodulation techniques......Page 610
REFERENCES......Page 611
List of abbreviations......Page 615
36.1 Theories of motor recovery......Page 616
36.2 Theories of rehabilitation methods......Page 617
36.3 Management of the affected upper extremity......Page 619
36.4 Management of the affected lower extremity......Page 620
36.6 Speech and language disorders......Page 621
36.7 Common medical complications......Page 622
REFERENCES......Page 625
Neurologic assessment......Page 630
Anterior cord syndrome......Page 632
Genitourinary evaluation......Page 633
Respiratory complications......Page 634
Heterotopic ossification......Page 635
Post-traumatic syringomyelia......Page 636
37.3 Functional outcomes in SCI......Page 637
C5 tetraplegia......Page 638
C6 tetraplegia......Page 639
T10–L1 paraplegia......Page 640
Adjustment to SCI......Page 641
Stressors......Page 642
Coping skills and styles......Page 643
Outcomes......Page 644
Pharmacotherapy......Page 645
Functional electrical stimulation......Page 646
Neural repair......Page 647
REFERENCES......Page 648
38.1 Introduction......Page 653
38.3 Measuring effectiveness......Page 656
38.4 Rehabilitation measures......Page 657
Multidisciplinary rehabilitation......Page 658
Specific therapeutic modalities......Page 662
Symptomatic therapies......Page 665
38.5 Conclusions......Page 667
REFERENCES......Page 668
39 Cerebral palsy and paediatric neurorehabilitation......Page 673
39.1 Assessment of spasticity......Page 675
39.2 Management of spasticity......Page 677
39.3 Oral medication......Page 678
39.4 Physical therapy, casting, orthoses......Page 680
39.5 Intrathecal baclofen......Page 681
39.6 Selective dorsal rhizotomy......Page 682
39.7 The use of BoNT-A......Page 684
39.9 Associated medical conditions......Page 687
REFERENCES......Page 688
40.1 Introduction......Page 694
Rehabilitation, long-term course of the disease and prognosis......Page 696
Clinical presentation and diagnostic procedures......Page 697
Rehabilitation of SMA patients......Page 698
Long-term prognosis......Page 699
Rehabilitation of patients with polio and post-polio syndrome......Page 700
Therapy during the acute phase......Page 701
Rehabilitation, long-term course of the disease and prognosis......Page 702
Rehabilitation, long-term course of the disease and prognosis......Page 703
Critical illness polyneuropathy......Page 704
Clinical presentation and diagnostic procedures......Page 705
Clinical presentation and diagnostic procedures......Page 706
REFERENCES......Page 707
List of abbreviations......Page 713
41.2 Classifications of muscle diseases......Page 714
Cognitive dysfunction......Page 715
The Rehabilitation program......Page 716
Basic Principles in caring for a patient with a muscle disease......Page 717
Factors impacting the success of a rehabilitation program......Page 718
Goals of any rehabilitation program for a myopathic disease......Page 719
41.5 Rehabilitation interventions......Page 721
Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy (Pseudohypertrophic muscular dystrophy)......Page 723
Fascioscapulohumeral dystrophy......Page 725
Congenital muscular dystrophy......Page 726
Inflammatory myopathies......Page 727
Myotubular myopathy (Centronuclear myopathy)......Page 728
Limb deformity correction......Page 729
Aging with a muscle disease......Page 730
REFERENCES......Page 731
Index......Page 736