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دانلود کتاب Textbook of Microbiology and Immunology
دانلود کتاب کتاب درسی میکروبیولوژی و ایمونولوژی
مشخصات کتاب
Textbook of Microbiology and Immunology
ویرایش: [4 ed.]
نویسندگان: Subhash Chandra Parija
سری:
ISBN (شابک) : 9811933146, 9789811933172
ناشر: Springer
سال نشر: 2022
تعداد صفحات: [1089]
زبان: English
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود)
حجم فایل: 34 Mb
قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 40,000
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توجه داشته باشید کتاب کتاب درسی میکروبیولوژی و ایمونولوژی نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
توضیحاتی در مورد کتاب کتاب درسی میکروبیولوژی و ایمونولوژی
ویرایش چهارم \"کتاب درسی میکروبیولوژی و ایمونولوژی\" ویرایشی است که به طور گسترده اصلاح شده است، ترکیبی سالم از مطالب قدیمی و جدید. بسیاری از فصول سنتی قدیمی با افزودن اطلاعات جدید همراه با گنجاندن فصول جدید بیشتر در راستای تغییرات مداوم در برنامه درسی و مفاهیم میکروبیولوژی پزشکی حفظ شده است. یادگیری مبتنی بر سندرم و رویکرد مبتنی بر سندرم به بیماری‌های عفونی، همراه با معرفی فصل‌های جدید و اصلاح‌شده حاوی آخرین اطلاعات در این زمینه. این کتاب پوشش گسترده ای از موضوعات اساسی در میکروبیولوژی عمومی و پزشکی ارائه می دهد. این کتاب همچنین بر میکروبیولوژی بالینی با تمرکز ویژه بر رویکرد مبتنی بر سندرم به بیماری‌های عفونی تأکید دارد. این شامل مفاهیم اساسی میکروبیولوژی و همچنین به روز رسانی ها و پیشرفت های اخیر در زمینه میکروبیولوژی پزشکی است. همه مباحث در هفت بخش اصلی گنجانده شده است: میکروبیولوژی عمومی، ایمونولوژی، باکتری شناسی، ویروس شناسی، قارچ شناسی، و میکروبیولوژی کاربردی و بالینی. ماهیت پویای علوم پزشکی با دستورالعمل‌های جدید و روش‌های تشخیصی جدید که وارد عرصه می‌شوند، گنجاندن اطلاعات جدید در هر ویرایش جدید کتاب را ضروری می‌سازد. این جنبه با گنجاندن اطلاعات اخیر در مورد جنبه های مختلف میکروبیولوژی، بیماری های عفونی و ایمونولوژی در ویرایش چهارم کتاب درسی میکروب شناسی و ایمونولوژی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است که آن را به یکی از معتبرترین و آموزنده ترین کتاب های درسی در میکروبیولوژی پزشکی تبدیل می کند. این کتاب تلاشی است برای اطلاع رسانی و درگیر کردن طیف وسیعی از خوانندگان از جمله دانشجویان پزشکی، اعم از کارشناسی و کارشناسی ارشد، و دستیاران و اساتید. هدف این است که یک کتاب همراه ضروری برای دانشجویان کارشناسی ارشد و پیشرفته و همچنین دانشجویان کارشناسی ارشد میکروبیولوژی پزشکی، میکروبیولوژی عمومی و وابسته، و ایمونولوژی باشد.
توضیحاتی درمورد کتاب به خارجی
The fourth edition of “Textbook of Microbiology and Immunology” is an extensively revised edition , a healthy mixture of the old and the new contents. Many of the old traditional chapters have been retained with addition of new information along with the inclusion of new chapters more in line with the on-going changes in the syllabus and concepts in Medical Microbiology .While doing so, this book has blended the traditional organism-based learning and a syndrome based approach to infectious disease, together with the introduction of new and modified chapters incorporating the latest information in this field. The book provides an extensive coverage of fundamental topics in general and medical microbiology. The book also lays due emphasis on clinical microbiology with special focus on syndrome based approach to infectious diseases. It includes the basic concepts of microbiology as well as the recent updates and developments in the field of medical microbiology. All the topics have been incorporated in seven major sections: General microbiology, Immunology, Bacteriology, Virology, Mycology, and Applied and Clinical Microbiology. The dynamic nature of medical sciences with new guidelines and new diagnostic methods coming into the arena necessitates the incorporation of new information in each new edition of a book. This facet has been addressed with the inclusion of recent information on the various aspects of microbiology, infectious diseases and immunology, in the fourth edition of the Textbook of Microbiology and Immunology ,which makes it one of the most authoritative and informative textbooks in medical microbiology. The book is an effort to inform and engage a wide spectrum of readers including medical students , both undergraduates and postgraduates, and residents, and faculty. It aims to be a must-have companion book for graduate and advanced undergraduate as well as postgraduate students of medical microbiology, general and allied microbiology, and of immunology.
فهرست مطالب
Preface to the Fourth Edition Preface to the First Edition Editorial Board Acknowledgements Contents About the Author Part I: General Microbiology 1: Introduction and History of Microbiology Medical Microbiology Scientists and Their Contributions to the Development of Microbiology Anton van Leeuwenhoek: The Microscopist Louis Pasteur: Father of Microbiology Joseph Lister: The Pioneer of Antiseptics Robert Koch: The Founder of Koch Postulates The Science of Virology d´Herelle and Twort: Founders of the Principles of Modern Virology Immunology as a New Discipline The Discovery of Chemotherapeutic Agents Antibiotics Impact of Molecular Biology in Medical Microbiology The Human Genome and Microbiome Projects 2: Classification, Nomenclature and Taxonomy of Microbes Classification of Microorganisms Domain Kingdom Medically Important Kingdoms Nomenclature and Taxonomy of Microorganism Bacterial Taxonomy Intraspecies Classification Type Cultures Nomenclature, Taxonomy and Classification of Viruses Taxonomy and Classification of Fungi Taxonomy Classification of Fungal Diseases 3: Microscopy Size of Microorganisms Microscopy Types of Microscopy Optical or Light Microscope Fluorescence Microscopy Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM) Electron Microscopy 4: Sterilisation and Disinfection Definition of Frequently Used Terms Sterilisation Heat Sterilisation Moist Heat Sterilisation Sterilisation at a Temperature Below 100 C Sterilisation at a Temperature of 100 C Boiling Free Steam at Atmospheric Pressure (100 C) Sterilisation at a Temperature Above 100 C Intermittent Sterilisation Dry Heat Sterilisation Flaming Incineration Hot-air Oven Sterilisation Controls Cold Sterilisation Filtration Filters Radiations Ionising Radiation Non-ionising Radiations High-Frequency Sound (Sonic) Waves Sterilisation by Chemical Agents Effect of Cold and Desiccation Disinfection Properties of an Ideal Disinfectant Action of Disinfectants Factors Influencing Activity of Disinfectants Types of Disinfectants Phenols Halogens Alcohols Aldehydes Gases Surface Active Agents Oxidising Agents Dyes Heavy Metals Acids and Alkalis Testing of Disinfectants Phenol Coefficient (Rideal-Walker) Test Chick-Martin Tests Capacity (Kelsey-Sykes) Test In-Use (Kelsey-Maurer) Test Sterilisation and Disinfection in Hospital Settings Spaulding Classification Critical Items Semicritical Items Non-critical Items High-Level Disinfectant Intermediate-Level Disinfectant Low-Level Disinfectant Newer Methods of Sterilisation of Heat-Sensitive Articles Hydrogen Peroxide Peracetic Acid Plasma Sterilisation Ozone Sterilisation 5: Microbial Genetics Terminologies in Genetics Basic Principles of Molecular Biology DNA Structure RNA Structure Bacterial Genetics Extrachromosomal DNA Substances Plasmids Types of Plasmids Bacterial Variations Phenotypic Variations Genotypic Variations Mutations Causative Agents of Induced Mutation Bacterial Viruses Radiations Chemicals Effects of Mutations Gene Transfer Transfer of DNA Between Bacterial Cells Transformation Transduction Conjugation Transfer of DNA Within Bacterial Cells Transposons Integrative Conjugative Elements Programmed Rearrangements Viral Genetics Mutation Lethal Mutations Recombination Intramolecular Recombination Re-assortment Re-activation Non-genetic Interaction Between Viral Gene Products Complementation Phenotypic Mixing Genotypic Mixing Interference Transcription Translation Operons and Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes Fungal Genetics Genome Evolution Small-Scale Evolution of Fungal Genomes Large-Scale Evolution of Fungal Genomes Application for Fungal Genetics in Identification 6: Human Normal Microbial Flora and Microbiome Normal Microbial Flora Factors Determining Colonisation by Microbes Establishment of Normal Flora Importance of Normal Microbial Flora Beneficial Effects of Normal Flora Harmful Effects of Normal Flora Infections Caused by Resident Flora Microorganisms at Anatomical Sites Respiratory Tract Gastrointestinal Tract Genitourinary Tract Body Surface Sterile Sites Effects of Alteration of Normal Microbial Flora The Human Microbiome Probiotics and Prebiotics 7: Microbial Infections Types of Microorganisms Commensalism and the Microbiome Infection Types of Infections Transmission of Infection Sources of Infection Humans Animals Insects Environment Modes of Transmission Contact Inoculation Ingestion Inhalation Vectors Susceptible Host Pathogenesis of Infections Factors Predisposing to Microbial Pathogenicity Adhesions Invasiveness Toxigenicity Exotoxins Endotoxins Genetic Materials Communicability Other Factors Pathogenesis of Infectious Disease Immunopathogenesis Clinical Manifestations Stages of an Infectious Disease Incubation Period Prodrome Period Specific Illness Period Recovery Period Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases Geographical Distributions Reservoir of Infection Emerging and Re-emerging Infections 8: Diagnostic Methods in Microbial Infections The Diagnostic Principles Appropriate Specimen Collection and Transport Microscopy Cultivation (Culture) of Microorganisms Identification of Culture-Grown Microbe Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test Animal Pathogenicity Tests Serological Tests Detection of Antibodies Detection of Antigens Assessment of Cell-Mediated Immune System Recent Approaches in Diagnostic Microbiology Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAAT) Sequencing Automated Methods Detection of Metabolites Immunochromatographic Tests 9: Genomics, Proteomics and Molecular Biology in Microbiology Genomics Technologies Applications Identification of the Pathogen Identification Directly from Sample and Metagenomic Detection of Resistance to Antibiotics Diagnostic Test Development Detection of Virulence Factors Epidemiological Typing of Strains Proteomics Scopes of Proteomics Tools for Proteomics Applications in Microbiology Elucidation of Host-Pathogen Interaction Pathogen Identification Development of Vaccines Drug Development Molecular Biology Molecular Biology Techniques in Microbiology Nucleic Acid Probes Applications of DNA probes Blotting Techniques Southern Blotting Northern Blotting Western Blotting DNA Amplification Techniques Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Loop-Mediated Isothermal Assay (LAMP) Ligase Chain Reaction Transcription-Mediated Amplification (TMA) and Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification (NASBA) Strand Displacement Amplification (SDA) Non-amplification DNA Techniques DNA Microarray Molecular Biology Applications in Microbial Genetics Molecular Genetics Genetic Engineering Restriction Endonucleases Hybridisation Technique DNA Sequencing Genetic Mapping Recombinant DNA Technology Cloning Vectors and Hosts Cloning Vectors Cloning Hosts Biological Products of Recombinant DNA Technology Genetically Modified Organisms Gene Therapy Part II: Immunology 10: Immunity Innate or Native Immunity Individual Immunity Racial Immunity Species Immunity Factors Influencing Innate Immunity Age Nutrition Hormones Mechanisms of Innate Immunity Epithelial Surfaces Skin Mucous Membrane Microbial Antagonisms Antibacterial Constituents of Blood and Tissues Cellular Factors Phagocytosis Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) Fever Inflammation Histamine Kinins Acute-phase Reactant Proteins Defensins Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity Types of Acquired Immunity Active Immunity Types of Active Immunity Passive Immunity Natural Passive Immunity Artificial Passive Immunity Combined Passive-Active Immunisation Local Immunity Herd Immunity Measurement of Immunity 11: Structure and Function of Immune System Lymphoid System Central (Primary) Lymphoid Organs Thymus Functions Bone Marrow Peripheral (Secondary) Lymphoid Organs Lymph Nodes Functions Spleen Functions Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissues (MALTs) Cells of the Lymphoreticular System Lymphocytes Classification Lymphocyte Structure Lymphocytic Recirculation Functions Immune Responses Surface Markers Differences Between T and B Lymphocyte Cells T Cell T-Cell Maturation T-Cell Receptors (TCR) Types of T Cells Effector T Cells T Helper or CD4+ T Cells T Cytotoxic or CD8+ T Cells Memory T Cells Regulatory T Cells Activation of T Cells Functions of T Cells B Cells B Cell Maturation Types of B Cells Activation of B Cells Null Cells Natural Killer (NK) Cells Functions of the NK Cells Antibody-Dependent Cytotoxic Cells (ADCC) Lymphokine-Activated Killer (LAK) Cells Phagocytic Cells Macrophages Clinical Significance of Macrophages Macrophage Participation in Immune Response Functions of Macrophages Microphages Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs) Dendritic Cells Follicular Dendritic Cells Abnormalities of Immune Cells Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Functions of MHC Classes of Proteins HLA Complex HLA Molecules HLA Class I Molecules HLA Class II Molecules HLA Class III Molecules HLA Typing Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction Applications of HLA Typing 12: Antigen Determinants of Antigenicity Molecular Size Foreignness Chemical-Structural Complexity Stability Other Factors Antigenic Specificity Epitopes B-Cell Epitopes T-Cell Epitopes Types of Specificity Species Specificity Isospecificity Autospecificity Organ Specificity Heterophile Specificity Biological Classes of Antigens T-Cell-Dependent Antigens (TD) T-Cell-Independent Antigens (TI) Superantigens Haptens Pathogen Determinants Recognition by Innate Immune System Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) Scavenger Receptors (SR) Mannose Receptors 13: Antibodies Structure of Immunoglobulins Digestion of Immunoglobulins by Enzymes Immunoglobulin Chains Heavy Chains Light Chains Variable and Constant Regions Immunoglobulin Domains Biosynthesis of Immunoglobulins Metabolism of Immunoglobulins Immunoglobulin Classes Immunoglobulin G (IgG) IgG structure Biological Activities Subclasses of IgG Immunoglobulin M (IgM) IgM Structure Biological Activities Immunoglobulin A (IgA) IgA Structure Biological Activities Immunoglobulin E (IgE) Structure Biological Activities Immunoglobulin D (IgD) Abnormal Immunoglobulins Multiple Myeloma Heavy Chain Disease Cryoglobulinemia Antigen Determinants (Paratope) of Immunoglobulin Isotypes Allotypes Idiotypes Antibody Diversity Clinical Significance Class Switching Clinical Significance Genetic Regulations of Immunoglobulin Production Somatic Recombination of V(D)J Recombination Somatic Hypermutation Monoclonal Antibodies Preparation of Monoclonal Antibodies Humanised (Chimeric) Monoclonal Antibodies Application of Monoclonal Antibodies Antibody Engineering 14: Complement System The Complement Properties of Complement Nomenclature of Complement Components of Complement C1 Complex Factor P (Properdin) Factors B, D MBL and MASP Functions of Complement Complement Activation Classical Pathway of Complement Activation Activators of the Classical Pathway Steps in Activation of the Classical Pathway Alternative Pathway of Complement Activation Steps of Activation of Alternative Pathway Lectin Pathway of Complement Activation Regulation of Complement Activation Inhibitors Inactivators Regulation of alternative pathway Biological Effects of Complement Phagocytosis Opsonisation Hypersensitivity Reactions Cytolysis Autoimmune Diseases Endotoxic Shock Conglutination Deficiency of Complement Biosynthesis of Complement Quantitation of Complement Functional Assays Total Complement Activity of the Classical, Lectin and Alternative Pathways Activity of Individual Components Immunochemical Assays Analysis of Complement Activation Products Assays for Complement-Binding Autoantibodies 15: Antigen-Antibody Reactions General Features of Antigen-Antibody Reactions Stages in Antigen-Antibody Reactions Primary Stage Secondary Stage Tertiary Stage Measurement of Antigen and Antibody Quantitative Assays Qualitative Assays Antigen-Antibody Reactions Used in the Laboratory Precipitation Reaction Mechanism of Precipitation Application of Precipitation Reactions Types of Precipitation Reactions Precipitation in Solution Immunodiffusion (Precipitation in Gel) Precipitation in Agar with an Electric Field (Electroimmunodiffusion) Agglutination Reaction Types of Agglutination Reactions Direct Agglutination Passive Agglutination Complement-Dependent Serological Tests Complement Fixation Test (CFT) Types of Complement Fixation Test Neutralisation Tests Virus Neutralisation Tests Toxin Neutralisation Tests Immunofluorescence Direct Immunofluorescence Test Indirect Immunofluorescence Test Enzyme Immunoassays Indirect ELISA Sandwich ELISA Competitive ELISA Capture ELISA Cassette ELISA (Cylinder ELISA) ELISPOT Assay Applications of ELISA Radioimmunoassay Applications of RIA Western Blot Techniques Applications of Western Blot Immunochromatographic Tests (ICTs) Chemiluminescence Assay Immunohistochemical Technique Flow Cytometry Turbidimetry and Nephelometry Immunoelectron Microscopic Assays 16: Immune Response Types of Immunity Humoral Immunity (Antibody-Mediated Immunity) Production of Antibodies Humoral Immune Response Primary Response Secondary Response Elimination of Antigens Production of Antibodies Following Antigen Presentation Antigen Processing T- and B-Cell Activation Factors Influencing the Production of Antibodies Genetic Factors Age Nutritional Status Route of Antigen Administration Multiple Antigens Administration Antigen Doses Antigen Interactions Adjuvants Immunosuppressive Agents Effect of Antibodies Neutralisation Opsonisation Complement Activation Tests for Detection of Humoral Immunity Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI) Functions of CMI Induction of CMI Cytokines Important Cytokines Interleukins Colony-Stimulating Factors (CSFs) Interferons (IFNs) Transforming Growth Factor-Beta (TGF-β) Tissue Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) Chemokines Tests for Detection of CMI CMI In-Vivo Tests CMI In-Vitro Tests Transfer Factor (TF) Immunological Tolerance Types of Immune Tolerance Factors Influencing Immunological Tolerance Theories of Immune Response Instructive Theory Selective Theories Sidechain Theory Natural Selection Theory Clonal Selection Theory Immune Network Hypothesis 17: Hypersensitivity Classification of Hypersensitivity Reactions Type-I Reactions (Immediate Anaphylactic) Hypersensitivity Anaphylaxis Mechanism of Anaphylaxis Pharmacological Mediators of Anaphylaxis Primary Mediators Types of Anaphylaxis Clinical Manifestations of Anaphylaxis Management and Prevention of Anaphylaxis Atopy Prausnitz-Kustner Reaction Atopy Sensitivity Type-II Reactions (Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity) Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC) Type-III Reactions (Immune-Complex-Mediated Hypersensitivity) Arthus Reactions Serum Sickness Type-IV Delayed (Cell-Mediated) Hypersensitivity Contact Dermatitis Tuberculin (Infection) Type of Delayed Hypersensitivity Tuberculin Skin Test Various Other Skin Tests are used to Detect DTH Type-V Reactions (Stimulatory-Type Hypersensitivity) Cutaneous Basophil Hypersensitivity Shwartzman Reaction 18: Autoimmunity Immunological Tolerance Mechanisms of Tolerance Clonal deletion Clonal anergy Clonal ignorance Mechanisms of Autoimmunity Release of Sequestrated Antigens Antigenic Alteration Epitope Spreading Molecular Mimicry Cross-Reacting Foreign Antigen Polyclonal B-Cell Activation Altered T- or B-Cell Function Pathogenesis of Autoimmunity Autoantibodies and Associated Diseases Immune Complexes Carrying Autoantigens Self-Reactive T-Lymphocytes Inappropriate Expression of Class-II MHC Molecules Classification of Autoimmune Disorders Organ-Specific Autoimmune Diseases Diseases Triggered by a Cell-Mediated Autoimmune Reaction Diseases Mediated by Autoantibodies Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Rheumatoid arthritis Polyarteritis nodosa Sjögren Syndrome Laboratory Diagnosis of Autoimmune Diseases Screening Test (Detection of Antinuclear Antibody, ANA) Tests for Specific Autoantibodies Other Tests Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases HLA Association with Autoimmune Diseases 19: Immunodeficiency Diseases Primary Immunodeficiencies Disorders of Specific Immunity Humoral Immunodeficiencies X-Linked Hypogammaglobulinemia Selective Immunoglobulin Deficiencies Hyper-IgM Syndrome Transient Hypogammaglobulinemia of Infancy Interleukin-12 (IL-12) Receptor Deficiency Transcobalamin II Deficiency Cellular Immunodeficiencies Thymic Aplasia (DiGeorge Syndrome) Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase (PNP) Deficiency Combined Immunodeficiencies Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Ataxia-Telangiectasia Nezelof Syndrome Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class II Deficiency Immunodeficiency with Thymoma Complement Deficiencies Recurrent Infections Autoimmune Diseases Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria Hereditary Angioedema Phagocyte Deficiencies Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) Chediak-Higashi Syndrome Job Syndrome Leucocyte Adhesion Deficiency Myeloperoxidase Deficiency Tuftsin Deficiency Lazy Leucocyte Syndrome Hyper-IgE Syndrome Shwachman Disease Actin-Binding Protein Deficiency Secondary Immunodeficiencies Humoral Deficiencies Common Variable Hypogammaglobulinemia Cellular Deficiencies Measles Complement Deficiencies Liver Failure Malnutrition Phagocyte Deficiencies Neutropenia Laboratory Diagnosis of Immunodeficiency Disorders Tests for Antibody Deficiency Tests for Cell-Mediated Immune Deficiency Tests for Neutrophil Function Tests for Complement Defects 20: Immunology of Transplantation and Malignancy Transplant Immunology Classification of Transplants Types of Transplants/Grafts The Allograft Reaction Mechanisms of Allograft Rejection Direct Presentation Indirect Presentation Stages of Graft Rejection The Phase of Sensitisation The Phase of Effector Mechanisms Clinical Features of Graft Rejection Hyperacute Rejection Acute Rejection Delayed or Chronic Rejection Histocompatibility Antigens Histocompatibility Testing Blood Group Analysis HLA Compatibility Test HLA Typing Methods Microlympho-Cytotoxicity Test Molecular Methods Tissue Matching or Tissue Typing Prevention of Graft Rejection Graft-Versus-Host (GVH) Reaction Privileged Sites Immunology of Malignancy Medical Evidence of Immune Response in Malignancy Spontaneous Regression Chemotherapy Overcoming Defence Mechanisms Cellular Response Immunodeficiency States Features of Malignant Cells Tumour Antigens Tumour-Specific Antigens Tumour-Associated Transplantation Antigens (TATAs) Immune Reactions against Tumours Cellular Immune Responses Humoral Immune Responses Immunosurveillance Mechanisms Immunotherapy of Cancer Non-Specific Active Immunotherapy Antigen-Specific Therapy Passive Immunotherapy Adoptive Immunotherapy Immunomodulation 21: Immunohaematology and Immunoprophylaxis Immunohematology ABO Blood Group System H Antigen RH Blood Group System Rh Blood Group Antigens Rh Typing Medical Importance of Blood Transfusion Choice of Donor Cross-Matching Risks Related to the Blood Transfusion of Infectious Origin Haemolytic Disease of Newborn (Erythroblastosis Foetalis) Detection of Rh Antibodies Identification of Rh Incompatibility ABO Haemolytic Diseases Immunoprophylaxis Active Immunisation Live-Attenuated Vaccines Killed Inactivated Vaccines Toxoids Subunit Vaccines Cellular Fractions Recombinant Vaccines Conjugate Vaccine DNA Vaccines mRNA Vaccines Edible Vaccines Immunisation Schedule World Health Organisation (WHO) Immunisation Programmes Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP) National Immunisation Schedule Passive Immunisation Human Sera Pooled Human Immunoglobulin Specific Hyperimmune Immunoglobulin Animal Sera Combined Active and Passive Immunisation Individual Immunisation Hepatitis B Vaccine MR Vaccine Typhoid Vaccine Vaccination During Outbreaks Newer Vaccines in the Experimental or Clinical Trial Stages Part III: Bacteriology 22: Introduction to Bacteriology Classification Shape of Bacteria Bacterial Anatomy Cell Envelope Cell Wall Gram-Positive Cell Wall Gram-Negative Cell Wall Periplasmic Space Cell Wall of Acid-Fast Bacilli Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis Cell Wall Deficient Forms Pleomorphic Bacteria Involution Forms Demonstration of Cell Wall Cytoplasmic Membrane Cell Interior Cytoplasm Cytoplasmic Inclusions 1. Ribosomes 2. Mesosomes 3. Intracytoplasmic Inclusion Bodies Nucleoid Additional Structures Capsule Functions Demonstration of Capsule Special Capsular Staining Methods Slime Layer Surface Appendages Flagella Functions Demonstration of Flagella Pili (Fimbriae) Functions of Pili Demonstration of Pili Bacterial Spores Morphology Properties of Spores Demonstration of Spores Physiology (Growth and Multiplication) of Bacteria Multiplication Bacterial Growth Bacterial Growth Curve Bacterial Counts Total Count Viable Count Bacterial Nutrition Factors Affecting Growth of Bacteria Oxygen Aerobic Bacteria Anaerobic Bacteria Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Potential Carbon Dioxide Temperature Psychrophiles Mesophiles Thermophiles pH Light Osmotic Pressure Bacteriocins 23: Antimicrobial Therapy Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials Inhibition of Protein Synthesis Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis Action on the Bacterial Cell Membrane Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance Non-genetic Basis of Resistance Genetic Basis of Drug Resistance Chromosome-Mediated Resistance Plasmid-Mediated Resistance R Factors Transposons-Mediated Drug Resistance Specific Mechanisms of Resistance in Antibiotics Vancomycin Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) Aminoglycosides Tetracyclines Macrolides Sulphonamides and Trimethoprim Quinolones Penicillins and Cephalosporins 1. Production of Penicillin-Destroying Enzymes (β-Lactamases) 2. Mutation in Genes Coding for PBP 3. Reduced Permeability to Drug Metronidazole Chloramphenicol Antitubercular Drugs Carbapenems Production of Carbapenemases, Including NDM Metallo-Beta-Lactamase Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing Disc Diffusion Tests Types of Disc Diffusion Tests Kirby-Bauer Disc Diffusion Method Stokes Method Interpretation of Disc Diffusion Tests Dilution Tests Broth Dilution Method Agar Dilution Method Epsilometer Test (E-test) Antibiotics Assays in Body Fluids 24: Laboratory Diagnosis of Bacterial Diseases Conventional Tests in Diagnostic Bacteriology Microscopy Staining Methods Simple Stains Negative Stains Impregnation Stains Differential Stains 1. Gram Stain 2. Acid-Fast Stain 3. Albert Stain Culture Culture Media Ingredients of Culture Media 1. Agar 2. Peptone 3. Other Ingredients Types of Culture Media 1. Liquid Media, Semi-Solid Media and Solid Media Liquid Media Solid Media Semi-Solid Media 2. Simple, Complex, Synthetic and Special Media Simple Media Complex Media Synthetic Media Special Media Anaerobic Media Incubation of Culture Media Culture Methods Methods of Culture for Aerobic Bacteria 1. Streak Culture 2. Lawn Culture 3. Pour-Plate Culture 4. Stroke Culture 5. Stab Culture 6. Liquid Culture Methods of Culture for Anaerobic Bacteria 1. Specimen Collection 2. Culture Media Methods of Anaerobiasis Other Methods of Anaerobiosis Methods of Isolating Pure Cultures Laboratory Identification of Bacteria Conventional Tests in Diagnostic Bacteriology Morphology of Bacterial Colony on Solid Medium Growth in Liquid Medium Staining Reactions Hanging Drop Preparation Biochemical Reactions Catalase Test Oxidase Test Indole Test Sugar Fermentation Tests Oxidation-Fermentation Test Kligler Iron Agar/Triple Sugar Iron Agar Test Urease Test Citrate Test Nitrate Reduction Test Methyl Red Test Voges-Proskauer Test Hydrogen Sulphide Production Laboratory Animals Antibiotic Sensitivity Typing of Bacterial Strains Phenotypic Techniques Gas-Liquid Chromatography Genotypic Techniques Serology ELISA Rapid (Bed Side) Tests Immunochromatographic Tests Newer Tests in Diagnostic Bacteriology Nucleic Acid-Based Tests Automated Methods MALDI-TOF 25: Staphylococcus Staphylococcus aureus Properties of the Bacteria Morphology Culture and Biochemical Properties Nutrient Agar Blood Agar MacConkey Agar Other Properties Pathogenesis Virulence Factors Cell-Surface Proteins Protein A Coagulase Cell Wall-Associated Factors Capsular Polysaccharide Cell Wall Polysaccharide Peptidoglycan Teichoic Acid Extracellular Enzymes Catalase Hyaluronidase Penicillinase Other Enzymes Toxins Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin Enterotoxin Exfoliative Toxin Leucocidins Haemolysins Clinical Syndromes Inflammatory Staphylococcal Diseases Toxin-Mediated Staphylococcal Diseases Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Culture and Identification Coagulase Test Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing Detection of MRSA in a Laboratory Serology Molecular Detection Typing 1. Bacteriophage Typing 2. Molecular Typing 3. Other Typing Methods Treatment Antibiotics Resistance in Staphylococci Penicillin Resistance in Staphylococci 1. Beta-lactamase-mediated resistance 2. Chromosomal-mediated resistance 3. Tolerance to penicillin Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Vancomycin resistance Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) Epidemic Methicillin-resistant (EMRSA) Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Habitat Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Hospital-Acquired S. aureus Infections Prevention and Control Other Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (CONS) Staphylococcus epidermidis Staphylococcus saprophyticus Other Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Micrococcus Case Study 26: Streptococcus, Enterococcus and Pneumococcus Streptococcus Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococci) Properties of the Bacteria Morphology Culture Pathogenesis Virulence Factors Cell Wall-Associated Factors 1. Group-Specific Carbohydrate Antigen 2. Type-Specific Proteins 3. Pili (Fimbria) Toxins 1. Haemolysins: 2. Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (SPEs): Enzymes 1. Streptokinase: 2. Deoxyribonucleases (DNAase or streptodornase): 3. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADase): 4. Hyaluronidase: 5. Serum opacity factor: 6. Other enzymes: Clinical Syndromes Suppurative Streptococcal Infections Toxin-Mediated Infections Non-Suppurative Streptococcal Infections Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Culture and Identification Rapid Direct Antigen Detection Test Bacitracin Sensitivity Test Serology Typing Treatment Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Habitat Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Prevention and Control Other Haemolytic Streptococci Group B Streptococci (GBS) Group C Streptococci Group F Streptococci Group G Streptococci Group D Streptococci Viridans Streptococci Other Streptococci Zoonotic Streptococci Nutritionally Variant Streptococci (NVS) Enterococcus Pneumococcus Properties of Bacteria Morphology Culture and Biochemical Properties Other Properties Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents Optochin Sensitivity Test Antigenic Structure Pathogenesis Virulence Factors Pathogenesis of Pneumococcal Disease Clinical Syndromes Pneumonia Meningitis Other Suppurative Infections Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Culture and Identification Serology Molecular Detection Typing of Pneumococci Serotyping Molecular Typing Treatment Epidemiology Prevention and Control Case Study 27: Neisseria and Moraxella Genus Neisseria Neisseria gonorrhoeae Properties of the Bacteria Morphology Culture and Biochemical Properties Thayer-Martin Medium Other Properties Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents Antigenic Structure Pathogenesis Virulence Factors Pathogenesis of Gonorrhoea Clinical Syndromes Gonorrhoea Gonorrhoea in Men Gonorrhoea in Women Ophthalmia Neonatorum Other Gonococcal Infections Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Detection of Gonococcal Antigen Culture and Identification Strain Typing Serology Molecular Detection Treatment Penicillin-resistant Strains of N. gonorrhoeae WHO Guidelines for Treatment Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Habitat Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Prevention and Control Non-Gonococcal or Non-Specific Urethritis Neisseria meningitidis Properties of the Bacteria Morphology Culture and Biochemical Properties Other Properties Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents Antigenic Structure Pathogenesis Virulence Factors Pathogeneses of Meningitis Clinical Syndromes Meningitis Meningococcaemia Waterhouse-Frederickson Syndrome Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Culture and Identification Antigen Detection Serology Molecular Detection Treatment Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Habitat Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Prevention and Control Antimicrobial Chemoprophylaxis Vaccines Commensal Neisseria Genus Moraxella Case Study 28: Corynebacterium and Coryneform Bacteria Genus Corynebacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae Properties of the Bacteria Morphology Culture and Biochemical Properties Other Properties Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents Pathogenesis Virulence Factors Diphtheria Toxin Pathogenesis of Diphtheria Clinical Syndromes Respiratory Diphtheria Cutaneous Diphtheria Diphtheria of Other Sites Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Direct Immunofluorescence Culture and Identification Toxigenicity Testing In Vitro Tests for Detection of Diphtheria Toxin Tissue Culture Test Sero Molecular Detection Typing of Corynebactrium diphtheriae Serotyping Bacteriophage Typing Biotyping Molecular Typing Treatment Epidemiology Geogrphical Distribution Habitat Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infections Prevention and Control Active Immunisation Vaccines Passive Immunisation Combined Immunisation Other Pathogenic Corynebacterium Species Diphtheroids Coryneform Bacteria Case Study 29: Bacillus The Genus Bacillus Bacillus anthracis Properties of the Bacteria Morphology Spores Culture and Biochemical Properties Other Properties Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents: Antigenic Properties Pathogenesis Virulence Factors Bacterial Capsule Anthrax Toxin Complex Pathogenesis of Cutaneous Anthrax Clinical Syndromes Cutaneous Anthrax Gastrointestinal Anthrax Inhalational or Pulmonary Anthrax Anthrax Meningitis Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Culture and Identification Animal Inoculation Serology Molecular Detection Treatment Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Habitat Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Anthrax and Biological Warfare CDC Guidelines for Identification After the Threat of Bioterrorism Prevention and Control Chemoprophylaxis Vaccination in Humans Pre-Exposure Immunisation Vaccination in Animals Decontamination of Animal Products Anthracoid Bacilli Bacillus cereus Case Study 30: Genus Mycobacterium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis Genus Mycobacterium Classification Obligate Parasites Opportunistic Pathogens Saprophytic Mycobacteria General Properties Mycobacterium tuberculosis Properties of the Bacteria Morphology Culture and Biochemical Properties Other Properties Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents Antigenic Structure Pathogenesis Virulence Factors Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis Pathology Immunity in Tuberculosis Clinical Syndromes Tuberculosis Pulmonary Tuberculosis Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis HIV Patients with Tuberculosis Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens The Concentration of Specimens Microscopy Culture and Identification Mycobacteria Drug Susceptibility Testing Tuberculin Skin Test Interferon Gamma Release Assay (IGRA) Serology Animal Inoculation Tests Molecular Detection Rapid and Automated Methods Treatment First-Line Antitubercular Drugs Second-Line Antitubercular Drugs Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Habitat Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Typing Methods Prevention and Control Chemoprophylaxis Vaccination General Health Measures The End TB Strategy of the World Health Organisation Case Study 31: Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium lepraemurium and Non-tuberculosis Mycobacteria Mycobacterium leprae Properties of the Bacteria Morphology Culture and Biochemical Properties Adaptation in Cell Culture Media Other Properties Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents Antigenic Structure Host Immunity Classification of Leprosy Pathogenesis of Leprosy Virulence Factors Immunogenetics of Leprosy Clinical Syndromes Leprosy Lepromatous Leprosy Tuberculoid Leprosy Borderline or Dimorphous Leprosy Indeterminate Leprosy Purely Neuritic Leprosy Lepra Reactions Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Biopsy Lepromin Test Antigen Test Serology Molecular Detection Treatment Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Habitat Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Prevention and Control WHO Roadmap on Leprosy Mycobacterium lepraemurium Case Study Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) Runyon Classification Photochromogens (Runyon Group I) Scotochromogens (Runyon Group II) Non-Photochromogens (Runyon Group III) Rapid Growers (Runyon Group IV) Treatment Epidemiology Case Study 32: Actinomycetes Actinomyces Properties of the Bacteria Morphology Culture Pathogenesis Clinical Syndromes Actinomycosis Cervicofacial Actinomycosis Thoracic Actinomycosis Actinomycosis of the Abdomen and Pelvis Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Culture Molecular Detection Treatment Epidemiology Prevention and Control Nocardia Properties of the Bacteria Morphology Culture and Biochemical Properties Pathogenesis Clinical Syndromes Primary Cutaneous Nocardiosis Bronchopulmonary Infection Secondary Central Nervous System (CNS) Infection Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Culture and Identification Treatment Epidemiology Habitat Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Prevention and Control Rhodococcus Tropheryma whippeli Dermatophilus Actinomycotic mycetoma Actinomycetes and Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Case Study 33: Clostridium Genus Clostridium Classification General Properties of Clostridia Spores Culture and Biochemical Tests Clostridium perfringens Properties of the Bacteria Morphology Culture and Biochemical Properties Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents Typing Pathogenesis Virulence Factors Toxins Major Toxins Minor Toxins Other Toxins Enzymes and Biologically Active Soluble Substances Pathogenesis of Gas Gangrene Clinical Syndromes Gas Gangrene Food Poisoning Necrotising Enteritis Other Manifestations Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Culture and Identification Nagler Reaction Reverse CAMP Test Laboratory Diagnosis of Food Poisoning Serology Molecular Detection Treatment Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Habitat Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Prevention and Control Clostridium histolyticum Clostridium septicum Clostridium novyi Clostridium tetani Properties of the Bacteria Morphology Culture and Biochemical Properties Susceptibility to the Physical and Chemical Agents Typing Pathogenesis Virulence Factors Tetanospasmin Tetanus in Experimental Animals Tetanolysin Neurotoxin Pathogenesis of Tetanus Clinical Syndromes Tetanus Neonatal Tetanus Localised Tetanus Cephalic Tetanus Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Culture and Identification Toxigenicity Testing In-vitro Neutralisation Test In-vitro Neutralisation Test Other Tests Treatment Antibiotics Therapy Human Immunoglobulin Therapy Surgical Management Supportive Management Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Habitat Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus Prevention and Control Active Immunisation Vaccine Immunisation for Prevention of Neonatal Tetanus Passive Immunisation Combined Immunisation Clostridium botulinum Properties of the Bacteria Morphology Culture and Biochemical Reactions Other Properties Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents Typing Pathogenesis Virulence Factors Pathogenesis of Botulism Food-Borne Botulism Infant Botulism Wound Botulism Clinical Syndromes Botulism Food-borne Botulism Infant Botulism Wound Botulism Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Culture and Identification Demonstration of Toxin Molecular Detection of Toxin Genes Treatment Antitoxin Therapy Antibiotics Therapy Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Habitat Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Prevention and Control Clostridium difficile Case Study 34: Non-Sporing Anaerobes Classification Anaerobic Cocci Anaerobic Gram-Positive Cocci Anaerobic Gram-Negative Cocci Anaerobic Bacilli Anaerobic Gram-Positive Bacilli Propionibacterium Lactobacillus Mobiluncus Bifidobacterium and Eubacterium Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli Properties of Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli Bacteroides Other Gram-Negative Anaerobes Porphyromonas Prevotella Fusobacterium Leptotrichia Laboratory Diagnosis of Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli Infections Treatment Case Study 35: Coliforms Classification Tribe Escherichieae Escherichia coli Properties of the Bacteria Morphology Culture and Biochemical Properties Other Properties Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents Antigenic Structure H or Flagellar Antigen O or Somatic Antigen K or Capsular Antigen F or Fimbrial Antigens Antigenic Typing Pathogenesis Virulence Factors Surface Antigens Exotoxins Adhesins Siderophores Clinical Syndromes Urinary Tract Infections Diarrhoea Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) Diarrhoea Caused by Enterotoxigenic E. coli Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) Diffusely Adherent E. coli (DAEC) Septicaemia Neonatal Meningitis Other Infections Laboratory Diagnosis of UTI Specimens Urine Culture Laboratory Diagnosis of Diarrhoea Specimens Stool Culture Identification of EPEC Identification of ETEC Identification of EIEC Identification of EHEC Identification of Other Strains Laboratory Diagnosis of Septicaemia, Neonatal Meningitis and Other Infections Molecular Detection Treatment Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Habitat Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Prevention and Control Tribe Edwardsiellae Tribe Citrobacteriaceae Tribe Klebsielleae Klebsiella pneumoniae Community-Acquired Pneumonia UTI Bacteraemia and Sepsis Laboratory Diagnosis Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis Klebsiella ozaenae Klebsiella oxytoca Enterobacter Hafnia Serratia Tribe Proteeae Proteus Morganella Providencia Tribe Erwinieae Case Study 36: Salmonella and Shigella Genus Salmonella Classification and Nomenclature Kauffmann-White Scheme Properties of the Bacteria Morphology Culture and Biochemical Properties Non-selective Media Selective Media Enrichment Media Other Properties Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents Antigenic Structure H or Flagellar Antigen O or Somatic Antigen Surface Antigens Antigenic Variations OH-O Variation V-W Variation SR Variation Phase Variation O antigen Variation Pathogenesis Virulence Factors Endotoxin Fimbriae Acid Tolerance Response (ATR) Gene Enzymes Pathogenesis of Enteric Fever Clinical Syndromes Typhoid Fever Paratyphoid Fever Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Blood Culture Castañeda Biphasic Method of Blood Culture Automated Blood Culture System Clot Culture Bone Marrow Culture Faeces Culture Slide Agglutination Test Serology Widal Test Other Antibody-Based Serological Tests Antigen-Based Serological Tests Molecular Detection Diagnosis of Carriers Typing Bacteriophage Typing Biotyping Genotyping Treatment Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Typhi Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Habitat Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Prevention and Control Vaccines Killed or Inactivated Vaccines Oral Vaccines Salmonella Gastroenteritis Salmonella Septicaemia Case Study Genus Shigella Classification Properties of the Bacteria Morphology Culture and Biochemical Properties Nutrient Agar MacConkey Agar Deoxycholate Citrate Agar (DCA), Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD) Agar, Salmonella-Shigella (SS) Agar and Hektoen Enteric (HE) Selenite F and Gram-Negative (GN) Broth Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical agents Antigenic structure Other Properties Pathogenesis Virulence Factors Intestinal Adherence Factor Endotoxins Shiga Toxin Pathogenesis of Bacillary Dysentery Clinical Syndromes Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Culture and Identification Serology Molecular Detection Molecular Typing Treatment Antibiotics-resistant Shigella Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Habitat Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Prevention and Control Case Study 37: Yersinia, Pasteurella and Francisella Genus Yersinia Yersinia pestis Properties of the Bacteria Morphology Culture and Biochemical Properties Other Properties Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents Antigenic Structure Pathogenesis Virulence Factors Plague Toxin F1 Envelope Antigen (Fraction I or F-I Antigen) V and W Antigens TTSS Other Virulence Factors Pathogenesis of Plague Bubonic Plague Pneumonic Plague Septicaemic Plague Clinical Syndromes Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Culture and Identifications Animal Inoculation Serology Molecular Detection Treatment Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Habitat Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Prevention and Control Immunoprophylaxis by Plague Vaccine Chemoprophylaxis by Antibiotic Therapy Environmental Sanitation WHO Guidelines for the Management of Plague Outbreak Yersinia enterocolitica Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Genus Pasteurella Pasteurella multocida Francisella tularensis Case Study 38: Pseudomonas, Burkholderia and Acinetobacter Genus Pseudomonas Pseudomonas aeruginosa Properties of the Bacteria Morphology Culture and Biochemical Properties Other Properties Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents Antigenic Structure Pathogenesis Virulence Factors Pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection Clinical Syndromes Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Culture and Identification Typing Treatment Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Habitat Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Prevention and Control Other Pseudomonas Species Genus Burkholderia Burkholderia cepacia Burkholderia mallei Burkholderia pseudomallei Case Study 39: Vibrio, Aeromonas and Plesiomonas Genus Vibrio Vibrio cholerae Properties of the Bacteria Morphology Culture and Biochemical Properties Non-selective Media Selective Media Transport Media Enrichment Media Other Properties Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents Antigenic Structure Classification Heiberg Classification Serological Classification Phage Typing Pathogenesis Virulence Factors Cholera Toxin or CT (CTx) Other Virulence Factors Pathogenesis of Cholera Clinical Syndromes Cholera Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Culture and Identifications Typing Serotyping Bio Typing Phage Typing Molecular Typing Serology Molecular Detection Diagnosis of Carriers Water Sample Testing Treatment Replacement of Fluid and Electrolytes Antibiotic Therapy Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Cholera Pandemics V. cholerae O139 Habitat Reservoir, Source and Transmission of the Infection Prevention and Control Cholera Vaccines Killed Cholera Vaccines Non-living oral B Subunit Whole-cell Vaccine (WC/rBS Vaccine) Live Oral Cholera Vaccine (CVD 103-Hg R Vaccine) General Preventive Measures Non-Cholera Vibrios Vibrio mimicus Halophilic Vibrios Vibrio parahaemolyticus Vibrio alginolyticus Vibrio vulnificus Other Vibrio Species Genus Aeromonas Genus Plesiomonas Case Study 40: Haemophilus and Bordetella Genus Haemophilus Haemophilus influenzae Properties of the Bacteria Morphology Culture and Biochemical Properties Blood Agar Chocolate Agar Fildes Agar or Levinthal Agar Other Properties Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents H. influenzae Antigens Pathogenesis Virulence Factors Pathogenesis of Haemophilus influenzae Infections Clinical Syndromes Infections Caused by Encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae Infections Caused by Non-encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Culture and Identifications Typing Antigen Detection Molecular Detection Treatment Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Habitat Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Prevention and Control Vaccines Chemoprophylaxis Haemophilus ducreyi Haemophilus aphrophilus Haemophilus parainfluenzae Haemophilus aegyptius Haemophilus haemolyticus Actinobacillus (Aggregatibacter) Hacek Group of Bacteria Case Study Genus Bordetella Bordetella pertussis Properties of the Bacteria Morphology Culture and Biochemical Properties Other Properties Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents Bordetella pertussis Antigens Pathogenesis Virulence Factors FHA Pertussis Toxin Invasive Adenylate Cyclase or Haemolysin Tracheal Cytotoxin Pathogenesis of Whooping Cough Clinical Syndromes Whooping Cough Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Culture and Identification Serology Molecular Detection Other Laboratory Tests Treatment Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Habitat Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Prevention and Control Vaccines Bordetella parapertussis Bordetella bronchiseptica Case Study 41: Brucella Genus Brucella Properties of the Bacteria Morphology Culture and Biochemical Properties Classification Biotypes Phage Types Other Properties Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents Brucella Antigen Structure Pathogenesis Virulence Factors Pathogenesis of Brucellosis Clinical Syndromes Brucellosis Acute Brucellosis Chronic Brucellosis Localised and Suppurative Infection Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Culture and Identification Castaneda´s Method of Blood Culture Bone Marrow Cultures Serology The Standard Tube Agglutination Test (SAT) Indirect Immunofluorescent Assay Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Brucella Skin Test Molecular Detection Other Tests Diagnosis in Animals Treatment Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Habitat Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Prevention and Control Case Study 42: Campylobacter and Helicobacter Genus Campylobacter Properties of the Bacteria Morphology Culture and Biochemical Properties Other Properties Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents Pathogenesis Virulence Factors Pathogenesis of Enteric Infections Clinical Syndromes Enteric Infections Extraintestinal Infections Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Culture and Identification Histology Serology Molecular Detection Treatment Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Habitat Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Prevention and Control Genus Helicobacter Helicobacter pylori Properties of the Bacteria Morphology Culture and Biochemical Properties Pathogenesis Virulence Factors Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori Infection Clinical Syndromes Peptic Ulcer Disease Chronic Atrophic Gastritis Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Culture and Identification Urease Test Faecal Antigen Test Serology Rapid Urea-Breath Test Treatment Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Habitat Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Prevention and Control Other Helicobacter Species Case Study 43: Treponema, Borrelia and Leptospira Genus Treponema Treponema pallidum Properties of the Bacteria Morphology Culture Other Properties Sensitivity to Physical and Chemical Agents Antigenic Structure Immunity Pathogenesis Virulence Factors Pathogenesis of Syphilis Clinical Syndromes Venereal Syphilis Primary Syphilis Secondary Syphilis Tertiary Syphilis Non-venereal Syphilis Congenital Syphilis Occupational Syphilis Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Culture Serology Standard Tests of Syphilis VDRL Test Rapid Plasma Reagin Test Treponema pallidum-specific tests Treponema pallidum Immobilisation Test Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody (FTA) Test FTA Absorption (FTA-Abs) IgM FTA-Abs Test Treponema pallidum Haemagglutination Assay (TPHA) Enzyme Immune Assays (EIA) Western Blot Molecular Detection Serological Assay Diagnostic Utility Response to Treatment Congenital Syphilis Diagnosis Treatment Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Habitat Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Prevention and Control Non-Venereal Treponematosis Endemic Syphilis Yaws Pinta Non-Pathogenic Treponemes Genus Borrelia Borrelia recurrentis Properties of the Bacteria Morphology Culture Pathogenesis Virulence Factors Pathogenesis of Relapsing Fever Clinical Syndromes Relapsing Fever Laboratory Diagnosis Specimen Microscopy Culture Animal Inoculation Serology Molecular Detection Treatment Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Habitat Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Prevention and Control Borrelia vincenti Borrelia burgdorferi Genus Leptospira Leptospira Interrogans Complex Properties of the Bacteria Morphology Culture Other Properties Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents Antigenic Structure Pathogenesis Virulence Factors Pathogenesis of Leptospirosis Clinical Syndromes Leptospirosis Anicteric Leptospirosis Icteric Leptospirosis Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Culture and Identification Animal Inoculation Serology Molecular Detection Treatment Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Habitat Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Prevention and Control Case Study 44: Rickettsia, Orientia, Ehrlichia and Coxiella Classification Genus Rickettsia Properties of the Bacteria Morphology Culture Other Properties Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents Antigenic Structure Pathogenesis Virulence Factors Typhus Fever Group Epidemic or Louse-Borne Typhus Relapsing Louse-Borne Typhus Endemic or Flea-Borne Murine Typhus Spotted Fever Group Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Rickettsial Pox Other Rickettsial Species in the Spotted Fever Group Genus Orientia Genus Ehrlichia Laboratory Diagnosis of Rickettsia, Orientia and Ehrlichia Infections Specimens Microscopy Culture Animal Inoculation Serology Molecular Detection Treatment Prevention and Control Genus Coxiella Coxiella burnetii Properties of the Bacteria Morphology Culture Other Properties Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents Antigenic Structure Pathogenesis Clinical Syndromes Q Fever Laboratory Diagnosis Serology Molecular Detection Treatment Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Habitat Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Prevention and Control Case Study 45: Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma Genus Mycoplasma Properties of the Bacteria Morphology Culture and Biochemical Properties Other Properties Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents Immunity Pathogenesis Virulence Factors Pathogenesis of Respiratory Infections Clinical Syndromes Respiratory Infections Extrapulmonary Infections Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Direct Antigen Detection Culture and Identification Serology Non-specific Serological Tests Molecular Detection Treatment Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Habitat Reservoir, Host and Transmission of Infection Prevention and Control Genital Mycoplasma Infections Mycoplasmas and L-Forms in Bacteria Mycoplasmas as Cell Culture Contaminants Genus Ureaplasma Atypical Pneumonia Case Study 46: Chlamydia and Chlamydophila Genus Chlamydia General Properties Morphology Growth and Multiplication Chlamydia trachomatis Properties of the Bacteria Morphology Culture Other Properties Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents Antigenic Structure Typing Pathogenesis Virulence Factors Pathogenesis of Chlamydia trachomatis Infections Clinical Syndromes Chlamydia trachomatis LGV biovar Infections Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV) Ocular LGV Chlamydia trachomatis trachoma biovar Infections Trachoma Adult Inclusion Conjunctivitis Neonatal Conjunctivitis Infant Pneumonia Urogenital Infection Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Culture Chlamydial Antigen Detection Serology Frei´s Skin Test Molecular Detection Treatment Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Habitat Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Prevention and Control Genus Chlamydophila Chlamydophila pneumoniae Chlamydophila psittaci Case Study 47: Miscellaneous Bacteria Listeria monocytogenes Morphology and Other Properties Pathogenesis Clinical Syndromes Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Treatment Epidemiology Prevention and Control Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Alcaligenes faecalis Chromobacterium violaceum Flavobacterium meningosepticum Klebsiella granulomatis Genus Acinetobacter Streptobacillus and Spirillum Streptobacillus moniliformis Spirillum minus Genus Legionella Legionella pneumophila Properties of the Bacteria Morphology Culture and Biochemical Properties Other Properties Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents Pathogenesis Virulence Factors Pathogenesis of Legionnaire´s Disease Clinical Syndromes Legionnaire´s Disease Pontiac Fever Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Direct Fluorescent Antibody (DFA) Test Culture Serology Molecular Detection Treatment Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Habitat Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Prevention and Control Eikenella corrodens Cardiobacterium hominis Genus Bartonella Bartonella bacilliformis Bartonella quintana Bartonella henselae Genus Capnocytophaga Gardnerella vaginalis Moraxella lacunata Kingella Case Study Part IV: Virology 48: Introduction to Viruses Morphology of Viruses Size Structure and Symmetry of Virus Viral Structure Capsid Functions of Capsid Envelope Viral Symmetry Icosahedral Symmetry Helical Symmetry Complex Symmetry Shape Viral Components (Nucleic Acid, Proteins and Lipids) Viral Nucleic Acid Viral Proteins and Lipids Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents Disinfectants Temperature pH Lipid Solvents Radiations Antibiotics Replication of Viruses Attachment Penetration Uncoating Biosynthesis Biosynthesis of DNA Viruses Biosynthesis of RNA Viruses Mechanism of Virus Replication Maturation Release Abnormal Replicative Cycles Incomplete Viruses Pseudovirions Abortive Infections Defective Viruses Viruses of Medical Importance DNA Viruses Adenoviridae Poxviridae Herpesviridae Papovaviridae Hepadnaviridae RNA Viruses Togaviridae Rhabdoviridae Reoviridae Retroviridae Picornaviridae Orthomyxoviridae Paramyxoviridae Bunyaviridae Arenaviridae Caliciviridae Filoviridae Prions Viroids Pathogenesis of Viral Infections Stages of Viral Infections Entry into the Body Respiratory Tract Skin Conjunctiva Alimentary Tract Genital Tract Congenital Infections Initiation of Infection at Primary Site (Infection of the Target Tissue) Replication of Virus and Spread to Secondary Sites Manifestations of the Viral Diseases Viral Pathogenesis at the Cellular Level Abortive Infection Lytic Infection Inhibition of Cellular Protein Synthesis Cell Fusion Transformation Cytopathic Effect Persistent Viral Infection Host Response to Viral Infections Immunity in Viral Infections Humoral Immunity Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI) Non-immunological Responses Phagocytosis Age Poor Nutrition Genetic Makeup Body Temperature Interferons Types of Interferons Clinical Applications of Interferons Clinical Manifestations of Viral Diseases Incubation Period Severity of the Viral Disease Epidemiology of Viral Infections Prevention and Control of Viral Diseases Immunoprophylaxis of Viral Diseases 49: Antiviral Agents Mechanism of Action of Antiviral Drugs Classification of Antiviral Drugs Nucleoside Analogues Non-Nucleoside Polymerase Inhibitors Protease Inhibitors Other Antiviral Drugs Interferon Resistance to Antiviral Agents 50: Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Diseases Methods of Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Direct Detection of Viruses/Viral Antigens Electron Microscopy Fluorescence Microscopy Light Microscopy Demonstration of Virus-induced CPEs in the Cells Virus Isolation Laboratory Animals Embryonated Eggs Tissue Culture Flurry Culture Explant Culture Cell Culture Detection of Virus Growth in Cell Cultures Cytopathic Effect (CPE) Haemadsorption Heterologous Interference Transformation Detection of Viral Antigen/ Virus in Cell Lines Light Microscopy Immunofluorescence Electron Microscopy Viral Assays Total Virus Particles Count Assay of Infectivity of Viruses Quantitative Assay of Infectivity Quantal Assays of Infectivity Detection of Viral Proteins and Other Enzymes Detection of Viral Genome DNA Probe Southern Blot Analysis Northern Blot Analysis Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Viral Serology Haemagglutination Inhibition (HI) Test Neutralisation Test (NT) Western Blot Molecular Diagnosis 51: Bacteriophages Morphology Life Cycle Lytic Cycle (Virulent Cycle) Lysogenic Cycle (Temperate Cycle) Uses of Bacteriophages Bacteriophage Typing Phage Therapy 52: Poxviruses Poxviruses Classification and Host Range Smallpox (Variola) Virus Morphology Physical and Chemical Properties Antigenic Properties Laboratory Isolation Chick Embryo Tissue Culture Laboratory Animals Pathogenesis of Smallpox Transmission Virus Replication Clinical Syndromes Smallpox Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Virus Isolation Serology Molecular Detection Treatment Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Prevention and Control Vaccines Future Risks Other Poxviruses Vaccinia Virus Monkeypox Buffalopox Cowpox Orf Molluscum Contagiosum Tanapox Yabapox Case Study 53: Herpesviruses Herpesviruses Classification and Host Range Herpes Simplex Virus Morphology Physical and Chemical Properties Laboratory Isolation Chick Embryo Tissue Culture Pathogenesis of Herpes Simplex Virus Infection HSV Transmission Replication of Virus Host Immunity Clinical Syndromes HSV-1 Infection Acute Herpetic Gingivostomatitis Acute Herpetic Pharyngotonsillitis Herpes labialis Other HSV-1 Infections HSV-2 Infection Genital Herpes Neonatal Infection Aseptic Meningitis Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Tzanck Smear Direct Antigen Detection Tissue Culture Virus Typing Serology Molecular Detection Treatment Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Prevention and Control Herpesvirus Simea: B Virus Varicella-Zoster Virus Morphology Laboratory Isolation Pathogenesis of VZV Infection Transmission Immunity Clinical Syndromes Varicella (Chickenpox) Chicken Pox in Pregnancy Herpes Zoster (Shingles) Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Direct Antigen Detection Virus Isolation Serology Molecular Detection Treatment Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Prevention and Control Varicella-Zoster Immunoglobulin Vaccines Epstein-Barr Virus Morphology Laboratory Isolation Antigenic Properties Other Properties Pathogenesis of Epstein-Barr Virus Infection Transmission Clinical Presentations Infectious Mononucleosis Epstein-Barr Virus-Induced Tumours Epstein-Barr Virus Infection in an Immunocompromised Host Diagnosis Specimens Direct Antigen Detection Virus Isolation Serology Heterophilic Antibody-Based Tests EBV-Specific Antibody Tests Other Tests Molecular Detection Treatment Epidemiology Prevention and Control Cytomegalovirus Morphology Antigenic Properties Laboratory Isolation Pathogenesis of CMV Infection Clinical Syndromes Congenital Infection Asymptomatic Congenital Infection Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease of Newborns Acquired CMV Infection Perinatal Infection CMV Mononucleosis Transfusion-Acquired CMV Infection CMV Infection in Immunocompromised Hosts Infection of Adults Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Direct Antigen Detection Cell Culture Serology Molecular Detection Treatment Epidemiology Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Prevention and Control Human Herpesvirus 6 Human Herpesvirus 7 Human Herpesvirus 8 Case Study 54: Adenoviruses Adenoviruses Morphology Antigenic Properties Other Properties Laboratory Isolation Pathogenesis of Adenovirus Infection Lytic Infection Latent Infection Oncogenic Transformation Clinical Syndromes Respiratory Infections Acute Respiratory Disease Pharyngoconjunctival Fever Other Respiratory Tract Diseases Eye Infections Acute Follicular Conjunctivitis Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis Gastrointestinal Infections Other Manifestations Adenovirus Infections in an Immunocompromised Host Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Direct Antigen Detection Virus Isolation Serology Molecular Detection Treatment Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Prevention and Control Adeno-Associated Viruses (AAVS) Case Study 55: Picornaviruses Classification Enteroviruses Poliovirus Morphology Virus Replication Antigenic Properties Other Properties Laboratory Isolation Chick Embryos Tissue Culture Laboratory Animals Pathogenesis of Poliomyelitis Clinical Syndromes Asymptomatic Illness Abortive Poliomyelitis Non-paralytic Poliomyelitis Paralytic Polio Post-poliomyelitis Syndrome Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Virus Isolation Serology Molecular Detection Treatment Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Prevention and Control Vaccines Inactivated Polio Vaccine Live Attenuated Oral Polio Vaccine Safety of Polio Vaccine The Efficiency of Polio Vaccine Issues Related to Vaccine Failure in Tropical Regions Spread of Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses Poliomyelitis Eradication Pulse Polio Immunisation Program (PPI) Coxsackie Viruses Properties of the Virus Clinical Syndromes Coxsackie A Virus Herpangina Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease Coxsackie B Virus Pleurodynia Myocarditis Juvenile Diabetes Orchitis Transplacental and Neonatal Transmission Coxsackie A and B Viruses Echoviruses Other Enteroviruses Enterovirus 70 Rhinoviruses Properties of Virus Laboratory Isolation Pathogenesis of Rhinovirus Infections Clinical Syndromes Laboratory Diagnosis Epidemiology Treatment Prevention and Control Hepatitis A Virus Case Study 56: Orthomyxoviruses Influenza Viruses Morphology Virus Replication Antigenic Properties Group-Specific Antigen Surface Antigen Haemagglutinin (HA) Neuraminidase (NA) Classification Antigenic Variations Gene Re-assortment Nomenclature of Influenza Viruses Other Properties Laboratory Isolation Chick Embryos Tissue Culture Laboratory Animals Pathogenesis of Influenza Clinical Syndromes Influenza Complications Interstitial Pneumonia Guillain-Barre Syndrome Reye Syndrome Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Direct Antigen Detection Chick Embryo Inoculation Cell Culture Serology Haemagglutination Inhibition Test Enzyme Neutralisation Test and ELISA Molecular Detection Treatment Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Influenza Epidemics and Pandemics Antigenic Shift Antigenic Drift Avian Influenza (H5N1 Bird Flu) H1N1 (Swine Flu) Prevention and Control Immunoprophylaxis by Influenza Vaccines Inactivated Influenza Vaccines Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines Recombinant Vaccines Subunit Vaccines Chemoprophylaxis Case Study 57: Paramyxoviruses Classification Antigenic Structure Measles Virus (Rubeola) Morphology Virus Replication Antigenic and Other Properties Laboratory Isolation Pathogenesis of Measles Immunity Clinical Syndromes Measles Atypical Measles Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE) Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Direct Antigen Detection Cell Culture Serology Molecular Detection Treatment Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Prevention and Control Measles Vaccine Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Parainfluenza Virus Morphology Laboratory Isolation Pathogenesis of Human Parainfluenza Virus Infection Immunity Clinical Syndromes Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Direct Antigen Detection Cell Culture Serology Molecular Detection Treatment Epidemiology Prevention and Control Newcastle Disease Virus Mumps Virus Morphology Antigenic and Other Properties Laboratory Isolation Chick Embryo Tissue Culture Pathogenesis of Mumps Immunity Clinical Syndromes Mumps Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Chick Embryo Cell Culture Serology Molecular Detection Treatment Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Prevention and Control Vaccines Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Morphology Antigenic and Other Properties Laboratory Isolation Pathogenesis of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Clinical Syndromes Common Cold Bronchiolitis Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Direct Antigen Detection Cell Culture Serology Treatment Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Prevention and Control Nipah Virus Hendra Virus Human Metapneumovirus Case Study 58: Arboviruses (Arthropod-borne Viruses) and Rodent-borne Viruses Arthropod-Borne Viruses Important Properties Roboviruses Togaviruses Alphaviruses Encephalitis Group Western Equine Encephalitis Virus Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Febrile Illness with arthritis Group Chikungunya Virus O´nyong-nyong Virus Semliki forest Virus Sindbis Virus Ross River Virus Flaviviruses Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses Encephalitis Viruses St. Louis Encephalitis Virus Ilheus Virus West Nile Virus Murray Valley Encephalitis Virus Japanese Encephalitis Virus Yellow Fever Virus Pathogenesis of Yellow Fever Clinical Syndromes Epidemiology The Jungle (sylvatic) Cycle The Urban Cycle The Intermediate Cycle Laboratory Diagnosis Prevention and Control Dengue Virus Morphology Antigenic Properties Pathogenesis of Dengue Immunity Clinical Syndromes Classic Dengue Fever Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever Dengue Shock Syndrome Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Cell Culture Serology Molecular Detection Treatment Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Prevention and Control Zika Virus Tick-Borne Flaviviruses Tick-Borne Encephalitis Viruses Russian Spring-summer Encephalitis (RSSE) Powassan Virus Tick-Borne Haemorrhagic Fever Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) Omsk Haemorrhagic Fever Filoviridae Ebola Virus Bunyaviridae Viruses Morphology Pathogenesis of Bunyaviridae Virus Infections Immunity Clinical Syndromes Laboratory Diagnosis Serology Molecular Detection Treatment Epidemiology Prevention and Control Rodent-borne Bunyaviridae Viruses Reoviridae Rhabdoviridae Ungrouped Arboviruses Wanowrie Virus Bhanja Virus Case Study 59: Rhabdoviruses Rabies Virus Morphology Antigenic Properties Other Properties Virus Susceptibility Typing of Rabies Viruses Laboratory Isolation Chick Embryo Tissue Culture Laboratory Animals Pathogenesis of Rabies Clinical Syndromes Rabies Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Viral Antigen Detection Cell Culture Serology Molecular Detection Ante-mortem Diagnosis of Human Rabies Treatment Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Corneal Transplants Rabies in Dogs Laboratory Diagnosis of Rabies in Dogs and other Animals Demonstration of Negri Bodies Direct Antigen Detection Isolation of the Virus Prevention and Control Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Post-exposure Prophylaxis Local Treatment Passive Immunisation with Rabies Immunoglobulin Antirabies Vaccine WHO Guidelines on Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Red Cross Schedule Re-Exposure Prophylaxis Animal Vaccines Vaccine Failures National Rabies Control Programme (NRCP) Rabies-Related Viruses Duvenhage Virus Lagos Bat Virus Mokola Virus Other Rabies-Related Viruses Case Study 60: Hepatitis Viruses Types of Hepatitis Viruses Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Morphology Virus Antigens Virus Susceptibility Other Properties Laboratory Isolation Pathogenesis of HAV Infection Immunity Clinical Syndromes Infectious Hepatitis Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Cell Culture Serology Molecular Detection Other Tests Treatment Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Prevention and Control Vaccines Specific Passive Prophylaxis General Prevention Measures Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Morphology HBsAg Virus Genome Mutations Genotypes Virus Replication Virus Antigens Susceptibility of Virus Pathogenesis of HBV Infection Immunity Clinical Syndromes Acute Hepatitis Chronic Hepatitis Complications of HBV Infection Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Serology Viral Antigens Viral Antibodies Molecular Detection Other Tests Treatment Interferons Nucleoside Analogues Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Transmission of Infection High-Risk Groups Hepatitis B Virus Carriers Super Carriers Simple Carriers Prevention and Control Vaccines Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin (HBIg) Combined Immunisation Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Morphology Virus Genome Other Properties Pathogenesis of HCV Infection Clinical Syndromes Laboratory Diagnosis Serology Molecular Detection Treatment Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Transmission Prevention and Control Hepatitis D(Delta) Virus (HDV) Morphology Pathogenesis of HDV Infection Clinical Syndromes Laboratory Diagnosis Antigen Detection Serology Molecular Detection Treatment Epidemiology Prevention and Control Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Morphology and Other Properties Pathogenesis of HEV Infection Clinical Syndromes Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment Epidemiology Prevention and Control Hepatitis G Virus Case Study 61: Retrovirus Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Classification of Lentiviruses Morphology Virus Genome Virus Replication Virus Antigens Group-specific Antigen Type-specific Envelope Glycoproteins Virus Susceptibility Laboratory Isolation Tissue Culture Pathogenesis of HIV Infection Binding of Virus to Cell Receptors Virus Replication Lysis of Infected Cells Immunity Cell-mediated Immunity Humoral Immunity Clinical Syndromes Acute HIV Infection Asymptomatic or Latent Infection AIDS-Related Complex (ARC) AIDS Opportunistic Infections Malignancies Paediatric AIDS Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Cell Culture Serology Detection of Viral Antigen Detection of Specific Antibodies to HIV Rapid Tests Supplementary or Confirmatory Tests Applications of Serological Tests Screening Seuroepidemiology Diagnosis Molecular Detection Laboratory Monitoring Status of HIV Infection CD4+ T-cell Count Measurement of HIV RNA Measurement of B2 Microglobulin and Neopterin Other Tests Strategies for HIV Testing in India Strategy 1 Strategy 2 Strategy 3 Treatment Anti-HIV Drugs Nucleoside Analogue Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs) Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) Protease Inhibitors Epidemiology Geographical Distribution India Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Transmission Prevention and Control Health Education Screening of Blood and Blood Products Infection Control Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) Vaccine Development Case Study 62: Slow Virus and Prion Diseases Slow Virus Diseases Caused by Prions Prions Morphology Prion Replication Other Properties Prion Isolation Pathogenesis of Prion Diseases Clinical Syndromes Diseases Caused by Prions in Humans Kuru Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker Syndrome and Fatal Familial Insomnia Diseases Caused by Prions in Animals Scrapie Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy Chronic Wasting Disease of Deer, Mule and Elk Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Prevention and Control Slow Virus Diseases Caused by Conventional Viruses Humans Sub-acute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE) Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) Animals Visna Maedi Case Study 63: Oncogenic Viruses Oncogenic DNA Viruses Papovaviruses Poxvirus Adenovirus Herpes Virus Hepatitis B Virus Oncogenic RNA Viruses Retroviruses Classification Oncovirinae Lentivirinae Spumavirinae Morphology Virus Genome Host Specificity Virus Antigens Other Properties Pathogenesis of Retrovirus Infections Oncogenes Viral Oncogenes Cellular Oncogenes Transfection Clinical Syndromes Humans Animals Sarcoma and Acute Leukaemia Viruses Leukaemia Viruses Other Viruses Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment Epidemiology Human T-Lymphotropic Viruses (HTLV) Morphology Virus Genome Virus Replication Pathogenesis of HTLV Infection Clinical Presentations Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment Epidemiology Prevention and Control Endogenous Retroviruses Case Study 64: Miscellaneous Viruses Papovaviruses Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs) Morphology and Other Properties Pathogenesis of HPV Infection Clinical Syndromes Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment Epidemiology Prevention and Control Human Polyomaviruses Parvoviruses Parvovirus B19 Bocavirus Rubella Virus Morphology Other Properties Laboratory Isolation Pathogenesis of Rubella Immunity Clinical Syndromes Rubella Congenital Rubella Congenital Rubella Syndrome Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Cell Culture Serology Treatment Epidemiology Prevention and Control Rubella Vaccines Immunoglobulins Norwalk Virus Morphology Other Properties Pathogenesis of Norwalk Virus Infection Clinical Syndromes Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment Epidemiology Prevention and Control Viral Haemorrhagic Fever Arenavirus Morphology Laboratory Isolation Pathogenesis of Arenaviruses Infections Clinical Syndromes Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Lassa Fever South American Haemorrhagic Fever Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Cell Culture Serology Treatment Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Prevention and Control Filoviruses Reoviridae Rotavirus Morphology Virus Genome Virus Replication Virus Antigens Other Properties Laboratory Isolation Tissue Culture Pathogenesis of Rotavirus Diarrhoea Immunity Clinical Syndromes Diarrhoea Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Antigen Detection Cell Culture Treatment Epidemiology Prevention and Control Vaccines Orbiviruses Coltiviruses Orthoreoviruses Coronaviruses Morphology Virus Genome Virus Replication Other Properties Pathogenesis of Coronavirus Infections Clinical Syndromes SARS Common Cold Gastroenteritis Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Cell Culture Serology Molecular Detection Treatment Epidemiology Geographical Distribution Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection Prevention and Control Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 Transmission Laboratory Diagnosis Prevention and Control Variants Omicron Variant ZIKA Virus Case Study Part V: Mycology 65: Introduction to Mycology Classification of Fungi Taxonomical Classification Mucormycotina Ascomycota Basidiomycetes Fungi Imperfecti Morphological Classification Yeast Moulds Dimorphic Fungi Pathogenic Classification Primarily Pathogenic Opportunistic Pathogens Reproduction of Fungi Pathogenesis of Fungal Infection Colonisation and Disease Allergic Fungal Diseases Mycotoxicosis Laboratory Diagnosis Direct Microscopy Culture Growth Characteristics Teased Mount Preparation Slide Culture Cellophane Tape Preparation Serology Antigen Detection Non-culture Methods Detection of Fungal Cell Wall Markers Detection of Fungal Metabolites Molecular Diagnosis Antifungal Drugs 66: Superficial, Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Mycoses Superficial Mycoses Pityriasis Versicolor Tinea Nigra Black Piedra White Piedra Cutaneous Mycoses Dermatophytes Clinical Syndromes Laboratory Diagnosis Direct Microscopy Ectothrix Endothrix Culture Trichophyton Microsporum Epidermophyton Other Tests Hair Perforation Test Urease Test Growth on Rice Grains Treatment Subcutaneous Mycosis Mycetoma Chromoblastomycosis Phaeohyphomycosis Sporotrichosis Rhinosporidiosis Entomophthoromycosis Case Study 67: Systemic Mycoses and Opportunistic Infections Systemic Mycosis Coccidioidomycosis The Fungus Pathogenesis of Coccidiomycosis Clinical Syndromes Laboratory Diagnosis Microscopy Culture Serology Skin Test Molecular Detection Treatment Epidemiology and Prevention Paracoccidioidomycosis The Fungus Pathogenesis of Paracoccidiomycosis Clinical Syndromes Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment Epidemiology and Prevention Prevention and Control Histoplasmosis The Fungus Pathogenesis of Histoplasmosis Clinical Syndromes Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment Epidemiology and Prevention Prevention and Control Blastomycosis The Fungus Pathogenesis of Blastomycosis Clinical Syndromes Pulmonary Infection Extrapulmonary Infection Laboratory Diagnosis Sputum or Broncho-Alveolar Lavage (BAL) Microscopy Serology Molecular Detection Treatment Epidemiology and Prevention Case Study Opportunistic Fungal Infections Candidiasis The Fungus Pathogenesis of Candida Infection Clinical Syndromes Cutaneous Candidiasis Mucocutaneous Candidiasis Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis Systemic Candidiasis Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Culture Non-culture Candida Detection Serology Skin Test Molecular Detection Treatment Epidemiology and Prevention Cryptococcosis The Fungus Pathogenesis of Cryptococcosis Clinical Syndromes Pulmonary Cryptococcosis CNS Cryptococcosis Disseminated Non-pulmonary and Non-CNS Cryptococcosis Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Culture Serology Treatment Epidemiology and Prevention Aspergillosis The Fungus Pathogenesis of Aspergillosis Clinical Syndromes Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis Chronic Necrotising Pulmonary Aspergillosis Aspergilloma Invasive Aspergillosis Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Direct KOH Preparation Culture Serology Treatment Epidemiology and Prevention Mucormycosis (Zygomycosis) The Fungus Pathogenesis of Mucormycosis Clinical Syndromes Laboratory Diagnosis Microscopy Culture Histopathology Serology Treatment Epidemiology and Prevention Prevention and Control Pneumocystosis The Fungus Pathogenesis of Pneumocystosis Clinical Syndromes Laboratory Diagnosis Treatment Epidemiology and Prevention Talaromycosis The Fungus Pathogenesis of Talaromycosis Clinical Syndromes Laboratory Diagnosis Microscopy Culture Serology Molecular Detection Treatment Epidemiology and Prevention Prevention and Control Pseudallescheria boydii and Scedosporium apiospermum Infection Fusariosis Other Fungal Infections Otomycosis Oculomycosis (Keratomycosis, Fungal Keratitis, Mycotic Keratitis) Mycotic Poisoning Mycetism Mycotoxicosis Case Study Part VI: Applied and Clinical Microbiology Chapter 68: Bacteriology of Water, Milk, Air and Food Bacteriology of Water Bacterial Flora in Water Factors Determining the Number of Bacteria in Water Water-Borne Microorganisms Bacteriological Examination of Water Indicator Organisms Coliforms Thermotolerant Coliform Bacteria Faecal Streptococci Sulphite-reducing Clostridia Collection of Water Samples for Analysis Sampling from a Tap or Pump Outlet Sampling from a Reservoir, such as a Stream, River, Lakes and Tanks Sampling from a Well Sample Storage Methods of Water Analysis Presumptive Coliform Count Differential Coliform Count Detection of Faecal Streptococci Detection of C. Perfringens Membrane Filtration Method Detection of Specific Pathogens Viruses in Water Protozoa in Water Bacteriology of Milk Bacterial Flora of Milk Lactic Acid Bacteria Coliforms Importance of Presence of Microorganisms in Milk Microorganisms Causing Spoilage of Milk Pathogenic Microorganisms in Milk Pasteurisation Ultra-High-Temperature Treatment Boiling Bacteriological Examination of Milk Colony Counts Coliform Counts Methylene Blue Test Phosphatase Test Turbidity Test Detection of Specific Pathogens Bacteriology of Air Bacteriological Examination of Air Microbial Quality of Outdoor Air Microbial Content of Indoor Air Dust Particles Humans Droplets and Droplet Nuclei Measuring Bacterial Content of the Air Settle Plate Method (Passive Sampling) Slit Sampler Method (Active Sampling) Bacteriology of Food Source of Food Contamination Faeces Insects Air Domestic animals Laboratory Diagnosis Clinical history Specimens Detection of Specific Pathogen Prevention of Food-Borne Infections 69: Biomedical Waste Management Biomedical Waste Potential Hazards of Biomedical Waste Types of Biomedical Waste Human Anatomical Waste Animal Waste Microbiology Laboratory Waste Human Blood and Body Fluid Waste Waste Sharps Cytotoxic Waste Waste Treatment and Disposal General Principles of Waste Management Steps Involved in Waste Management Reduction Segregation Storage Transportation Treatment Methods of Waste Treatment Autoclaving Chemical Decontamination Incineration Microwave Treatment Plasma Torch Disposal of Biomedical Wastes Spill Management Management of Blood and Body Fluids, Including Infectious Materials Spill 70: Healthcare-Associated Infections Healthcare-Associated Infections Definition of Healthcare-Associated Infection Iatrogenic Infections Laboratory-Acquired Infections Biosafety Level Biosafety Level I Biosafety Level II Biosafety Level III Biosafety Level IV Factors Affecting Healthcare-Associated Infection Hospitalised Patients Hospital Environment Invasive Devices Antibiotics Resistance Diagnostic or Therapeutic Procedures Transfusion Epidemiology of Healthcare-Associated Infection Sources of Infections Exogenous Infection Endogenous Infection Microorganisms Causing Infections Transmission of Microorganisms Airborne Transmission Transmission by Direct Contact Transmission by Oral Route Transmission by Parenteral Route Common Types of Healthcare-Associated Infections Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTI) Health-Care Associated Bacteremia (Bloodstream Infection) Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSIs) Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections (CRBSI) Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP) Surgical Site Infections (SSI) Healthcare-Associated Infections Due to Hepatitis Viruses B and C Healthcare-Associated Episodes of Tetanus Healthcare-Associated Episodes of Acute Gastroenteritis Antibiotics Associated Diarrhoea Needlestick and Sharps Injury Prevention of Needlestick and Sharps Injury Needlestick Injury Management Immediate Management Postexposure Treatment (PEP) Laboratory Follow-up of Cases Diagnosis of Healthcare-Associated Infections Prevention and Control of Health Care-Associated Infections Standard Precautions Infection Control Committee Active Surveillance for Healthcare-Associated Infections Hand Hygiene Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Injection Safety Environmental Cleaning Medical Equipment Respiratory Hygiene/Cough Etiquette Isolation Precautions Precautions in Operating Theatre Investigation and Follow-up Outbreaks of Disease 71: Infective Syndromes: A System and Organ-Based Approach Pyrexia of Unknown Origin (PUO) Definition Aetiologies of PUO Infections Neoplasms Collagen Vascular Diseases Miscellaneous Conditions Laboratory Diagnosis Stage I Stage II Stage III Treatment Respiratory Tract Infections Definitions Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URI) Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (LRI) Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URI) Aetiology Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Gram Staining Direct Fluorescent Antibody (DFA) Test Treatment Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (LRI) Types of LRI Aetiology Bronchitis Acute Bronchitis Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Bronchitis (AECB) Pneumonia Lobar Pneumonia Bronchopneumonia Interstitial Pneumonia Miliary Pneumonia Nosocomial Pneumonia Chronic Infections Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Culture Serology Biomarkers Molecular Detection Radiology Treatment Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) Definitions Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) Bacteriuria Resident Microbial Flora Aetiology Pathogenesis of UTI Predisposing Factors Host Factors Gender and Sexual Activity Pregnancy Obstruction Neurogenic Bladder Dysfunction Vesicoureteral Reflux Genetic Factors Microbial Factors Clinical Syndromes Urethritis Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Cystitis Acute Urethral Syndrome Acute Pyelonephritis Catheter-Associated UTIs Laboratory Diagnosis Specimen Urine Microscopy Screening Tests Culture Semiquantitative Methods Quantitative Method Treatment Meningitis Definition Meningitis Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) Types of Meningitis Acute Meningitis Sub-acute Meningitis Chronic Meningitis Pathogenesis of Meningitis Clinical Syndromes Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) Laboratory Diagnosis Specimen Macroscopy Microscopy Culture Direct Detection of Antigen Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate Molecular Diagnosis Treatment Bloodstream Infections Definitions Bacteraemia Septicaemia Septic Shock Multiple-organ Dysfunction Syndrome Endotoxaemia Types of Blood-Stream Infections Clinical Syndromes Laboratory Diagnosis Blood Culture Manual Blood Culture Automated Blood Culture Non-blood Culture Tests Other Tests Laboratory Diagnosis of Catheter-Related Blood Stream Infection (CRBSI) Differential Quantitative Cultures Treatment Diarrhoeal Diseases and Food Poisoning Definitions Diarrhoea Dysentery Gastroenteritis Enterocolitis Types Clinical Syndromes Acute Infective Diarrhoea Chronic Infective Diarrhoea Traveller´s Diarrhoea Gastroenteritis Food Poisoning Infective Food Poisoning Toxic Food Poisoning Intermediate or Infective-toxic Food Poisoning Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Culture Cell Culture Serology Molecular Detection Treatment Sexually Transmitted Infections and Reproductive Tract Infections Definitions Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) Sexually Transmissible Disease (STD) Reproductive Tract Infections (RTI) Types Infections with Ulcerative Genital Ulcers Infection with Non-Ulcerative Lesions Men Women Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Culture Serology Molecular Detection Other Tests Frei´s Test Whiff Test Treatment Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Types Laboratory Diagnosis Specimens Microscopy Culture Molecular Detection Other Tests Treatment Hepatobiliary Infections Definitions Clinical Syndromes Hepatitis Cholangitis Cholecystitis Laboratory Diagnosis Wound Infections Congenital Infections Congenital Rubella Syndrome Congenital Toxoplasmosis Congenital Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection Other Congenital Infections Bone and Joint Infections Eye Infections Ear Infections 72: Quality Management System in Diagnostic Microbiology Quality Management System Definitions Quality Quality Assurance Quality Control Components of Quality Management System Quality Assurance Quality Control Assessment of Quality Systems Internal Quality Assessment/Control or Internal Audit External Quality Assessment/Control or External Audit Proficiency Testing Rechecking or Retesting Site Visit Glossary Further Reading Practical Guidance National and International Guidelines Books Scientific Publications Index
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