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دانلود کتاب Textbook of Microbiology and Immunology

دانلود کتاب کتاب درسی میکروبیولوژی و ایمونولوژی

Textbook of Microbiology and Immunology

مشخصات کتاب

Textbook of Microbiology and Immunology

ویرایش: [4 ed.] 
نویسندگان:   
سری:  
ISBN (شابک) : 9811933146, 9789811933172 
ناشر: Springer 
سال نشر: 2022 
تعداد صفحات: [1089] 
زبان: English 
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) 
حجم فایل: 34 Mb 

قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 40,000

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توضیحاتی در مورد کتاب کتاب درسی میکروبیولوژی و ایمونولوژی

ویرایش چهارم \"کتاب درسی میکروبیولوژی و ایمونولوژی\" ویرایشی است که به طور گسترده اصلاح شده است، ترکیبی سالم از مطالب قدیمی و جدید. بسیاری از فصول سنتی قدیمی با افزودن اطلاعات جدید همراه با گنجاندن فصول جدید بیشتر در راستای تغییرات مداوم در برنامه درسی و مفاهیم میکروبیولوژی پزشکی حفظ شده است. یادگیری مبتنی بر سندرم و رویکرد مبتنی بر سندرم به بیماری‌های عفونی، همراه با معرفی فصل‌های جدید و اصلاح‌شده حاوی آخرین اطلاعات در این زمینه. این کتاب پوشش گسترده ای از موضوعات اساسی در میکروبیولوژی عمومی و پزشکی ارائه می دهد. این کتاب همچنین بر میکروبیولوژی بالینی با تمرکز ویژه بر رویکرد مبتنی بر سندرم به بیماری‌های عفونی تأکید دارد. این شامل مفاهیم اساسی میکروبیولوژی و همچنین به روز رسانی ها و پیشرفت های اخیر در زمینه میکروبیولوژی پزشکی است. همه مباحث در هفت بخش اصلی گنجانده شده است: میکروبیولوژی عمومی، ایمونولوژی، باکتری شناسی، ویروس شناسی، قارچ شناسی، و میکروبیولوژی کاربردی و بالینی. ماهیت پویای علوم پزشکی با دستورالعمل‌های جدید و روش‌های تشخیصی جدید که وارد عرصه می‌شوند، گنجاندن اطلاعات جدید در هر ویرایش جدید کتاب را ضروری می‌سازد. این جنبه با گنجاندن اطلاعات اخیر در مورد جنبه های مختلف میکروبیولوژی، بیماری های عفونی و ایمونولوژی در ویرایش چهارم کتاب درسی میکروب شناسی و ایمونولوژی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است که آن را به یکی از معتبرترین و آموزنده ترین کتاب های درسی در میکروبیولوژی پزشکی تبدیل می کند. این کتاب تلاشی است برای اطلاع رسانی و درگیر کردن طیف وسیعی از خوانندگان از جمله دانشجویان پزشکی، اعم از کارشناسی و کارشناسی ارشد، و دستیاران و اساتید. هدف این است که یک کتاب همراه ضروری برای دانشجویان کارشناسی ارشد و پیشرفته و همچنین دانشجویان کارشناسی ارشد میکروبیولوژی پزشکی، میکروبیولوژی عمومی و وابسته، و ایمونولوژی باشد.


توضیحاتی درمورد کتاب به خارجی

The fourth edition of “Textbook of Microbiology and Immunology” is an extensively revised edition , a healthy mixture of the old and the new contents. Many of the old traditional chapters have been retained with addition of new information along with the inclusion of new chapters more in line with the on-going changes in the syllabus and concepts in Medical Microbiology .While doing so, this book has blended the traditional organism-based learning and a syndrome based approach to infectious disease, together with the introduction of new and modified chapters incorporating the latest information in this field. The book provides an extensive coverage of fundamental topics in general and medical microbiology. The book also lays due emphasis on clinical microbiology with special focus on syndrome based approach to infectious diseases. It includes the basic concepts of microbiology as well as the recent updates and developments in the field of medical microbiology. All the topics have been incorporated in seven major sections: General microbiology, Immunology, Bacteriology, Virology, Mycology, and Applied and Clinical Microbiology. The dynamic nature of medical sciences with new guidelines and new diagnostic methods coming into the arena necessitates the incorporation of new information in each new edition of a book. This facet has been addressed with the inclusion of recent information on the various aspects of microbiology, infectious diseases and immunology, in the fourth edition of the Textbook of Microbiology and Immunology ,which makes it one of the most authoritative and informative textbooks in medical microbiology. The book is an effort to inform and engage a wide spectrum of readers including medical students , both undergraduates and postgraduates, and residents, and faculty. It aims to be a must-have companion book for graduate and advanced undergraduate as well as postgraduate students of medical microbiology, general and allied microbiology, and of immunology.



فهرست مطالب

Preface to the Fourth Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Editorial Board
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Author
Part I: General Microbiology
	1: Introduction and History of Microbiology
		Medical Microbiology
		Scientists and Their Contributions to the Development of Microbiology
			Anton van Leeuwenhoek: The Microscopist
			Louis Pasteur: Father of Microbiology
			Joseph Lister: The Pioneer of Antiseptics
			Robert Koch: The Founder of Koch Postulates
		The Science of Virology
			d´Herelle and Twort: Founders of the Principles of Modern Virology
		Immunology as a New Discipline
		The Discovery of Chemotherapeutic Agents
			Antibiotics
		Impact of Molecular Biology in Medical Microbiology
			The Human Genome and Microbiome Projects
	2: Classification, Nomenclature and Taxonomy of Microbes
		Classification of Microorganisms
			Domain
			Kingdom
				Medically Important Kingdoms
		Nomenclature and Taxonomy of Microorganism
			Bacterial Taxonomy
				Intraspecies Classification
			Type Cultures
		Nomenclature, Taxonomy and Classification of Viruses
		Taxonomy and Classification of Fungi
			Taxonomy
			Classification of Fungal Diseases
	3: Microscopy
		Size of Microorganisms
		Microscopy
			Types of Microscopy
				Optical or Light Microscope
				Fluorescence Microscopy
				Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM)
				Electron Microscopy
	4: Sterilisation and Disinfection
		Definition of Frequently Used Terms
		Sterilisation
			Heat Sterilisation
				Moist Heat Sterilisation
					Sterilisation at a Temperature Below 100 C
					Sterilisation at a Temperature of 100 C
						Boiling
						Free Steam at Atmospheric Pressure (100 C)
					Sterilisation at a Temperature Above 100 C
				Intermittent Sterilisation
				Dry Heat Sterilisation
					Flaming
					Incineration
					Hot-air Oven
					Sterilisation Controls
			Cold Sterilisation
				Filtration
					Filters
				Radiations
					Ionising Radiation
					Non-ionising Radiations
				High-Frequency Sound (Sonic) Waves
				Sterilisation by Chemical Agents
				Effect of Cold and Desiccation
		Disinfection
			Properties of an Ideal Disinfectant
				Action of Disinfectants
				Factors Influencing Activity of Disinfectants
				Types of Disinfectants
					Phenols
					Halogens
					Alcohols
					Aldehydes
					Gases
					Surface Active Agents
					Oxidising Agents
					Dyes
					Heavy Metals
					Acids and Alkalis
				Testing of Disinfectants
					Phenol Coefficient (Rideal-Walker) Test
					Chick-Martin Tests
					Capacity (Kelsey-Sykes) Test
					In-Use (Kelsey-Maurer) Test
		Sterilisation and Disinfection in Hospital Settings
			Spaulding Classification
				Critical Items
				Semicritical Items
				Non-critical Items
					High-Level Disinfectant
					Intermediate-Level Disinfectant
					Low-Level Disinfectant
		Newer Methods of Sterilisation of Heat-Sensitive Articles
			Hydrogen Peroxide
			Peracetic Acid
			Plasma Sterilisation
			Ozone Sterilisation
	5: Microbial Genetics
		Terminologies in Genetics
		Basic Principles of Molecular Biology
			DNA Structure
			RNA Structure
		Bacterial Genetics
			Extrachromosomal DNA Substances
				Plasmids
					Types of Plasmids
			Bacterial Variations
				Phenotypic Variations
				Genotypic  Variations
					Mutations
					Causative Agents of Induced Mutation
				Bacterial Viruses
				Radiations
				Chemicals
					Effects of Mutations
		Gene Transfer
			Transfer of DNA Between Bacterial Cells
				Transformation
				Transduction
				Conjugation
			Transfer of DNA Within Bacterial Cells
				Transposons
				Integrative Conjugative Elements
				Programmed Rearrangements
		Viral Genetics
			Mutation
				Lethal Mutations
			Recombination
				Intramolecular Recombination
					Re-assortment
					Re-activation
			Non-genetic Interaction Between Viral Gene Products
				Complementation
				Phenotypic Mixing
				Genotypic Mixing
				Interference
			Transcription
			Translation
			Operons and Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes
		Fungal Genetics
			Genome Evolution
				Small-Scale Evolution of Fungal Genomes
				Large-Scale Evolution of Fungal Genomes
			Application for Fungal Genetics in Identification
	6: Human Normal Microbial Flora and Microbiome
		Normal Microbial Flora
			Factors Determining Colonisation by Microbes
			Establishment of Normal Flora
			Importance of Normal Microbial Flora
				Beneficial Effects of Normal Flora
				Harmful Effects of Normal Flora
			Infections Caused by Resident Flora
			Microorganisms at Anatomical Sites
				Respiratory Tract
				Gastrointestinal Tract
				Genitourinary Tract
				Body Surface
				Sterile Sites
			Effects of Alteration of Normal Microbial Flora
		The Human Microbiome
			Probiotics and Prebiotics
	7: Microbial Infections
		Types of Microorganisms
		Commensalism and the Microbiome
		Infection
			Types of Infections
			Transmission of Infection
				Sources of Infection
					Humans
					Animals
					Insects
					Environment
				Modes of Transmission
					Contact
					Inoculation
					Ingestion
					Inhalation
					Vectors
				Susceptible Host
			Pathogenesis of Infections
				Factors Predisposing to Microbial Pathogenicity
					Adhesions
					Invasiveness
					Toxigenicity
					Exotoxins
					Endotoxins
					Genetic Materials
					Communicability
					Other Factors
			Pathogenesis of Infectious Disease
				Immunopathogenesis
			Clinical Manifestations
				Stages of an Infectious Disease
					Incubation Period
					Prodrome Period
					Specific Illness Period
					Recovery Period
			Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases
				Geographical Distributions
				Reservoir of Infection
			Emerging and Re-emerging Infections
	8: Diagnostic Methods in Microbial Infections
		The Diagnostic Principles
			Appropriate Specimen Collection and Transport
			Microscopy
			Cultivation (Culture) of Microorganisms
				Identification of Culture-Grown Microbe
				Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test
			Animal Pathogenicity Tests
			Serological Tests
				Detection of Antibodies
				Detection of Antigens
			Assessment of Cell-Mediated Immune System
		Recent Approaches in Diagnostic Microbiology
			Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAAT)
			Sequencing
			Automated Methods
			Detection of Metabolites
			Immunochromatographic Tests
	9: Genomics, Proteomics and Molecular Biology in Microbiology
		Genomics
			Technologies
			Applications
				Identification of the Pathogen
				Identification Directly from Sample and Metagenomic
				Detection of Resistance to Antibiotics
				Diagnostic Test Development
				Detection of Virulence Factors
				Epidemiological Typing of Strains
		Proteomics
			Scopes of Proteomics
			Tools for Proteomics
			Applications in Microbiology
				Elucidation of Host-Pathogen Interaction
				Pathogen Identification
				Development of Vaccines
				Drug Development
		Molecular Biology
			Molecular Biology Techniques in Microbiology
				Nucleic Acid Probes
					Applications of DNA probes
				Blotting Techniques
					Southern Blotting
					Northern Blotting
					Western Blotting
				DNA Amplification Techniques
					Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
					Loop-Mediated Isothermal Assay (LAMP)
					Ligase Chain Reaction
					Transcription-Mediated Amplification (TMA) and Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification (NASBA)
					Strand Displacement Amplification (SDA)
				Non-amplification DNA Techniques
				DNA Microarray
			Molecular Biology Applications in Microbial Genetics
				Molecular Genetics
				Genetic Engineering
					Restriction Endonucleases
					Hybridisation Technique
					DNA Sequencing
					Genetic Mapping
				Recombinant DNA Technology
					Cloning Vectors and Hosts
					Cloning Vectors
					Cloning Hosts
					Biological Products of Recombinant DNA Technology
				Genetically Modified Organisms
				Gene Therapy
Part II: Immunology
	10: Immunity
		Innate or Native Immunity
			Individual Immunity
			Racial Immunity
			Species Immunity
			Factors Influencing Innate Immunity
				Age
				Nutrition
				Hormones
			Mechanisms of Innate Immunity
				Epithelial Surfaces
					Skin
					Mucous Membrane
				Microbial Antagonisms
				Antibacterial Constituents of Blood and Tissues
				Cellular Factors
				Phagocytosis
				Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)
				Fever
				Inflammation
					Histamine
					Kinins
					Acute-phase Reactant Proteins
					Defensins
		Acquired (Adaptive) Immunity
			Types of Acquired Immunity
				Active Immunity
					Types of Active Immunity
				Passive Immunity
					Natural Passive Immunity
					Artificial Passive Immunity
					Combined Passive-Active Immunisation
				Local Immunity
				Herd Immunity
		Measurement of Immunity
	11: Structure and Function of Immune System
		Lymphoid System
			Central (Primary) Lymphoid Organs
				Thymus
					Functions
				Bone Marrow
			Peripheral (Secondary) Lymphoid Organs
				Lymph Nodes
			Functions
				Spleen
					Functions
			Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissues (MALTs)
		Cells of the Lymphoreticular System
			Lymphocytes
				Classification
					Lymphocyte Structure
					Lymphocytic Recirculation
					Functions
					Immune Responses
					Surface Markers
				Differences Between T and B Lymphocyte Cells
				T Cell
					T-Cell Maturation
					T-Cell Receptors (TCR)
					Types of T Cells
					Effector T Cells
						T Helper or CD4+ T Cells
						T Cytotoxic or CD8+ T Cells
						Memory T Cells
					Regulatory T Cells
					Activation of T Cells
					Functions of T Cells
				B Cells
					B Cell Maturation
					Types of B Cells
					Activation of B Cells
				Null Cells
					Natural Killer (NK) Cells
				Functions of the NK Cells
					Antibody-Dependent Cytotoxic Cells (ADCC)
					Lymphokine-Activated Killer (LAK) Cells
				Phagocytic Cells
					Macrophages
					Clinical Significance of Macrophages
					Macrophage Participation in Immune Response
					Functions of Macrophages
				Microphages
					Neutrophils
					Eosinophils
					Basophils
				Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)
					Dendritic Cells
					Follicular Dendritic Cells
				Abnormalities of Immune Cells
		Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
			Functions of MHC
			Classes of Proteins
				HLA Complex
				HLA Molecules
					HLA Class I Molecules
					HLA Class II Molecules
					HLA Class III Molecules
				HLA Typing
					Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction
					Applications of HLA Typing
	12: Antigen
		Determinants of Antigenicity
			Molecular Size
			Foreignness
			Chemical-Structural Complexity
			Stability
			Other Factors
		Antigenic Specificity
			Epitopes
				B-Cell Epitopes
				T-Cell Epitopes
			Types of Specificity
				Species Specificity
				Isospecificity
				Autospecificity
				Organ Specificity
				Heterophile Specificity
		Biological Classes of Antigens
			T-Cell-Dependent Antigens (TD)
			T-Cell-Independent Antigens (TI)
			Superantigens
			Haptens
		Pathogen Determinants Recognition by Innate Immune System
			Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)
			Scavenger Receptors (SR)
			Mannose Receptors
	13: Antibodies
		Structure of Immunoglobulins
			Digestion of Immunoglobulins by Enzymes
				Immunoglobulin Chains
					Heavy Chains
					Light Chains
					Variable and Constant Regions
				Immunoglobulin Domains
				Biosynthesis of Immunoglobulins
				Metabolism of Immunoglobulins
			Immunoglobulin Classes
				Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
					IgG structure
					Biological Activities
					Subclasses of IgG
				Immunoglobulin M (IgM)
					IgM Structure
					Biological Activities
				Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
					IgA Structure
					Biological Activities
				Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
					Structure
					Biological Activities
				Immunoglobulin D (IgD)
			Abnormal Immunoglobulins
				Multiple Myeloma
				Heavy Chain Disease
				Cryoglobulinemia
			Antigen Determinants (Paratope) of Immunoglobulin
				Isotypes
				Allotypes
				Idiotypes
			Antibody Diversity
				Clinical Significance
			Class Switching
				Clinical Significance
			Genetic Regulations of Immunoglobulin Production
				Somatic Recombination of V(D)J Recombination
				Somatic Hypermutation
			Monoclonal Antibodies
				Preparation of Monoclonal Antibodies
				Humanised (Chimeric) Monoclonal Antibodies
				Application of Monoclonal Antibodies
			Antibody Engineering
	14: Complement System
		The Complement
			Properties of Complement
			Nomenclature of Complement
			Components of Complement
				C1 Complex
				Factor P (Properdin)
				Factors B, D
				MBL and MASP
			Functions of Complement
			Complement Activation
				Classical Pathway of Complement Activation
					Activators of the Classical Pathway
					Steps in Activation of the Classical Pathway
				Alternative Pathway of Complement Activation
				Steps of Activation of Alternative Pathway
				Lectin Pathway of Complement Activation
			Regulation of Complement Activation
				Inhibitors
				Inactivators
				Regulation of alternative pathway
			Biological Effects of Complement
				Phagocytosis
				Opsonisation
				Hypersensitivity Reactions
				Cytolysis
				Autoimmune Diseases
				Endotoxic Shock
				Conglutination
			Deficiency of Complement
			Biosynthesis of Complement
			Quantitation of Complement
				Functional Assays
					Total Complement Activity of the Classical, Lectin and Alternative Pathways
					Activity of Individual Components
				Immunochemical Assays
				Analysis of Complement Activation Products
				Assays for Complement-Binding Autoantibodies
	15: Antigen-Antibody Reactions
		General Features of Antigen-Antibody Reactions
		Stages in Antigen-Antibody Reactions
			Primary Stage
			Secondary Stage
			Tertiary Stage
		Measurement of Antigen and Antibody
			Quantitative Assays
			Qualitative Assays
		Antigen-Antibody Reactions Used in the Laboratory
			Precipitation Reaction
				Mechanism of Precipitation
				Application of Precipitation Reactions
				Types of Precipitation Reactions
					Precipitation in Solution
					Immunodiffusion (Precipitation in Gel)
					Precipitation in Agar with an Electric Field (Electroimmunodiffusion)
			Agglutination Reaction
				Types of Agglutination Reactions
					Direct Agglutination
					Passive Agglutination
			Complement-Dependent Serological Tests
				Complement Fixation Test (CFT)
					Types of Complement Fixation Test
			Neutralisation Tests
				Virus Neutralisation Tests
				Toxin Neutralisation Tests
			Immunofluorescence
				Direct Immunofluorescence Test
				Indirect Immunofluorescence Test
			Enzyme Immunoassays
				Indirect ELISA
				Sandwich ELISA
				Competitive ELISA
				Capture ELISA
				Cassette ELISA (Cylinder ELISA)
				ELISPOT Assay
				Applications of ELISA
			Radioimmunoassay
				Applications of RIA
			Western Blot Techniques
				Applications of Western Blot
			Immunochromatographic Tests (ICTs)
			Chemiluminescence Assay
			Immunohistochemical Technique
			Flow Cytometry
			Turbidimetry and Nephelometry
			Immunoelectron Microscopic Assays
	16: Immune Response
		Types of Immunity
		Humoral Immunity (Antibody-Mediated Immunity)
			Production of Antibodies
			Humoral Immune Response
				Primary Response
				Secondary Response
				Elimination of Antigens
				Production of Antibodies Following Antigen Presentation
					Antigen Processing
					T- and B-Cell Activation
				Factors Influencing the Production of Antibodies
					Genetic Factors
					Age
					Nutritional Status
					Route of Antigen Administration
					Multiple Antigens Administration
					Antigen Doses
					Antigen Interactions
					Adjuvants
					Immunosuppressive Agents
				Effect of Antibodies
					Neutralisation
					Opsonisation
					Complement Activation
				Tests for Detection of Humoral Immunity
		Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI)
			Functions of CMI
			Induction of CMI
			Cytokines
				Important Cytokines
					Interleukins
					Colony-Stimulating Factors (CSFs)
					Interferons (IFNs)
				Transforming Growth Factor-Beta (TGF-β)
				Tissue Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α)
				Chemokines
			Tests for Detection of CMI
				CMI In-Vivo Tests
				CMI In-Vitro Tests
		Transfer Factor (TF)
		Immunological Tolerance
			Types of Immune Tolerance
			Factors Influencing Immunological Tolerance
			Theories of Immune Response
				Instructive Theory
				Selective Theories
					Sidechain Theory
					Natural Selection Theory
					Clonal Selection Theory
					Immune Network Hypothesis
	17: Hypersensitivity
		Classification of Hypersensitivity Reactions
			Type-I Reactions (Immediate Anaphylactic) Hypersensitivity
				Anaphylaxis
					Mechanism of Anaphylaxis
					Pharmacological Mediators of Anaphylaxis
				Primary Mediators
					Types of Anaphylaxis
					Clinical Manifestations of Anaphylaxis
					Management and Prevention of Anaphylaxis
				Atopy
					Prausnitz-Kustner Reaction
					Atopy Sensitivity
			Type-II Reactions (Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity)
				Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC)
			Type-III Reactions (Immune-Complex-Mediated Hypersensitivity)
				Arthus Reactions
				Serum Sickness
			Type-IV Delayed (Cell-Mediated) Hypersensitivity
				Contact Dermatitis
				Tuberculin (Infection) Type of Delayed Hypersensitivity
					Tuberculin Skin Test
					Various Other Skin Tests are used to Detect DTH
			Type-V Reactions (Stimulatory-Type Hypersensitivity)
				Cutaneous Basophil Hypersensitivity
				Shwartzman Reaction
	18: Autoimmunity
		Immunological Tolerance
			Mechanisms of Tolerance
				Clonal deletion
				Clonal anergy
				Clonal ignorance
			Mechanisms of Autoimmunity
				Release of Sequestrated Antigens
				Antigenic Alteration
				Epitope Spreading
				Molecular Mimicry
				Cross-Reacting Foreign Antigen
				Polyclonal B-Cell Activation
				Altered T- or B-Cell Function
			Pathogenesis of Autoimmunity
				Autoantibodies and Associated Diseases
				Immune Complexes Carrying Autoantigens
				Self-Reactive T-Lymphocytes
				Inappropriate Expression of Class-II MHC Molecules
			Classification of Autoimmune Disorders
				Organ-Specific Autoimmune Diseases
					Diseases Triggered by a Cell-Mediated Autoimmune Reaction
					Diseases Mediated by Autoantibodies
				Systemic Autoimmune Diseases
					Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
					Rheumatoid arthritis
					Polyarteritis nodosa
					Sjögren Syndrome
			Laboratory Diagnosis of Autoimmune Diseases
				Screening Test (Detection of Antinuclear Antibody, ANA)
				Tests for Specific Autoantibodies
				Other Tests
			Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases
			HLA Association with Autoimmune Diseases
	19: Immunodeficiency Diseases
		Primary Immunodeficiencies
			Disorders of Specific Immunity
				Humoral Immunodeficiencies
					X-Linked Hypogammaglobulinemia
					Selective Immunoglobulin Deficiencies
					Hyper-IgM Syndrome
					Transient Hypogammaglobulinemia of Infancy
					Interleukin-12 (IL-12) Receptor Deficiency
					Transcobalamin II Deficiency
				Cellular Immunodeficiencies
					Thymic Aplasia (DiGeorge Syndrome)
					Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
					Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase (PNP) Deficiency
				Combined Immunodeficiencies
					Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
					Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
					Ataxia-Telangiectasia
					Nezelof Syndrome
					Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class II Deficiency
					Immunodeficiency with Thymoma
				Complement Deficiencies
					Recurrent Infections
					Autoimmune Diseases
					Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria
					Hereditary Angioedema
				Phagocyte Deficiencies
					Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)
					Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
					Job Syndrome
					Leucocyte Adhesion Deficiency
					Myeloperoxidase Deficiency
					Tuftsin Deficiency
					Lazy Leucocyte Syndrome
					Hyper-IgE Syndrome
					Shwachman Disease
					Actin-Binding Protein Deficiency
		Secondary Immunodeficiencies
			Humoral Deficiencies
				Common Variable Hypogammaglobulinemia
				Cellular Deficiencies
					Measles
				Complement Deficiencies
					Liver Failure
					Malnutrition
				Phagocyte Deficiencies
					Neutropenia
		Laboratory Diagnosis of Immunodeficiency Disorders
			Tests for Antibody Deficiency
			Tests for Cell-Mediated Immune Deficiency
			Tests for Neutrophil Function
			Tests for Complement Defects
	20: Immunology of Transplantation and Malignancy
		Transplant Immunology
			Classification of Transplants
			Types of Transplants/Grafts
			The Allograft Reaction
				Mechanisms of Allograft Rejection
					Direct Presentation
					Indirect Presentation
				Stages of Graft Rejection
					The Phase of Sensitisation
					The Phase of Effector Mechanisms
				Clinical Features of Graft Rejection
					Hyperacute Rejection
					Acute Rejection
					Delayed or Chronic Rejection
			Histocompatibility Antigens
				Histocompatibility Testing
					Blood Group Analysis
					HLA Compatibility Test
				HLA Typing Methods
					Microlympho-Cytotoxicity Test
					Molecular Methods
					Tissue Matching or Tissue Typing
			Prevention of Graft Rejection
				Graft-Versus-Host (GVH) Reaction
				Privileged Sites
		Immunology of Malignancy
			Medical Evidence of Immune Response in Malignancy
				Spontaneous Regression
				Chemotherapy
				Overcoming Defence Mechanisms
				Cellular Response
				Immunodeficiency States
			Features of Malignant Cells
				Tumour Antigens
					Tumour-Specific Antigens
					Tumour-Associated Transplantation Antigens (TATAs)
			Immune Reactions against Tumours
				Cellular Immune Responses
				Humoral Immune Responses
				Immunosurveillance
					Mechanisms
			Immunotherapy of Cancer
				Non-Specific Active Immunotherapy
				Antigen-Specific Therapy
				Passive Immunotherapy
				Adoptive Immunotherapy
				Immunomodulation
	21: Immunohaematology and Immunoprophylaxis
		Immunohematology
			ABO Blood Group System
				H Antigen
				RH Blood Group System
					Rh Blood Group Antigens
					Rh Typing
				Medical Importance of Blood Transfusion
					Choice of Donor
					Cross-Matching
				Risks Related to the Blood Transfusion of Infectious Origin
				Haemolytic Disease of Newborn (Erythroblastosis Foetalis)
				Detection of Rh Antibodies
				Identification of Rh Incompatibility
				ABO Haemolytic Diseases
		Immunoprophylaxis
			Active Immunisation
				Live-Attenuated Vaccines
				Killed Inactivated Vaccines
				Toxoids
			Subunit Vaccines
			Cellular Fractions
			Recombinant Vaccines
				Conjugate Vaccine
				DNA Vaccines
				mRNA Vaccines
				Edible Vaccines
			Immunisation Schedule
				World Health Organisation (WHO) Immunisation Programmes
				Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP)
				National Immunisation Schedule
			Passive Immunisation
				Human Sera
					Pooled Human Immunoglobulin
					Specific Hyperimmune Immunoglobulin
				Animal Sera
			Combined Active and Passive Immunisation
			Individual Immunisation
				Hepatitis B Vaccine
				MR Vaccine
				Typhoid Vaccine
			Vaccination During Outbreaks
			Newer Vaccines in the Experimental or Clinical Trial Stages
Part III: Bacteriology
	22: Introduction to Bacteriology
		Classification
		Shape of Bacteria
		Bacterial Anatomy
			Cell Envelope
				Cell Wall
					Gram-Positive Cell Wall
					Gram-Negative Cell Wall
				Periplasmic Space
				Cell Wall of Acid-Fast Bacilli
				Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis
					Cell Wall Deficient Forms
					Pleomorphic Bacteria
					Involution Forms
					Demonstration of Cell Wall
				Cytoplasmic Membrane
				Cell Interior
					Cytoplasm
					Cytoplasmic Inclusions
					1. Ribosomes
					2. Mesosomes
					3. Intracytoplasmic Inclusion Bodies
				Nucleoid
				Additional Structures
				Capsule
					Functions
					Demonstration of Capsule
					Special Capsular Staining Methods
				Slime Layer
		Surface Appendages
			Flagella
				Functions
				Demonstration of Flagella
			Pili (Fimbriae)
				Functions of Pili
				Demonstration of Pili
			Bacterial Spores
				Morphology
				Properties of Spores
				Demonstration of Spores
		Physiology (Growth and Multiplication) of Bacteria
			Multiplication
			Bacterial Growth
				Bacterial Growth Curve
				Bacterial Counts
					Total Count
					Viable Count
				Bacterial Nutrition
			Factors Affecting Growth of Bacteria
				Oxygen
					Aerobic Bacteria
					Anaerobic Bacteria
					Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Potential
				Carbon Dioxide
				Temperature
					Psychrophiles
					Mesophiles
					Thermophiles
				pH
				Light
				Osmotic Pressure
		Bacteriocins
	23: Antimicrobial Therapy
		Mechanisms of Action of Antimicrobials
			Inhibition of Protein Synthesis
			Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis
			Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis
			Action on the Bacterial Cell Membrane
		Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs
			Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance
				Non-genetic Basis of Resistance
				Genetic Basis of Drug Resistance
					Chromosome-Mediated Resistance
					Plasmid-Mediated Resistance
					R Factors
					Transposons-Mediated Drug Resistance
				Specific Mechanisms of Resistance in Antibiotics
					Vancomycin
					Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE)
					Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA)
					Aminoglycosides
					Tetracyclines
					Macrolides
					Sulphonamides and Trimethoprim
					Quinolones
					Penicillins and Cephalosporins
					1. Production of Penicillin-Destroying Enzymes (β-Lactamases)
					2. Mutation in Genes Coding for PBP
					3. Reduced Permeability to Drug
					Metronidazole
					Chloramphenicol
					Antitubercular Drugs
				Carbapenems
					Production of Carbapenemases, Including NDM Metallo-Beta-Lactamase
		Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing
			Disc Diffusion Tests
				Types of Disc Diffusion Tests
					Kirby-Bauer Disc Diffusion Method
					Stokes Method
				Interpretation of Disc Diffusion Tests
			Dilution Tests
				Broth Dilution Method
				Agar Dilution Method
				Epsilometer Test (E-test)
		Antibiotics Assays in Body Fluids
	24: Laboratory Diagnosis of Bacterial Diseases
		Conventional Tests in Diagnostic Bacteriology
			Microscopy
				Staining Methods
					Simple Stains
					Negative Stains
					Impregnation Stains
					Differential Stains
						1. Gram Stain
						2. Acid-Fast Stain
						3. Albert Stain
			Culture
				Culture Media
					Ingredients of Culture Media
					1. Agar
					2. Peptone
					3. Other Ingredients
					Types of Culture Media
					1. Liquid Media, Semi-Solid Media and Solid Media
						Liquid Media
						Solid Media
						Semi-Solid Media
					2. Simple, Complex, Synthetic and Special Media
						Simple Media
						Complex Media
						Synthetic Media
						Special Media
					Anaerobic Media
				Incubation of Culture Media
				Culture Methods
					Methods of Culture for Aerobic Bacteria
					1. Streak Culture
					2. Lawn Culture
					3. Pour-Plate Culture
					4. Stroke Culture
					5. Stab Culture
					6. Liquid Culture
					Methods of Culture for Anaerobic Bacteria
				1. Specimen Collection
				2. Culture Media
				Methods of Anaerobiasis
				Other Methods of Anaerobiosis
					Methods of Isolating Pure Cultures
		Laboratory Identification of Bacteria
			Conventional Tests in Diagnostic Bacteriology
				Morphology of Bacterial Colony on Solid Medium
				Growth in Liquid Medium
				Staining Reactions
				Hanging Drop Preparation
				Biochemical Reactions
					Catalase Test
					Oxidase Test
					Indole Test
					Sugar Fermentation Tests
					Oxidation-Fermentation Test
					Kligler Iron Agar/Triple Sugar Iron Agar Test
					Urease Test
					Citrate Test
					Nitrate Reduction Test
					Methyl Red Test
					Voges-Proskauer Test
					Hydrogen Sulphide Production
				Laboratory Animals
				Antibiotic Sensitivity
				Typing of Bacterial Strains
					Phenotypic Techniques
					Gas-Liquid Chromatography
				Genotypic Techniques
				Serology
					ELISA
				Rapid (Bed Side) Tests
					Immunochromatographic Tests
			Newer Tests in Diagnostic Bacteriology
				Nucleic Acid-Based Tests
				Automated Methods
				MALDI-TOF
	25: Staphylococcus
		Staphylococcus aureus
			Properties of the Bacteria
				Morphology
				Culture and Biochemical Properties
					Nutrient Agar
					Blood Agar
					MacConkey Agar
				Other Properties
			Pathogenesis
				Virulence Factors
					Cell-Surface Proteins
						Protein A
						Coagulase
					Cell Wall-Associated Factors
						Capsular Polysaccharide
						Cell Wall Polysaccharide Peptidoglycan
						Teichoic Acid
					Extracellular Enzymes
						Catalase
						Hyaluronidase
						Penicillinase
						Other Enzymes
					Toxins
						Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin
						Enterotoxin
						Exfoliative Toxin
						Leucocidins
					Haemolysins
			Clinical Syndromes
				Inflammatory Staphylococcal Diseases
				Toxin-Mediated Staphylococcal Diseases
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Culture and Identification
				Coagulase Test
				Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing
					Detection of MRSA in a Laboratory
					Serology
					Molecular Detection
					Typing
						1. Bacteriophage Typing
						2. Molecular Typing
						3. Other Typing Methods
			Treatment
				Antibiotics Resistance in Staphylococci
					Penicillin Resistance in Staphylococci
						1. Beta-lactamase-mediated resistance
						2. Chromosomal-mediated resistance
						3. Tolerance to penicillin
					Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
					Vancomycin resistance Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA)
					Epidemic Methicillin-resistant (EMRSA)
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Habitat
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
					Hospital-Acquired S. aureus Infections
			Prevention and Control
				Other Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci
				Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (CONS)
		Staphylococcus epidermidis
		Staphylococcus saprophyticus
		Other Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci
		Micrococcus
			Case Study
	26: Streptococcus, Enterococcus and Pneumococcus
		Streptococcus
		Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococci)
			Properties of the Bacteria
				Morphology
				Culture
			Pathogenesis
				Virulence Factors
					Cell Wall-Associated Factors
						1. Group-Specific Carbohydrate Antigen
						2. Type-Specific Proteins
						3. Pili (Fimbria)
					Toxins
						1. Haemolysins:
						2. Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (SPEs):
					Enzymes
						1. Streptokinase:
						2. Deoxyribonucleases (DNAase or streptodornase):
						3. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADase):
						4. Hyaluronidase:
						5. Serum opacity factor:
						6. Other enzymes:
			Clinical Syndromes
				Suppurative Streptococcal Infections
				Toxin-Mediated Infections
				Non-Suppurative Streptococcal Infections
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Culture and Identification
				Rapid Direct Antigen Detection Test
				Bacitracin Sensitivity Test
				Serology
					Typing
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Habitat
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
			Prevention and Control
		Other Haemolytic Streptococci
		Group B Streptococci (GBS)
		Group C Streptococci
		Group F Streptococci
		Group G Streptococci
		Group D Streptococci
		Viridans Streptococci
		Other Streptococci
			Zoonotic Streptococci
			Nutritionally Variant Streptococci (NVS)
		Enterococcus
		Pneumococcus
			Properties of Bacteria
				Morphology
				Culture and Biochemical Properties
				Other Properties
					Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents
					Optochin Sensitivity Test
					Antigenic Structure
			Pathogenesis
				Virulence Factors
				Pathogenesis of Pneumococcal Disease
			Clinical Syndromes
				Pneumonia
				Meningitis
				Other Suppurative Infections
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Culture and Identification
				Serology
				Molecular Detection
				Typing of Pneumococci
					Serotyping
					Molecular Typing
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
			Prevention and Control
			Case Study
	27: Neisseria and Moraxella
		Genus Neisseria
		Neisseria gonorrhoeae
			Properties of the Bacteria
				Morphology
				Culture and Biochemical Properties
					Thayer-Martin Medium
				Other Properties
					Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents
					Antigenic Structure
			Pathogenesis
				Virulence Factors
				Pathogenesis of Gonorrhoea
			Clinical Syndromes
				Gonorrhoea
					Gonorrhoea in Men
					Gonorrhoea in Women
					Ophthalmia Neonatorum
					Other Gonococcal Infections
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Detection of Gonococcal Antigen
				Culture and Identification
					Strain Typing
				Serology
				Molecular Detection
			Treatment
				Penicillin-resistant Strains of N. gonorrhoeae
				WHO Guidelines for Treatment
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Habitat
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
			Prevention and Control
		Non-Gonococcal or Non-Specific Urethritis
		Neisseria meningitidis
			Properties of the Bacteria
				Morphology
				Culture and Biochemical Properties
				Other Properties
					Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents
					Antigenic Structure
			Pathogenesis
				Virulence Factors
				Pathogeneses of Meningitis
			Clinical Syndromes
				Meningitis
				Meningococcaemia
				Waterhouse-Frederickson Syndrome
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Culture and Identification
				Antigen Detection
				Serology
				Molecular Detection
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Habitat
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
			Prevention and Control
				Antimicrobial Chemoprophylaxis
				Vaccines
		Commensal Neisseria
		Genus Moraxella
			Case Study
	28: Corynebacterium and Coryneform Bacteria
		Genus Corynebacterium
		Corynebacterium diphtheriae
			Properties of the Bacteria
				Morphology
				Culture and Biochemical Properties
				Other Properties
					Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents
			Pathogenesis
				Virulence Factors
					Diphtheria Toxin
				Pathogenesis of Diphtheria
			Clinical Syndromes
				Respiratory Diphtheria
				Cutaneous Diphtheria
				Diphtheria of Other Sites
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Direct Immunofluorescence
				Culture and Identification
				Toxigenicity Testing
					In Vitro Tests for Detection of Diphtheria Toxin
					Tissue Culture Test
				Sero
				Molecular Detection
				Typing of Corynebactrium diphtheriae
					Serotyping
					Bacteriophage Typing
					Biotyping
					Molecular Typing
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
				Geogrphical Distribution
				Habitat
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infections
			Prevention and Control
				Active Immunisation
					Vaccines
				Passive Immunisation
				Combined Immunisation
		Other Pathogenic Corynebacterium Species
		Diphtheroids
		Coryneform Bacteria
			Case Study
	29: Bacillus
		The Genus Bacillus
		Bacillus anthracis
			Properties of the Bacteria
				Morphology
					Spores
				Culture and Biochemical Properties
				Other Properties
					Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents:
					Antigenic Properties
			Pathogenesis
				Virulence Factors
					Bacterial Capsule
					Anthrax Toxin Complex
					Pathogenesis of Cutaneous Anthrax
			Clinical Syndromes
				Cutaneous Anthrax
				Gastrointestinal Anthrax
				Inhalational or Pulmonary Anthrax
				Anthrax Meningitis
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Culture and Identification
				Animal Inoculation
				Serology
				Molecular Detection
			Treatment
				Post-Exposure Prophylaxis
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Habitat
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
					Anthrax and Biological Warfare
					CDC Guidelines for Identification After the Threat of Bioterrorism
			Prevention and Control
				Chemoprophylaxis
				Vaccination in Humans
					Pre-Exposure Immunisation
				Vaccination in Animals
				Decontamination of Animal Products
		Anthracoid Bacilli
		Bacillus cereus
			Case Study
	30: Genus Mycobacterium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis
		Genus Mycobacterium
			Classification
				Obligate Parasites
				Opportunistic Pathogens
				Saprophytic Mycobacteria
				General Properties
		Mycobacterium tuberculosis
			Properties of the Bacteria
				Morphology
				Culture and Biochemical  Properties
				Other Properties
					Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents
					Antigenic Structure
			Pathogenesis
				Virulence Factors
				Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis
				Pathology
				Immunity in Tuberculosis
			Clinical Syndromes
				Tuberculosis
					Pulmonary Tuberculosis
					Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis
					HIV Patients with Tuberculosis
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
			The Concentration of Specimens
				Microscopy
				Culture and Identification
				Mycobacteria Drug Susceptibility Testing
				Tuberculin Skin Test
				Interferon Gamma Release Assay (IGRA)
				Serology
				Animal Inoculation Tests
				Molecular Detection
				Rapid and Automated Methods
			Treatment
				First-Line Antitubercular Drugs
				Second-Line Antitubercular Drugs
				Directly Observed Therapy (DOT)
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Habitat
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
				Typing Methods
			Prevention and Control
				Chemoprophylaxis
				Vaccination
				General Health Measures
				The End TB Strategy of the World Health Organisation
			Case Study
	31: Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium lepraemurium and Non-tuberculosis Mycobacteria
		Mycobacterium leprae
			Properties of the Bacteria
				Morphology
				Culture and Biochemical Properties
					Adaptation in Cell Culture Media
				Other Properties
					Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents
					Antigenic Structure
				Host Immunity
			Classification of Leprosy
			Pathogenesis of Leprosy
				Virulence Factors
				Immunogenetics of Leprosy
			Clinical Syndromes
				Leprosy
					Lepromatous Leprosy
					Tuberculoid Leprosy
					Borderline or Dimorphous Leprosy
					Indeterminate Leprosy
					Purely Neuritic Leprosy
				Lepra Reactions
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Biopsy
				Lepromin Test
					Antigen
					Test
				Serology
				Molecular Detection
			Treatment
				Chemotherapy
				Immunotherapy
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Habitat
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
			Prevention and Control
				WHO Roadmap on Leprosy
		Mycobacterium lepraemurium
			Case Study
		Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM)
			Runyon Classification
				Photochromogens (Runyon Group I)
				Scotochromogens (Runyon Group II)
				Non-Photochromogens (Runyon Group III)
				Rapid Growers (Runyon Group IV)
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
			Case Study
	32: Actinomycetes
		Actinomyces
			Properties of the Bacteria
				Morphology
				Culture
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Syndromes
				Actinomycosis
					Cervicofacial Actinomycosis
					Thoracic Actinomycosis
					Actinomycosis of the Abdomen and Pelvis
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Culture
				Molecular Detection
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
			Prevention and Control
		Nocardia
			Properties of the Bacteria
				Morphology
				Culture and Biochemical Properties
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Syndromes
				Primary Cutaneous Nocardiosis
				Bronchopulmonary Infection
				Secondary Central Nervous System (CNS) Infection
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Culture and Identification
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
				Habitat
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
			Prevention and Control
		Rhodococcus
		Tropheryma whippeli
		Dermatophilus
		Actinomycotic mycetoma
		Actinomycetes and Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
			Case Study
	33: Clostridium
		Genus Clostridium
			Classification
			General Properties of Clostridia
				Spores
				Culture and Biochemical Tests
		Clostridium perfringens
			Properties of the Bacteria
				Morphology
				Culture and Biochemical Properties
					Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents
					Typing
			Pathogenesis
				Virulence Factors
					Toxins
					Major Toxins
					Minor Toxins
					Other Toxins
				Enzymes and Biologically Active Soluble Substances
					Pathogenesis of Gas Gangrene
			Clinical Syndromes
				Gas Gangrene
				Food Poisoning
				Necrotising Enteritis
				Other Manifestations
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Culture and Identification
					Nagler Reaction
					Reverse CAMP Test
				Laboratory Diagnosis of Food Poisoning
				Serology
				Molecular Detection
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Habitat
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
			Prevention and Control
		Clostridium histolyticum
		Clostridium septicum
		Clostridium novyi
		Clostridium tetani
			Properties of the Bacteria
				Morphology
				Culture and Biochemical Properties
					Susceptibility to the Physical and Chemical Agents
					Typing
			Pathogenesis
				Virulence Factors
					Tetanospasmin
						Tetanus in Experimental Animals
					Tetanolysin
					Neurotoxin
				Pathogenesis of Tetanus
			Clinical Syndromes
				Tetanus
					Neonatal Tetanus
					Localised Tetanus
					Cephalic Tetanus
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Culture and Identification
				Toxigenicity Testing
					In-vitro Neutralisation Test
					In-vitro Neutralisation Test
				Other Tests
			Treatment
				Antibiotics Therapy
				Human Immunoglobulin Therapy
				Surgical Management
				Supportive Management
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Habitat
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
					Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus
			Prevention and Control
				Active Immunisation
					Vaccine
					Immunisation for Prevention of Neonatal Tetanus
				Passive Immunisation
				Combined Immunisation
		Clostridium botulinum
			Properties of the Bacteria
				Morphology
				Culture and Biochemical Reactions
				Other Properties
					Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents
					Typing
			Pathogenesis
				Virulence Factors
				Pathogenesis of Botulism
					Food-Borne Botulism
					Infant Botulism
					Wound Botulism
			Clinical Syndromes
				Botulism
					Food-borne Botulism
					Infant Botulism
					Wound Botulism
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Culture and Identification
				Demonstration of Toxin
					Molecular Detection of Toxin Genes
			Treatment
				Antitoxin Therapy
				Antibiotics Therapy
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Habitat
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
			Prevention and Control
		Clostridium difficile
			Case Study
	34: Non-Sporing Anaerobes
		Classification
		Anaerobic Cocci
			Anaerobic Gram-Positive Cocci
				Anaerobic Gram-Negative Cocci
			Anaerobic Bacilli
				Anaerobic Gram-Positive Bacilli
					Propionibacterium
					Lactobacillus
					Mobiluncus
					Bifidobacterium and Eubacterium
				Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli
					Properties of Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli
					Bacteroides
				Other Gram-Negative Anaerobes
					Porphyromonas
					Prevotella
					Fusobacterium
					Leptotrichia
				Laboratory Diagnosis of Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli Infections
			Treatment
			Case Study
	35: Coliforms
		Classification
		Tribe Escherichieae
		Escherichia coli
			Properties of the Bacteria
				Morphology
				Culture and Biochemical Properties
				Other Properties
					Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents
				Antigenic Structure
					H or Flagellar Antigen
					O or Somatic Antigen
					K or Capsular Antigen
					F or Fimbrial Antigens
						Antigenic Typing
			Pathogenesis
				Virulence Factors
					Surface Antigens
					Exotoxins
					Adhesins
					Siderophores
			Clinical Syndromes
				Urinary Tract Infections
				Diarrhoea
					Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)
					Diarrhoea Caused by Enterotoxigenic E. coli
					Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)
					Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)
					Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC)
					Diffusely Adherent E. coli (DAEC)
				Septicaemia
				Neonatal Meningitis
				Other Infections
			Laboratory Diagnosis of UTI
				Specimens
				Urine Culture
			Laboratory Diagnosis of Diarrhoea
				Specimens
				Stool Culture
					Identification of EPEC
					Identification of ETEC
					Identification of EIEC
					Identification of EHEC
					Identification of Other Strains
			Laboratory Diagnosis of Septicaemia, Neonatal Meningitis and Other Infections
				Molecular Detection
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Habitat
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
			Prevention and Control
		Tribe Edwardsiellae
		Tribe Citrobacteriaceae
		Tribe Klebsielleae
		Klebsiella pneumoniae
			Community-Acquired Pneumonia
			UTI
			Bacteraemia and Sepsis
			Laboratory Diagnosis
		Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis
		Klebsiella ozaenae
		Klebsiella oxytoca
		Enterobacter
		Hafnia
		Serratia
		Tribe Proteeae
		Proteus
		Morganella
		Providencia
		Tribe Erwinieae
			Case Study
	36: Salmonella and Shigella
		Genus Salmonella
			Classification and Nomenclature
				Kauffmann-White Scheme
			Properties of the Bacteria
				Morphology
				Culture and Biochemical Properties
					Non-selective Media
					Selective Media
					Enrichment Media
				Other Properties
					Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents
				Antigenic Structure
					H or Flagellar Antigen
					O or Somatic Antigen
					Surface Antigens
				Antigenic Variations
					OH-O Variation
					V-W Variation
					SR Variation
					Phase Variation
					O antigen Variation
			Pathogenesis
				Virulence Factors
					Endotoxin
					Fimbriae
					Acid Tolerance Response (ATR) Gene
					Enzymes
				Pathogenesis of Enteric Fever
			Clinical Syndromes
				Typhoid Fever
				Paratyphoid Fever
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Blood Culture
					Castañeda Biphasic Method of Blood Culture
					Automated Blood Culture System
				Clot Culture
				Bone Marrow Culture
				Faeces Culture
					Slide Agglutination Test
				Serology
					Widal Test
					Other Antibody-Based Serological Tests
					Antigen-Based Serological Tests
				Molecular Detection
				Diagnosis of Carriers
				Typing
					Bacteriophage Typing
					Biotyping
					Genotyping
			Treatment
				Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Typhi
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Habitat
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
			Prevention and Control
				Vaccines
					Killed or Inactivated Vaccines
					Oral Vaccines
			Salmonella Gastroenteritis
			Salmonella Septicaemia
			Case Study
		Genus Shigella
			Classification
			Properties of the Bacteria
				Morphology
				Culture and Biochemical Properties
					Nutrient Agar
					MacConkey Agar
					Deoxycholate Citrate Agar (DCA), Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD) Agar, Salmonella-Shigella (SS) Agar and Hektoen Enteric (HE)
					Selenite F and Gram-Negative (GN) Broth
					Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical agents
			Antigenic structure
				Other Properties
			Pathogenesis
				Virulence Factors
					Intestinal Adherence Factor
					Endotoxins
					Shiga Toxin
				Pathogenesis of Bacillary Dysentery
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Culture and Identification
				Serology
				Molecular Detection
					Molecular Typing
			Treatment
				Antibiotics-resistant Shigella
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Habitat
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
			Prevention and Control
			Case Study
	37: Yersinia, Pasteurella and Francisella
		Genus Yersinia
		Yersinia pestis
			Properties of the Bacteria
				Morphology
				Culture and Biochemical Properties
				Other Properties
					Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents
					Antigenic Structure
			Pathogenesis
				Virulence Factors
					Plague Toxin
					F1 Envelope Antigen (Fraction I or F-I Antigen)
					V and W Antigens
					TTSS
					Other Virulence Factors
				Pathogenesis of Plague
					Bubonic Plague
					Pneumonic Plague
					Septicaemic Plague
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Culture and Identifications
				Animal Inoculation
				Serology
				Molecular Detection
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Habitat
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
			Prevention and Control
				Immunoprophylaxis by Plague Vaccine
				Chemoprophylaxis by Antibiotic Therapy
				Environmental Sanitation
				WHO Guidelines for the Management of Plague Outbreak
		Yersinia enterocolitica
		Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
		Genus Pasteurella
		Pasteurella multocida
		Francisella tularensis
			Case Study
	38: Pseudomonas, Burkholderia and Acinetobacter
		Genus Pseudomonas
		Pseudomonas aeruginosa
			Properties of the Bacteria
				Morphology
				Culture and Biochemical Properties
				Other Properties
					Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents
					Antigenic Structure
			Pathogenesis
				Virulence Factors
				Pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Culture and Identification
					Typing
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Habitat
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
			Prevention and Control
		Other Pseudomonas Species
		Genus Burkholderia
		Burkholderia cepacia
		Burkholderia mallei
		Burkholderia pseudomallei
			Case Study
	39: Vibrio, Aeromonas and Plesiomonas
		Genus Vibrio
		Vibrio cholerae
			Properties of the Bacteria
				Morphology
				Culture and Biochemical Properties
					Non-selective Media
					Selective Media
					Transport Media
					Enrichment Media
				Other Properties
					Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents
					Antigenic Structure
			Classification
				Heiberg Classification
				Serological Classification
				Phage Typing
			Pathogenesis
				Virulence Factors
					Cholera Toxin or CT (CTx)
					Other Virulence Factors
				Pathogenesis of Cholera
			Clinical Syndromes
				Cholera
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Culture and Identifications
				Typing
					Serotyping
					Bio Typing
					Phage Typing
					Molecular Typing
				Serology
				Molecular Detection
				Diagnosis of Carriers
				Water Sample Testing
			Treatment
				Replacement of Fluid and Electrolytes
				Antibiotic Therapy
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
					Cholera Pandemics
					V. cholerae O139
				Habitat
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of the Infection
			Prevention and Control
				Cholera Vaccines
					Killed Cholera Vaccines
					Non-living oral B Subunit Whole-cell Vaccine (WC/rBS Vaccine)
					Live Oral Cholera Vaccine (CVD 103-Hg R Vaccine)
				General Preventive Measures
		Non-Cholera Vibrios
		Vibrio mimicus
		Halophilic Vibrios
		Vibrio parahaemolyticus
		Vibrio alginolyticus
		Vibrio vulnificus
		Other Vibrio Species
		Genus Aeromonas
		Genus Plesiomonas
			Case Study
	40: Haemophilus and Bordetella
		Genus Haemophilus
		Haemophilus influenzae
			Properties of the Bacteria
				Morphology
				Culture and Biochemical Properties
					Blood Agar
					Chocolate Agar
					Fildes Agar or Levinthal Agar
				Other Properties
					Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents
					H. influenzae Antigens
			Pathogenesis
				Virulence Factors
				Pathogenesis of Haemophilus influenzae Infections
			Clinical Syndromes
				Infections Caused by Encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae
				Infections Caused by Non-encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Culture and Identifications
					Typing
				Antigen Detection
				Molecular Detection
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Habitat
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
			Prevention and Control
				Vaccines
				Chemoprophylaxis
		Haemophilus ducreyi
		Haemophilus aphrophilus
		Haemophilus parainfluenzae
		Haemophilus aegyptius
		Haemophilus haemolyticus
		Actinobacillus (Aggregatibacter)
		Hacek Group of Bacteria
			Case Study
		Genus Bordetella
		Bordetella pertussis
			Properties of the Bacteria
				Morphology
				Culture and Biochemical Properties
				Other Properties
					Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents
					Bordetella pertussis Antigens
			Pathogenesis
				Virulence Factors
					FHA
					Pertussis Toxin
					Invasive Adenylate Cyclase or Haemolysin
					Tracheal Cytotoxin
				Pathogenesis of Whooping Cough
			Clinical Syndromes
				Whooping Cough
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Culture and Identification
				Serology
				Molecular Detection
				Other Laboratory Tests
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Habitat
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
			Prevention and Control
				Vaccines
		Bordetella parapertussis
		Bordetella bronchiseptica
			Case Study
	41: Brucella
		Genus Brucella
			Properties of the Bacteria
				Morphology
				Culture and Biochemical Properties
				Classification
					Biotypes
					Phage Types
				Other Properties
					Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents
					Brucella Antigen Structure
			Pathogenesis
				Virulence Factors
				Pathogenesis of Brucellosis
			Clinical Syndromes
				Brucellosis
					Acute Brucellosis
					Chronic Brucellosis
					Localised and Suppurative Infection
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Culture and Identification
					Castaneda´s Method of Blood Culture
					Bone Marrow Cultures
				Serology
					The Standard Tube Agglutination Test (SAT)
					Indirect Immunofluorescent Assay
					Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
					Brucella Skin Test
				Molecular Detection
				Other Tests
				Diagnosis in Animals
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Habitat
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
			Prevention and Control
			Case Study
	42: Campylobacter and Helicobacter
		Genus Campylobacter
			Properties of the Bacteria
				Morphology
				Culture and Biochemical Properties
				Other Properties
					Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents
			Pathogenesis
				Virulence Factors
				Pathogenesis of Enteric Infections
			Clinical Syndromes
				Enteric Infections
				Extraintestinal Infections
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Culture and Identification
				Histology
				Serology
				Molecular Detection
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Habitat
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
			Prevention and Control
		Genus Helicobacter
		Helicobacter pylori
			Properties of the Bacteria
				Morphology
				Culture and Biochemical Properties
				Pathogenesis
				Virulence Factors
				Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori Infection
			Clinical Syndromes
				Peptic Ulcer Disease
				Chronic Atrophic Gastritis
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Culture and Identification
					Urease Test
					Faecal Antigen Test
				Serology
				Rapid Urea-Breath Test
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Habitat
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
			Prevention and Control
		Other Helicobacter Species
			Case Study
	43: Treponema, Borrelia and Leptospira
		Genus Treponema
		Treponema pallidum
			Properties of the Bacteria
				Morphology
				Culture
				Other Properties
					Sensitivity to Physical and Chemical Agents
					Antigenic Structure
					Immunity
			Pathogenesis
				Virulence Factors
				Pathogenesis of Syphilis
			Clinical Syndromes
				Venereal Syphilis
					Primary Syphilis
					Secondary Syphilis
					Tertiary Syphilis
				Non-venereal Syphilis
					Congenital Syphilis
					Occupational Syphilis
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Culture
				Serology
				Standard Tests of Syphilis
					VDRL Test
					Rapid Plasma Reagin Test
				Treponema pallidum-specific tests
					Treponema pallidum Immobilisation Test
					Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody (FTA) Test
					FTA Absorption (FTA-Abs)
					IgM FTA-Abs Test
					Treponema pallidum Haemagglutination Assay (TPHA)
					Enzyme Immune Assays (EIA)
					Western Blot
				Molecular Detection
				Serological Assay Diagnostic Utility
					Response to Treatment
				Congenital Syphilis Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Habitat
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
			Prevention and Control
		Non-Venereal Treponematosis
			Endemic Syphilis
			Yaws
			Pinta
		Non-Pathogenic Treponemes
		Genus Borrelia
		Borrelia recurrentis
			Properties of the Bacteria
				Morphology
				Culture
			Pathogenesis
				Virulence Factors
				Pathogenesis of Relapsing Fever
			Clinical Syndromes
				Relapsing Fever
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimen
				Microscopy
				Culture
				Animal Inoculation
				Serology
				Molecular Detection
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Habitat
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
			Prevention and Control
		Borrelia vincenti
		Borrelia burgdorferi
		Genus Leptospira
		Leptospira Interrogans Complex
			Properties of the Bacteria
				Morphology
				Culture
				Other Properties
					Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents
					Antigenic Structure
			Pathogenesis
				Virulence Factors
				Pathogenesis of Leptospirosis
			Clinical Syndromes
				Leptospirosis
				Anicteric Leptospirosis
				Icteric Leptospirosis
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Culture and Identification
				Animal Inoculation
				Serology
				Molecular Detection
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Habitat
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
			Prevention and Control
			Case Study
	44: Rickettsia, Orientia, Ehrlichia and Coxiella
		Classification
		Genus Rickettsia
			Properties of the Bacteria
				Morphology
				Culture
				Other Properties
					Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents
					Antigenic Structure
			Pathogenesis
				Virulence Factors
				Typhus Fever Group
					Epidemic or Louse-Borne Typhus
					Relapsing Louse-Borne Typhus
					Endemic or Flea-Borne Murine Typhus
				Spotted Fever Group
					Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
					Rickettsial Pox
					Other Rickettsial Species in the Spotted Fever Group
		Genus Orientia
		Genus Ehrlichia
			Laboratory Diagnosis of  Rickettsia, Orientia and Ehrlichia Infections
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Culture
				Animal Inoculation
				Serology
				Molecular Detection
			Treatment
			Prevention and Control
		Genus Coxiella
		Coxiella burnetii
			Properties of the Bacteria
				Morphology
				Culture
				Other Properties
					Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents
					Antigenic Structure
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Syndromes
				Q Fever
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Serology
				Molecular Detection
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Habitat
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
			Prevention and Control
			Case Study
	45: Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma
		Genus Mycoplasma
			Properties of the Bacteria
				Morphology
				Culture and Biochemical Properties
				Other Properties
					Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents
					Immunity
			Pathogenesis
				Virulence Factors
				Pathogenesis of Respiratory Infections
			Clinical Syndromes
				Respiratory Infections
				Extrapulmonary Infections
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Direct Antigen Detection
				Culture and Identification
				Serology
					Non-specific Serological Tests
				Molecular Detection
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Habitat
				Reservoir, Host and Transmission of Infection
			Prevention and Control
		Genital Mycoplasma Infections
			Mycoplasmas and L-Forms in Bacteria
			Mycoplasmas as Cell Culture Contaminants
		Genus Ureaplasma
		Atypical Pneumonia
			Case Study
	46: Chlamydia and Chlamydophila
		Genus Chlamydia
			General Properties
				Morphology
				Growth and Multiplication
		Chlamydia trachomatis
			Properties of the Bacteria
				Morphology
				Culture
				Other Properties
					Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents
					Antigenic Structure
					Typing
			Pathogenesis
				Virulence Factors
				Pathogenesis of Chlamydia trachomatis Infections
			Clinical Syndromes
				Chlamydia trachomatis LGV biovar Infections
					Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV)
					Ocular LGV
				Chlamydia trachomatis trachoma biovar Infections
					Trachoma
					Adult Inclusion Conjunctivitis
					Neonatal Conjunctivitis
					Infant Pneumonia
					Urogenital Infection
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Culture
				Chlamydial Antigen Detection
				Serology
				Frei´s Skin Test
				Molecular Detection
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Habitat
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
			Prevention and Control
		Genus Chlamydophila
		Chlamydophila pneumoniae
		Chlamydophila psittaci
			Case Study
	47: Miscellaneous Bacteria
		Listeria monocytogenes
			Morphology and Other Properties
			Pathogenesis
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
			Prevention and Control
		Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
		Alcaligenes faecalis
		Chromobacterium violaceum
		Flavobacterium meningosepticum
		Klebsiella granulomatis
		Genus Acinetobacter
		Streptobacillus and Spirillum
		Streptobacillus moniliformis
		Spirillum minus
		Genus Legionella
		Legionella pneumophila
			Properties of the Bacteria
				Morphology
				Culture and Biochemical Properties
				Other Properties
					Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents
			Pathogenesis
				Virulence Factors
				Pathogenesis of Legionnaire´s Disease
			Clinical Syndromes
				Legionnaire´s Disease
				Pontiac Fever
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Direct Fluorescent Antibody (DFA) Test
				Culture
				Serology
				Molecular Detection
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Habitat
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
			Prevention and Control
		Eikenella corrodens
		Cardiobacterium hominis
		Genus Bartonella
		Bartonella bacilliformis
		Bartonella quintana
		Bartonella henselae
		Genus Capnocytophaga
		Gardnerella vaginalis
		Moraxella lacunata
		Kingella
			Case Study
Part IV: Virology
	48: Introduction to Viruses
		Morphology of Viruses
			Size
			Structure and Symmetry of Virus
				Viral Structure
					Capsid
				Functions of Capsid
					Envelope
				Viral Symmetry
					Icosahedral Symmetry
					Helical Symmetry
					Complex Symmetry
				Shape
			Viral Components (Nucleic Acid, Proteins and Lipids)
				Viral Nucleic Acid
				Viral Proteins and Lipids
			Susceptibility to Physical and Chemical Agents
				Disinfectants
				Temperature
				pH
				Lipid Solvents
				Radiations
				Antibiotics
			Replication of Viruses
				Attachment
				Penetration
				Uncoating
				Biosynthesis
					Biosynthesis of DNA Viruses
					Biosynthesis of RNA Viruses
				Mechanism of Virus Replication
				Maturation
				Release
				Abnormal Replicative Cycles
					Incomplete Viruses
					Pseudovirions
					Abortive Infections
					Defective Viruses
		Viruses of Medical Importance
		DNA Viruses
			Adenoviridae
			Poxviridae
			Herpesviridae
			Papovaviridae
			Hepadnaviridae
		RNA Viruses
			Togaviridae
			Rhabdoviridae
			Reoviridae
			Retroviridae
			Picornaviridae
			Orthomyxoviridae
			Paramyxoviridae
			Bunyaviridae
			Arenaviridae
			Caliciviridae
			Filoviridae
		Prions
		Viroids
		Pathogenesis of Viral Infections
			Stages of Viral Infections
				Entry into the Body
					Respiratory Tract
					Skin
					Conjunctiva
					Alimentary Tract
					Genital Tract
					Congenital Infections
				Initiation of Infection at Primary Site (Infection of the Target Tissue)
				Replication of Virus and Spread to Secondary Sites
				Manifestations of the Viral Diseases
			Viral Pathogenesis at the Cellular Level
				Abortive Infection
				Lytic Infection
					Inhibition of Cellular Protein Synthesis
					Cell Fusion
					Transformation
					Cytopathic Effect
				Persistent Viral Infection
			Host Response to Viral Infections
				Immunity in Viral Infections
					Humoral Immunity
					Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI)
				Non-immunological Responses
					Phagocytosis
					Age
					Poor Nutrition
					Genetic Makeup
					Body Temperature
			Interferons
				Types of Interferons
				Clinical Applications of Interferons
			Clinical Manifestations of Viral Diseases
				Incubation Period
				Severity of the Viral Disease
			Epidemiology of Viral Infections
			Prevention and Control of Viral Diseases
			Immunoprophylaxis of Viral Diseases
	49: Antiviral Agents
		Mechanism of Action of Antiviral Drugs
			Classification of Antiviral Drugs
				Nucleoside Analogues
				Non-Nucleoside Polymerase Inhibitors
				Protease Inhibitors
				Other Antiviral Drugs
				Interferon
			Resistance to Antiviral Agents
	50: Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Diseases
		Methods of Laboratory Diagnosis
			Specimens
			Direct Detection of Viruses/Viral Antigens
				Electron Microscopy
				Fluorescence Microscopy
				Light Microscopy
			Demonstration of Virus-induced CPEs in the Cells
			Virus Isolation
				Laboratory Animals
				Embryonated Eggs
				Tissue Culture
					Flurry Culture
					Explant Culture
					Cell Culture
				Detection of Virus Growth in Cell Cultures
					Cytopathic Effect (CPE)
					Haemadsorption
					Heterologous Interference
					Transformation
				Detection of Viral Antigen/ Virus in Cell Lines
					Light Microscopy
					Immunofluorescence
					Electron Microscopy
			Viral Assays
				Total Virus Particles Count
				Assay of Infectivity of Viruses
					Quantitative Assay of Infectivity
					Quantal Assays of Infectivity
			Detection of Viral Proteins and Other Enzymes
			Detection of Viral Genome
				DNA Probe
				Southern Blot Analysis
				Northern Blot Analysis
				Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
			Viral Serology
				Haemagglutination Inhibition (HI) Test
				Neutralisation Test (NT)
				Western Blot
			Molecular Diagnosis
	51: Bacteriophages
		Morphology
			Life Cycle
				Lytic Cycle (Virulent Cycle)
				Lysogenic Cycle (Temperate Cycle)
				Uses of Bacteriophages
			Bacteriophage Typing
			Phage Therapy
	52: Poxviruses
		Poxviruses
			Classification and Host Range
		Smallpox (Variola) Virus
			Morphology
			Physical and Chemical Properties
			Antigenic Properties
			Laboratory Isolation
				Chick Embryo
				Tissue Culture
				Laboratory Animals
			Pathogenesis of Smallpox
				Transmission
				Virus Replication
			Clinical Syndromes
				Smallpox
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Virus Isolation
				Serology
				Molecular Detection
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
			Prevention and Control
				Vaccines
			Future Risks
		Other Poxviruses
			Vaccinia Virus
		Monkeypox
		Buffalopox
		Cowpox
		Orf
		Molluscum Contagiosum
		Tanapox
		Yabapox
			Case Study
	53: Herpesviruses
		Herpesviruses
			Classification and Host Range
		Herpes Simplex Virus
			Morphology
			Physical and Chemical Properties
			Laboratory Isolation
				Chick Embryo
				Tissue Culture
			Pathogenesis of Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
				HSV Transmission
				Replication of Virus
					Host Immunity
			Clinical Syndromes
				HSV-1 Infection
					Acute Herpetic Gingivostomatitis
					Acute Herpetic Pharyngotonsillitis
					Herpes labialis
					Other HSV-1 Infections
				HSV-2 Infection
					Genital Herpes
					Neonatal Infection
					Aseptic Meningitis
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
					Tzanck Smear
				Direct Antigen Detection
				Tissue Culture
					Virus Typing
				Serology
				Molecular Detection
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
			Prevention and Control
		Herpesvirus Simea: B Virus
		Varicella-Zoster Virus
			Morphology
			Laboratory Isolation
			Pathogenesis of VZV Infection
				Transmission
					Immunity
			Clinical Syndromes
				Varicella (Chickenpox)
				Chicken Pox in Pregnancy
				Herpes Zoster (Shingles)
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Direct Antigen Detection
				Virus Isolation
				Serology
				Molecular Detection
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
			Prevention and Control
				Varicella-Zoster Immunoglobulin
				Vaccines
		Epstein-Barr Virus
			Morphology
			Laboratory Isolation
			Antigenic Properties
				Other Properties
			Pathogenesis of Epstein-Barr Virus Infection
				Transmission
			Clinical Presentations
				Infectious Mononucleosis
				Epstein-Barr Virus-Induced Tumours
				Epstein-Barr Virus Infection in an Immunocompromised Host
			Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Direct Antigen Detection
				Virus Isolation
				Serology
					Heterophilic Antibody-Based Tests
					EBV-Specific Antibody Tests
					Other Tests
				Molecular Detection
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
			Prevention and Control
		Cytomegalovirus
			Morphology
			Antigenic Properties
			Laboratory Isolation
			Pathogenesis of CMV Infection
			Clinical Syndromes
				Congenital Infection
					Asymptomatic Congenital Infection
					Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease of Newborns
				Acquired CMV Infection
					Perinatal Infection
					CMV Mononucleosis
					Transfusion-Acquired CMV Infection
				CMV Infection in Immunocompromised Hosts
				Infection of Adults
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Direct Antigen Detection
				Cell Culture
				Serology
				Molecular Detection
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
			Prevention and Control
		Human Herpesvirus 6
		Human Herpesvirus 7
		Human Herpesvirus 8
			Case Study
	54: Adenoviruses
		Adenoviruses
			Morphology
			Antigenic Properties
			Other Properties
			Laboratory Isolation
			Pathogenesis of Adenovirus Infection
				Lytic Infection
				Latent Infection
				Oncogenic Transformation
			Clinical Syndromes
				Respiratory Infections
					Acute Respiratory Disease
					Pharyngoconjunctival Fever
					Other Respiratory Tract Diseases
				Eye Infections
					Acute Follicular Conjunctivitis
					Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis
				Gastrointestinal Infections
				Other Manifestations
				Adenovirus Infections in an Immunocompromised Host
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Direct Antigen Detection
				Virus  Isolation
				Serology
				Molecular Detection
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
			Prevention and Control
		Adeno-Associated Viruses (AAVS)
			Case Study
	55: Picornaviruses
		Classification
		Enteroviruses
		Poliovirus
			Morphology
			Virus Replication
			Antigenic Properties
			Other Properties
			Laboratory Isolation
				Chick Embryos
				Tissue Culture
				Laboratory Animals
			Pathogenesis of Poliomyelitis
			Clinical Syndromes
				Asymptomatic Illness
				Abortive Poliomyelitis
				Non-paralytic Poliomyelitis
				Paralytic Polio
				Post-poliomyelitis Syndrome
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Virus Isolation
				Serology
				Molecular Detection
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
			Prevention and Control
				Vaccines
					Inactivated Polio Vaccine
					Live Attenuated Oral Polio Vaccine
					Safety of Polio Vaccine
					The Efficiency of Polio Vaccine
					Issues Related to Vaccine Failure in Tropical Regions
					Spread of Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses
					Poliomyelitis Eradication
					Pulse Polio Immunisation Program (PPI)
		Coxsackie Viruses
			Properties of the Virus
			Clinical Syndromes
				Coxsackie A Virus
					Herpangina
					Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease
				Coxsackie B Virus
					Pleurodynia
					Myocarditis
					Juvenile Diabetes
					Orchitis
					Transplacental and Neonatal Transmission
				Coxsackie A and B Viruses
		Echoviruses
		Other Enteroviruses
		Enterovirus 70
		Rhinoviruses
			Properties of Virus
			Laboratory Isolation
			Pathogenesis of Rhinovirus Infections
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Epidemiology
			Treatment
			Prevention and Control
		Hepatitis A Virus
			Case Study
	56: Orthomyxoviruses
		Influenza Viruses
			Morphology
			Virus Replication
			Antigenic Properties
				Group-Specific Antigen
				Surface Antigen
					Haemagglutinin (HA)
					Neuraminidase (NA)
			Classification
			Antigenic Variations
			Gene Re-assortment
			Nomenclature of Influenza Viruses
			Other Properties
			Laboratory Isolation
				Chick Embryos
				Tissue Culture
				Laboratory Animals
			Pathogenesis of Influenza
			Clinical Syndromes
				Influenza
				Complications
					Interstitial Pneumonia
					Guillain-Barre Syndrome
					Reye Syndrome
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Direct Antigen Detection
				Chick Embryo Inoculation
				Cell Culture
				Serology
					Haemagglutination Inhibition Test
					Enzyme Neutralisation Test and ELISA
				Molecular Detection
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
				Influenza Epidemics and Pandemics
				Antigenic Shift
				Antigenic Drift
				Avian Influenza (H5N1 Bird Flu)
				H1N1 (Swine Flu)
			Prevention and Control
				Immunoprophylaxis by Influenza Vaccines
					Inactivated Influenza Vaccines
					Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccines
					Recombinant Vaccines
					Subunit Vaccines
				Chemoprophylaxis
			Case Study
	57: Paramyxoviruses
		Classification
			Antigenic Structure
		Measles Virus (Rubeola)
			Morphology
			Virus Replication
			Antigenic and Other Properties
			Laboratory Isolation
			Pathogenesis of Measles
			Immunity
			Clinical Syndromes
				Measles
				Atypical Measles
				Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE)
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Direct Antigen Detection
				Cell Culture
				Serology
				Molecular Detection
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
			Prevention and Control
				Measles Vaccine
				Post-Exposure Prophylaxis
		Parainfluenza Virus
			Morphology
			Laboratory Isolation
			Pathogenesis of Human Parainfluenza Virus Infection
			Immunity
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Direct Antigen Detection
				Cell Culture
				Serology
				Molecular Detection
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
			Prevention and Control
		Newcastle Disease Virus
		Mumps Virus
			Morphology
			Antigenic and Other Properties
			Laboratory Isolation
				Chick Embryo
				Tissue Culture
			Pathogenesis of Mumps
			Immunity
			Clinical Syndromes
				Mumps
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Chick Embryo
				Cell Culture
				Serology
				Molecular Detection
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
			Prevention and Control
				Vaccines
		Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
			Morphology
			Antigenic and Other Properties
			Laboratory Isolation
			Pathogenesis of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection
			Clinical Syndromes
				Common Cold
				Bronchiolitis
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Direct Antigen Detection
				Cell Culture
				Serology
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
			Prevention and Control
		Nipah Virus
		Hendra Virus
		Human Metapneumovirus
			Case Study
	58: Arboviruses (Arthropod-borne Viruses) and Rodent-borne Viruses
		Arthropod-Borne Viruses
			Important Properties
		Roboviruses
		Togaviruses
		Alphaviruses
			Encephalitis Group
				Western Equine Encephalitis Virus
				Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus
				Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis
			Febrile Illness with arthritis Group
				Chikungunya Virus
				O´nyong-nyong Virus
				Semliki forest Virus
				Sindbis Virus
				Ross River Virus
		Flaviviruses
			Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses
				Encephalitis Viruses
					St. Louis Encephalitis Virus
					Ilheus Virus
					West Nile Virus
					Murray Valley Encephalitis Virus
					Japanese Encephalitis Virus
		Yellow Fever Virus
			Pathogenesis of Yellow Fever
			Clinical Syndromes
			Epidemiology
				The Jungle (sylvatic) Cycle
				The Urban Cycle
				The Intermediate Cycle
				Laboratory Diagnosis
			Prevention and Control
		Dengue Virus
			Morphology
			Antigenic Properties
			Pathogenesis of Dengue
			Immunity
			Clinical Syndromes
				Classic Dengue Fever
				Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever
				Dengue Shock Syndrome
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Cell Culture
				Serology
				Molecular Detection
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
			Prevention and Control
		Zika Virus
			Tick-Borne Flaviviruses
				Tick-Borne Encephalitis Viruses
					Russian Spring-summer Encephalitis (RSSE)
					Powassan Virus
				Tick-Borne Haemorrhagic Fever
					Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD)
					Omsk Haemorrhagic Fever
		Filoviridae
			Ebola Virus
		Bunyaviridae Viruses
			Morphology
			Pathogenesis of Bunyaviridae Virus Infections
			Immunity
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Serology
				Molecular Detection
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
			Prevention and Control
		Rodent-borne Bunyaviridae Viruses
		Reoviridae
		Rhabdoviridae
		Ungrouped Arboviruses
			Wanowrie Virus
			Bhanja Virus
			Case Study
	59: Rhabdoviruses
		Rabies Virus
			Morphology
			Antigenic Properties
			Other Properties
				Virus Susceptibility
				Typing of Rabies Viruses
			Laboratory Isolation
				Chick Embryo
				Tissue Culture
				Laboratory Animals
			Pathogenesis of Rabies
			Clinical Syndromes
				Rabies
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Viral Antigen Detection
				Cell Culture
				Serology
				Molecular Detection
				Ante-mortem Diagnosis of Human Rabies
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
					Corneal Transplants
				Rabies in Dogs
				Laboratory Diagnosis of Rabies in Dogs and other Animals
					Demonstration of Negri Bodies
					Direct Antigen Detection
					Isolation of the Virus
			Prevention and Control
				Pre-exposure Prophylaxis
				Post-exposure Prophylaxis
					Local Treatment
					Passive Immunisation with Rabies Immunoglobulin
					Antirabies Vaccine
				WHO Guidelines on Post-Exposure Prophylaxis
					Red Cross Schedule
					Re-Exposure Prophylaxis
					Animal Vaccines
					Vaccine Failures
					National Rabies Control Programme (NRCP)
		Rabies-Related Viruses
		Duvenhage Virus
		Lagos Bat Virus
		Mokola Virus
		Other Rabies-Related Viruses
			Case Study
	60: Hepatitis Viruses
		Types of Hepatitis Viruses
		Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)
			Morphology
				Virus Antigens
				Virus Susceptibility
			Other Properties
			Laboratory Isolation
			Pathogenesis of HAV Infection
				Immunity
			Clinical Syndromes
				Infectious Hepatitis
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Cell Culture
				Serology
				Molecular Detection
				Other Tests
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
			Prevention and Control
				Vaccines
				Specific Passive Prophylaxis
				General Prevention Measures
		Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
			Morphology
				HBsAg
				Virus Genome
					Mutations
					Genotypes
			Virus Replication
			Virus Antigens
			Susceptibility of Virus
			Pathogenesis of HBV Infection
				Immunity
			Clinical Syndromes
				Acute Hepatitis
				Chronic Hepatitis
				Complications of HBV Infection
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Serology
					Viral Antigens
					Viral Antibodies
				Molecular Detection
				Other Tests
			Treatment
				Interferons
				Nucleoside Analogues
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
					Transmission of Infection
				High-Risk Groups
				Hepatitis B Virus Carriers
					Super Carriers
					Simple Carriers
			Prevention and Control
				Vaccines
				Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin (HBIg)
				Combined Immunisation
		Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
			Morphology
				Virus Genome
				Other Properties
			Pathogenesis of HCV Infection
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Serology
				Molecular Detection
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
				Transmission
			Prevention and Control
		Hepatitis D(Delta) Virus (HDV)
			Morphology
			Pathogenesis of HDV Infection
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Antigen Detection
				Serology
				Molecular Detection
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
			Prevention and Control
		Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)
			Morphology and Other Properties
			Pathogenesis of HEV Infection
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
			Prevention and Control
		Hepatitis G Virus
			Case Study
	61: Retrovirus
		Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
			Classification of Lentiviruses
			Morphology
				Virus Genome
			Virus Replication
			Virus Antigens
				Group-specific Antigen
				Type-specific Envelope Glycoproteins
				Virus Susceptibility
			Laboratory Isolation
				Tissue Culture
			Pathogenesis of HIV Infection
				Binding of Virus to Cell Receptors
				Virus Replication
				Lysis of Infected Cells
			Immunity
				Cell-mediated Immunity
				Humoral Immunity
			Clinical Syndromes
				Acute HIV Infection
				Asymptomatic or Latent Infection
				AIDS-Related Complex (ARC)
				AIDS
					Opportunistic Infections
					Malignancies
				Paediatric AIDS
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Cell Culture
				Serology
					Detection of Viral Antigen
					Detection of Specific Antibodies to HIV
					Rapid Tests
					Supplementary or Confirmatory Tests
				Applications of Serological Tests
					Screening
					Seuroepidemiology
					Diagnosis
				Molecular Detection
				Laboratory Monitoring Status of HIV Infection
					CD4+ T-cell Count
					Measurement of HIV RNA
					Measurement of B2 Microglobulin and Neopterin
					Other Tests
				Strategies for HIV Testing in India
					Strategy 1
					Strategy 2
					Strategy 3
			Treatment
				Anti-HIV Drugs
					Nucleoside Analogue Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs)
					Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs)
					Protease Inhibitors
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
					India
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
					Transmission
			Prevention and Control
				Health Education
				Screening of Blood and Blood Products
				Infection Control
				Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)
					Vaccine Development
			Case Study
	62: Slow Virus and Prion Diseases
		Slow Virus Diseases Caused by Prions
		Prions
			Morphology
			Prion Replication
				Other Properties
				Prion Isolation
			Pathogenesis of Prion Diseases
			Clinical Syndromes
				Diseases Caused by Prions in Humans
					Kuru
					Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
					Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker Syndrome and Fatal Familial Insomnia
				Diseases Caused by Prions in Animals
					Scrapie
					Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)
					Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy
					Chronic Wasting Disease of Deer, Mule and Elk
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
			Prevention and Control
		Slow Virus Diseases Caused by Conventional Viruses
			Humans
				Sub-acute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE)
				Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)
			Animals
				Visna
				Maedi
			Case Study
	63: Oncogenic Viruses
		Oncogenic DNA Viruses
			Papovaviruses
			Poxvirus
			Adenovirus
			Herpes Virus
			Hepatitis B Virus
		Oncogenic RNA Viruses
			Retroviruses
			Classification
				Oncovirinae
				Lentivirinae
				Spumavirinae
			Morphology
				Virus Genome
				Host Specificity
				Virus Antigens
				Other Properties
			Pathogenesis of Retrovirus Infections
				Oncogenes
					Viral Oncogenes
					Cellular Oncogenes
				Transfection
			Clinical Syndromes
				Humans
				Animals
					Sarcoma and Acute Leukaemia Viruses
					Leukaemia Viruses
				Other Viruses
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
		Human T-Lymphotropic Viruses (HTLV)
			Morphology
				Virus Genome
			Virus Replication
			Pathogenesis of HTLV Infection
			Clinical Presentations
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
			Prevention and Control
		Endogenous Retroviruses
			Case Study
	64: Miscellaneous Viruses
		Papovaviruses
		Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs)
			Morphology and Other Properties
			Pathogenesis of HPV Infection
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
			Prevention and Control
		Human Polyomaviruses
		Parvoviruses
			Parvovirus B19
		Bocavirus
		Rubella Virus
			Morphology
			Other Properties
				Laboratory Isolation
			Pathogenesis of Rubella
				Immunity
			Clinical Syndromes
				Rubella
				Congenital Rubella
				Congenital Rubella Syndrome
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Cell Culture
				Serology
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
			Prevention and Control
				Rubella Vaccines
				Immunoglobulins
		Norwalk Virus
			Morphology
			Other Properties
			Pathogenesis of Norwalk Virus Infection
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
				Epidemiology
			Prevention and Control
		Viral Haemorrhagic Fever
		Arenavirus
			Morphology
				Laboratory Isolation
			Pathogenesis of Arenaviruses Infections
			Clinical Syndromes
				Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis
				Lassa Fever
				South American Haemorrhagic Fever
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Cell Culture
				Serology
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
			Prevention and Control
		Filoviruses
		Reoviridae
		Rotavirus
			Morphology
				Virus Genome
			Virus Replication
			Virus Antigens
			Other Properties
			Laboratory Isolation
				Tissue Culture
			Pathogenesis of Rotavirus Diarrhoea
				Immunity
			Clinical Syndromes
				Diarrhoea
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Antigen Detection
				Cell Culture
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
			Prevention and Control
				Vaccines
		Orbiviruses
		Coltiviruses
		Orthoreoviruses
		Coronaviruses
			Morphology
				Virus Genome
			Virus Replication
			Other Properties
			Pathogenesis of Coronavirus Infections
			Clinical Syndromes
				SARS
				Common Cold
				Gastroenteritis
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Cell Culture
				Serology
				Molecular Detection
			Treatment
			Epidemiology
				Geographical Distribution
				Reservoir, Source and Transmission of Infection
			Prevention and Control
		Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV)
		COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2
			Transmission
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Prevention and Control
				Variants
				Omicron Variant
		ZIKA Virus
			Case Study
Part V: Mycology
	65: Introduction to Mycology
		Classification of Fungi
			Taxonomical Classification
				Mucormycotina
				Ascomycota
				Basidiomycetes
				Fungi Imperfecti
			Morphological Classification
				Yeast
				Moulds
				Dimorphic Fungi
			Pathogenic Classification
				Primarily Pathogenic
				Opportunistic Pathogens
			Reproduction of Fungi
			Pathogenesis of Fungal Infection
				Colonisation and Disease
				Allergic Fungal Diseases
				Mycotoxicosis
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Direct Microscopy
				Culture
					Growth Characteristics
					Teased Mount Preparation
					Slide Culture
					Cellophane Tape Preparation
				Serology
					Antigen Detection
				Non-culture Methods
					Detection of Fungal Cell Wall Markers
					Detection of Fungal Metabolites
				Molecular Diagnosis
			Antifungal Drugs
	66: Superficial, Cutaneous and Subcutaneous Mycoses
		Superficial Mycoses
			Pityriasis Versicolor
			Tinea Nigra
			Black Piedra
			White Piedra
		Cutaneous Mycoses
			Dermatophytes
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Direct Microscopy
					Ectothrix
					Endothrix
				Culture
					Trichophyton
					Microsporum
					Epidermophyton
				Other Tests
					Hair Perforation Test
					Urease Test
					Growth on Rice Grains
			Treatment
		Subcutaneous Mycosis
			Mycetoma
			Chromoblastomycosis
			Phaeohyphomycosis
			Sporotrichosis
			Rhinosporidiosis
			Entomophthoromycosis
			Case Study
	67: Systemic Mycoses and Opportunistic Infections
		Systemic Mycosis
		Coccidioidomycosis
			The Fungus
			Pathogenesis of Coccidiomycosis
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Microscopy
				Culture
				Serology
				Skin Test
				Molecular Detection
			Treatment
			Epidemiology and Prevention
		Paracoccidioidomycosis
			The Fungus
			Pathogenesis of Paracoccidiomycosis
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Epidemiology and Prevention
			Prevention and Control
		Histoplasmosis
			The Fungus
			Pathogenesis of Histoplasmosis
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Epidemiology and Prevention
			Prevention and Control
		Blastomycosis
			The Fungus
			Pathogenesis of Blastomycosis
			Clinical Syndromes
				Pulmonary Infection
				Extrapulmonary Infection
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Sputum or Broncho-Alveolar Lavage (BAL) Microscopy
				Serology
				Molecular Detection
			Treatment
			Epidemiology and Prevention
			Case Study
		Opportunistic Fungal Infections
		Candidiasis
			The Fungus
			Pathogenesis of Candida Infection
			Clinical Syndromes
				Cutaneous Candidiasis
				Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
				Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
				Systemic Candidiasis
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Culture
				Non-culture Candida Detection
				Serology
				Skin Test
				Molecular Detection
			Treatment
			Epidemiology and Prevention
		Cryptococcosis
			The Fungus
			Pathogenesis of Cryptococcosis
			Clinical Syndromes
				Pulmonary Cryptococcosis
				CNS Cryptococcosis
				Disseminated Non-pulmonary and Non-CNS Cryptococcosis
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Culture
				Serology
			Treatment
			Epidemiology and Prevention
		Aspergillosis
			The Fungus
			Pathogenesis of Aspergillosis
			Clinical Syndromes
				Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis
				Chronic Necrotising Pulmonary Aspergillosis
				Aspergilloma
				Invasive Aspergillosis
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Direct KOH Preparation
				Culture
				Serology
			Treatment
			Epidemiology and Prevention
		Mucormycosis (Zygomycosis)
			The Fungus
			Pathogenesis of Mucormycosis
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Microscopy
				Culture
				Histopathology
				Serology
			Treatment
			Epidemiology and Prevention
			Prevention and Control
		Pneumocystosis
			The Fungus
			Pathogenesis of Pneumocystosis
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
			Treatment
			Epidemiology and Prevention
		Talaromycosis
			The Fungus
			Pathogenesis of Talaromycosis
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Microscopy
				Culture
				Serology
				Molecular Detection
			Treatment
			Epidemiology and Prevention
			Prevention and Control
		Pseudallescheria boydii and Scedosporium apiospermum Infection
		Fusariosis
		Other Fungal Infections
			Otomycosis
			Oculomycosis (Keratomycosis, Fungal Keratitis, Mycotic Keratitis)
		Mycotic Poisoning
			Mycetism
			Mycotoxicosis
			Case Study
Part VI: Applied and Clinical Microbiology
	Chapter 68: Bacteriology of Water, Milk, Air and Food
		Bacteriology of Water
			Bacterial Flora in Water
			Factors Determining the Number of Bacteria in Water
			Water-Borne Microorganisms
			Bacteriological Examination of Water
				Indicator Organisms
					Coliforms
					Thermotolerant Coliform Bacteria
					Faecal Streptococci
					Sulphite-reducing Clostridia
				Collection of Water Samples for Analysis
					Sampling from a Tap or Pump Outlet
					Sampling from a Reservoir, such as a Stream, River, Lakes and Tanks
					Sampling from a Well
				Sample Storage
				Methods of Water Analysis
					Presumptive Coliform Count
					Differential Coliform Count
					Detection of Faecal Streptococci
					Detection of C. Perfringens
					Membrane Filtration Method
				Detection of Specific Pathogens
					Viruses in Water
					Protozoa in Water
		Bacteriology of Milk
			Bacterial Flora of Milk
				Lactic Acid Bacteria
					Coliforms
			Importance of Presence of Microorganisms in Milk
			Microorganisms Causing Spoilage of Milk
			Pathogenic Microorganisms in Milk
				Pasteurisation
				Ultra-High-Temperature Treatment
				Boiling
			Bacteriological Examination of Milk
				Colony Counts
				Coliform Counts
				Methylene Blue Test
				Phosphatase Test
				Turbidity Test
			Detection of Specific Pathogens
		Bacteriology of Air
			Bacteriological Examination of Air
			Microbial Quality of Outdoor Air
			Microbial Content of Indoor Air
				Dust Particles
				Humans
				Droplets and Droplet Nuclei
				Measuring Bacterial Content of the Air
					Settle Plate Method (Passive Sampling)
					Slit Sampler Method (Active Sampling)
		Bacteriology of Food
			Source of Food Contamination
				Faeces
				Insects
				Air
				Domestic animals
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Clinical history
				Specimens
				Detection of Specific Pathogen
			Prevention of Food-Borne Infections
	69: Biomedical Waste Management
		Biomedical Waste
			Potential Hazards of Biomedical Waste
			Types of Biomedical Waste
				Human Anatomical Waste
				Animal Waste
				Microbiology Laboratory Waste
				Human Blood and Body Fluid Waste
				Waste Sharps
				Cytotoxic Waste
			Waste Treatment and Disposal
			General Principles of Waste Management
			Steps Involved in Waste Management
				Reduction
				Segregation
				Storage
				Transportation
				Treatment
			Methods of Waste Treatment
				Autoclaving
				Chemical Decontamination
				Incineration
				Microwave Treatment
				Plasma Torch
			Disposal of Biomedical Wastes
		Spill Management
			Management of Blood and Body Fluids, Including Infectious Materials Spill
	70: Healthcare-Associated Infections
		Healthcare-Associated Infections
			Definition of Healthcare-Associated Infection
			Iatrogenic Infections
			Laboratory-Acquired Infections
			Biosafety Level
				Biosafety Level I
				Biosafety Level II
				Biosafety Level III
				Biosafety Level IV
			Factors Affecting Healthcare-Associated Infection
				Hospitalised Patients
				Hospital Environment
				Invasive Devices
				Antibiotics Resistance
				Diagnostic or Therapeutic Procedures
				Transfusion
			Epidemiology of Healthcare-Associated Infection
				Sources of Infections
					Exogenous Infection
					Endogenous Infection
				Microorganisms Causing Infections
			Transmission of Microorganisms
				Airborne Transmission
				Transmission by Direct Contact
				Transmission by Oral Route
				Transmission by Parenteral Route
		Common Types of Healthcare-Associated Infections
			Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTI)
			Health-Care Associated Bacteremia (Bloodstream Infection)
				Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSIs)
				Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections (CRBSI)
			Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP)
			Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP)
			Surgical Site Infections (SSI)
			Healthcare-Associated Infections Due to Hepatitis Viruses B and C
			Healthcare-Associated Episodes of Tetanus
			Healthcare-Associated Episodes of Acute Gastroenteritis
			Antibiotics Associated Diarrhoea
			Needlestick and Sharps Injury
				Prevention of Needlestick and Sharps Injury
				Needlestick Injury Management
					Immediate Management
					Postexposure Treatment (PEP)
					Laboratory Follow-up of Cases
			Diagnosis of Healthcare-Associated Infections
			Prevention and Control of Health Care-Associated Infections
				Standard Precautions
				Infection Control Committee
				Active Surveillance for Healthcare-Associated Infections
				Hand Hygiene
				Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
				Injection Safety
				Environmental Cleaning
				Medical Equipment
				Respiratory Hygiene/Cough Etiquette
				Isolation Precautions
			Precautions in Operating Theatre
			Investigation and Follow-up Outbreaks of Disease
	71: Infective Syndromes: A System and Organ-Based Approach
		Pyrexia of Unknown Origin (PUO)
			Definition
			Aetiologies of PUO
				Infections
				Neoplasms
				Collagen Vascular Diseases
				Miscellaneous Conditions
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Stage I
				Stage II
				Stage III
			Treatment
		Respiratory Tract Infections
			Definitions
				Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URI)
				Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (LRI)
			Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URI)
			Aetiology
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Gram Staining
				Direct Fluorescent Antibody (DFA) Test
			Treatment
			Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (LRI)
			Types of LRI
			Aetiology
				Bronchitis
					Acute Bronchitis
					Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Bronchitis (AECB)
				Pneumonia
					Lobar Pneumonia
					Bronchopneumonia
					Interstitial Pneumonia
					Miliary Pneumonia
				Nosocomial Pneumonia
				Chronic Infections
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Culture
				Serology
					Biomarkers
				Molecular Detection
				Radiology
			Treatment
		Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)
			Definitions
				Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
				Bacteriuria
			Resident Microbial Flora
			Aetiology
			Pathogenesis of UTI
			Predisposing Factors
				Host Factors
					Gender and Sexual Activity
					Pregnancy
					Obstruction
					Neurogenic Bladder Dysfunction
					Vesicoureteral Reflux
					Genetic Factors
				Microbial Factors
			Clinical Syndromes
				Urethritis
				Asymptomatic Bacteriuria
				Cystitis
				Acute Urethral Syndrome
				Acute Pyelonephritis
				Catheter-Associated UTIs
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimen
				Urine Microscopy
				Screening Tests
				Culture
					Semiquantitative Methods
					Quantitative Method
			Treatment
		Meningitis
			Definition
				Meningitis
				Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES)
			Types of Meningitis
				Acute Meningitis
				Sub-acute Meningitis
				Chronic Meningitis
			Pathogenesis of Meningitis
			Clinical Syndromes
				Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES)
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimen
				Macroscopy
				Microscopy
				Culture
				Direct Detection of Antigen
				Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate
				Molecular Diagnosis
			Treatment
		Bloodstream Infections
			Definitions
				Bacteraemia
				Septicaemia
				Septic Shock
				Multiple-organ Dysfunction Syndrome
				Endotoxaemia
			Types of Blood-Stream Infections
			Clinical Syndromes
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Blood Culture
					Manual Blood Culture
					Automated Blood Culture
				Non-blood Culture Tests
				Other Tests
				Laboratory Diagnosis of Catheter-Related Blood Stream Infection (CRBSI)
					Differential Quantitative Cultures
			Treatment
		Diarrhoeal Diseases and Food Poisoning
			Definitions
				Diarrhoea
				Dysentery
				Gastroenteritis
				Enterocolitis
			Types
			Clinical Syndromes
				Acute Infective Diarrhoea
				Chronic Infective Diarrhoea
				Traveller´s Diarrhoea
				Gastroenteritis
				Food Poisoning
					Infective Food Poisoning
					Toxic Food Poisoning
					Intermediate or Infective-toxic Food Poisoning
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Culture
				Cell Culture
				Serology
				Molecular Detection
			Treatment
		Sexually Transmitted Infections and Reproductive Tract Infections
			Definitions
				Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI)
				Sexually Transmissible Disease (STD)
				Reproductive Tract Infections (RTI)
			Types
				Infections with Ulcerative Genital Ulcers
				Infection with Non-Ulcerative Lesions
					Men
					Women
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Culture
				Serology
				Molecular Detection
				Other Tests
					Frei´s Test
					Whiff Test
			Treatment
		Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
			Types
			Laboratory Diagnosis
				Specimens
				Microscopy
				Culture
				Molecular Detection
				Other Tests
			Treatment
		Hepatobiliary Infections
			Definitions
			Clinical Syndromes
				Hepatitis
				Cholangitis
				Cholecystitis
			Laboratory Diagnosis
		Wound Infections
		Congenital Infections
			Congenital Rubella Syndrome
			Congenital Toxoplasmosis
			Congenital Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection
			Other Congenital Infections
		Bone and Joint Infections
		Eye Infections
			Ear Infections
	72: Quality Management System in Diagnostic Microbiology
		Quality Management System
			Definitions
				Quality
				Quality Assurance
				Quality Control
			Components of Quality Management System
				Quality Assurance
				Quality Control
			Assessment of Quality Systems
				Internal Quality Assessment/Control or Internal Audit
				External Quality Assessment/Control or External Audit
					Proficiency Testing
					Rechecking or Retesting
					Site Visit
Glossary
Further Reading
	Practical Guidance
	National and International Guidelines
	Books
	Scientific Publications
Index




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