Textbook of human disease for dentistry

Contributors Preface 1 Clinical examination and history taking Components of a medical history Clinical observations in the clothed patient Specific lesions 2 Inflammation and anti-inflammatory drugs Cell and tissue injury Wound healing Inflammation Pathogenesis of chronic inflammation Anti-inflammatory drugs 3 Principles if infection and infection control 3A Sterilisation, disinfection and antiseptics Sterilisation and disinfection Antiseptics 3B Principles of infection and infection control, diagnosis and treatment of bacterial infections Introduction Use of the laboratory in the diagnosis of bacterial infection Antibacterial drugs Antibacterial use in dentistry 3C Viruses relevant to dentistry and antiviral agents Viruses relevant to dentistry Diagnosis and treatment of virus infections Antiviral agents 3D Infection with immunodeficiency virus and implications for the oral cavity Infection with HIV Oral manifestations of HIV disease Diagnosis of HIV infection 3E Fungi and antifungal agents Fungi Antifungal agents 4 Immunological disease Introduction Overview of a normal immune response What is immunodeficiency? Examples of specific primary immunodeficiences which may be seen in dental practice Implications of immunodeficiency in dental practice Allergy in dental practice Type 1 hypersensitivity (allergy) Causes of type 1 hypersensitivity reactions in dental practice Other reactions Autoimmune disease Immunosuppressants 5 Cardiovascular disorders 5A Introduction to cardiovascular disease The heart and circulation Cardiovascular pathology Thrombosis, embolism, ischaemia and infarction Clinical features of cardiovascular disease 5B Heart failure Introduction Clinical aspects of heart failure Treatment of heart failure 5C Cardiac arrhythmias Pathophysiology Drugs used to manage cardiac arrhythmias 5D Valvular heart disease Introduction Pathology of valvular heart disease 5E Hypertension Measurement of blood pressure Drugs used to treat hypertension Treatment of hypertension 5F Anticoagulants, drugs affecting blood clotting Heparin Oral anticoagulants Uses of anticoagulants Antiplatelet drugs 5G Dental implications of cardiovascular disease Hypertensive patients Patients post-myocardial infarction Other aspects of management Smoking and the cardiovascular system 5H Peripheral vascular and cardiac surgical disorders Peripheral vascular disorders Cardiac surgical disorders 6 Respiratory disorders Introduction Clinical assessment Asthma Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Lung cancer Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) Respiratory tract infections Cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis Pulmonary embolism Fibrotic lung disease Management of inhaled foreign body Respiratory disorders and dentistry 7 Gastrointestinal disorders Introduction Relevant points in the history Examination Liver disease Nutritional disorders Dental aspects of GI system disorders 8 Renal disorders Introduction Structure of the kidneys Normal renal function Clinical presentation of abnormal renal function Investigation of renal dysfunction The kidney and systemic disease Dental aspects relating to renal patients 9 Neurology and special senses 9A Neurology Head injury Types of brain injury 9B ENT Deafness Tinnitus Vertigo Dizziness Infections and inflammatory disorders of the ear, nose, sinuses and tonsils 9C Neurological disorders and dental practice Relevant points in the history General examination Neurological disorders: management considerations in dental practice 9D Stroke, speech and swallowing Stroke Speech Swallowing 9E Ophthalmology Measurement of vision Common causes of visual loss The acute red eye Conditions of common interest Ophthalmic complications of dental anaesthesia 9F Anticonvulsant and anti-Parkinsonian drugs Anticonvulsant drugs Anti-Parkinsonian drugs 10 Musculoskeletal disorders Introduction Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Reactive arthritis Other joint disorders Disorders mainly involving soft tissues Management of fractures and joint replacements Metabolic bone disease and calcium Investigations of bone disease Drugs used in bone disease Parathyroid disorders Important bone conditions Other bone disorders Dental treatment in patients with musculoskeletal disorders 11 Skin disorders Infections Viral infections Immunologically mediated skin diseases Facial eruptions Pigmented lesions Malignant epidermal tumours 12 Endocrinology and diabetes Endocrinology The adrenal glands The thyroid gland The pituitary gland The parathyroid glands Diabetes mellitus Oral contraceptives Pregnancy Other endocrine conditions of relevance Dental aspects in endocrine patients 13 Haematology 13A General haematology, haematooncology Normal haemopoiesis Haemoglobin Anaemia Haemoglobinopathies Multiple myeloma Bone marrow failure syndromes Lymphomas 13B Haemostasis Overview of normal haemostasis Inherited bleeding disorders Acquired disorders of haemostasis Warfarin and dental surgery 13C Transfusion medicine Introduction Blood group systems Red cell antibodies Blood components Hospital pre-transfusion testing Platelets Fresh frozen plasma Risks of transfusion 14 Pain and anxiety control Local anaesthetics Vasoconstrictors Adverse effects of dental local anaesthesia Drugs used in conscious sedation 15 Adverse drug reactions and interactions Adverse drug reactions Drug interactions 16 General oncology Introduction Disorders of growth and differentiation Neoplasia Clinical oncology Tumour identification and diagnosis Introduction to head and neck oncology Oral complications of malignancy Palliative and terminal care The future 17 Child health Development Child health surveillance Respiratory infections in childhood Oral infections Clefts of the lip and palate Child physical abuse 18 Care of the elderly Ageing Features of illness in old age Care settings for older people History taking Examination General principles of management Prescribing for older dental patients 19 Psychiatric disorders 19A General psychiatry Introduction Anxiety disorders Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) Hypochondriasis Psychogenic pain Eating disorders Substance misuse Schizophrenia Mood disorders Specific groups for special consideration: children Specific groups for special consideration: the elderly Specific groups for special consideration: people with learning disabilities Capacity and consent Referral to psychiatric services 19B Drug abuse Alcohol Smoking Cannabis Heroin and methadone Cocaine Amphetamines and ecstasy Hallucinogens Solvent abuse Anabolic steroids and performance enhancers 19C Anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs Anxiolytic drugs Hypnotic drugs 20 Medical emergencies Introduction Loss of consciousness Fainting (vaso-vagal syncope) Chest pain The diabetic patient Hypersensitivity reactions Fits Cardiac arrest Asthma Hyperventilation Choking Adrenal crisis Stroke Local anaesthetic emergencies Sedation emergencies Emergencies arising from impaired haemostasis Appendix: normal reference ranges Index