Textbook of Histology and Practical Guide (HB)

Cover
Front matter
Copyright
Preface to the second edition
Preface to the first edition
Acknowledgements
CONTENTS
Chapter 1 -
Histological Techniques and Microscopy
	Introduction
	General Architecture of the Body
	Units of Measurement Used in Histology
		For Light Microscopy
		For Electron Microscopy
	Interpretation of a Section
	Processing of Tissues for Light Microscopy (Paraffin Wax Embedding)
		Fixation and Fixatives
		Dehydration
		Clearing
		Embedding
		Section Cutting (Microtomy)
	Staining Procedure
		Deparaffinization
		Hydration
		Staining
		Dehydration
		Clearing and Mounting
	Microscopy
		Basic Principles of some special Microscopes
			Dark Ground (Dark Field) Microscope
			Phase-contrast Microscope
			Polarizing Microscope
			Electron Microscopes
				Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
				Scanning electron microscopes (SEM)
Chapter 2 - EPITHELIAL TISSUE
	CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE
	SURFACE (OR) LINING EPITHELIUM
	GENERAL FEATURES
	INTERCELLULAR JUNCTIONS (JUNCTIONAL COMPLEXES)
	SURFACE MODIFICATIONS OF EPITHELIAL CELLS
	CLASSIFICATION OF LINING EPITHELIUM
	SOME BIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA OF THE CELL
	Epithelial Tissue I: Simple Epithelium
	Epithelial Tissue II: Stratifi ed Epithelium
Chapter 3 - Glands
	General Features
	Development (Fig. 3.1)
	Classification of Glands
	General Architecture of a Compound Gland
Chapter 4 - Connective Tissue
	General Features
	Classification of Connective Tissue (Based on Structure and Function)
	Ordinary Connective Tissue
		Composition of Connective Tissue
			Cells
			Fibres
			Ground Substance
	Functions
	Adipose Tissue
		General Features
		Functions
		Types
Chapter 5 - Cartilage
	General Features
	Components
		Chondrocytes (Fig. 5.1)
	Fibres
	Ground Substance
	Types
	Functions
Chapter 6 - Bone
	General Features
	Types of Bone
	Bone Membranes
	Bone Composition
		Decalcification
	Calcination
	Structure of Compact Bone
		Circumferential System (Fig. 6.2)
	Haversian System or Osteon (Fig. 6.3; Boxes 6.1 and 6.2)
	Interstitial System
	Structure of Spongy or Cancellous Bone (Box 6.3)
	Bone Formation/Ossification
		Intramembranous Ossification
	Endochondral Ossification
	Role of Vitamins in Bone Formation
	Role of Hormones in Bone Formation
Chapter 7 - Lymphoid Tissue
	Introduction
	Immunoglobulins
		Cells of the Immune System
		Classification of Lymphoid Tissue
			General Architecture of Lymphoid Organs
	Thymus
	General Features
	Components/Structure
		Supporting Framework
			Capsule and Interlobular Septae
			Cellular Cytoplasmic Reticulum/Epithelial Reticular Cells
	Lobules or Parenchyma
		Cortex
		Medulla and Hassall's Corpuscle
	Characteristic Features
	Functions
		Lymph Node
	General Features
	Components/Structure
		Connective Tissue Framework (Box 7.2; Fig. 7.3)
			Capsule and Trabeculae
			Reticular Stroma
	Parenchyma (Fig. 7.3)
		Cortex
		Paracortex
		Medulla
	Flow of Lymph through Lymph Node
	Functions
		Spleen
	General Features
	Components/Structure (Box 7.3)
		Connective Tissue Framework
			Capsule
			Trabeculae
			Reticular Stroma
	Parenchyma
		White Pulp (Box 7.3)
		Red Pulp (Fig. 7.4)
	Theories of Splenic Circulation
		Closed Circulation Theory
	Open Circulation Theory
	Functions
		Palatine Tonsil
Chapter 8 - Muscular Tissue
	Introduction
	Types
		Skeletal Muscle
	General Features
	General Architecture
	Structure of a Skeletal Muscle Fibre
		Light Microscopic (LM) Observation
	Structure of a Myofibril under Electron Microscope (EM)
		Arrangement of Myofilaments in the Sarcomere (Fig. 8.4)
	Contraction Mechanism
		Transverse Tubule â•fi Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Complex
	Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibres
	Motor End-plates (Box 8.2)
	Muscle Spindles
		Smooth Muscle (Box 8.3)
		Cardiac Muscle (Box 8.4)
	Demonstration of Special Slides
Chapter 9 - Nervous Tissue
	Introduction
	Anatomical Classification of Nervous System
	Classification of Neurons
	Structure of a Neuron (Multipolar)
		Cell body/Soma/Perikaryon (5â•fi150μm):
	Dendrites
	Axon
		Myelinated and Unmyelinated Axons
		Peripheral Nerve
	Ganglia
	Neuroglia (in CNS)
		Cerebral Cortex
	General Features
	Types of Nerve Cells
	Structure
		Cerebellar Cortex
	General Features
	Structure
Chapter 10 - Blood Vessels
	Introduction
	Types of Blood Vessels
	Structure
		Arteries
	General Features
	Structure
		Arteriole
	General Features
	Structure
		Capillaries
	General Features
	Structure
	Functions of Capillary Endothelium
		Venule
	General Features
	Structure
		Veins
	General Features
	Structure
Chapter 11 - Integumentary System
	Introduction
	Functions of Skin
	Types of Skin
	Structure
	Epidermis
		Layers of Epidermis (Fig. 11.2)
		Cells of Epidermis
	Dermis
	Glands of Skin
		Sebaceous Gland
		Sweat Gland or Sudoriferous Gland
		Other Modified Glands of Skin
	Appendages of Skin
		Hair
			Structure of Hair
			Structure of Hair Follicle
			Some Interesting Facts about Hair
		Nail
	Skin Receptors
		Nonencapsulated Receptors
		Encapsulated Receptors
Chapter 12 - Digestive System
	Introduction
		Oral Cavity
	General Features
	Structure of Oral Mucosa
		Masticatory Mucosa
		Lining Mucosa
		Specialized Mucosa
		Lips
	Gingiva
	Teeth
	Histological Structure of a Tooth
		Hard Tissues (Box 12.2; Fig. 12.3)
			Dentine
			Enamel
			Cementum
		Soft Tissues (Figs 12.2 and 12.3)
			Dentinal Pulp
			Periodontal Ligament
	Tongue
	Taste Buds
		Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT)
	General Plan of Gastrointestinal Tract
		Oesophagus
	General Features
	Structure (Box 12.6)
		Stomach
	General Features
	Structure
	Salient Features of Each Region of Stomach
		Cardia
		Fundus and Body (Fig. 12.8)
	Pylorus
	Small Intestine
	General Features
	Structure
	Salient Microscopic Features of Each Region of Small Intestine
		Duodenum (Box 12.9)
		Jejunum (Box 12.10)
	Ileum (Box 12.11)
	Large Intestine
	General Features
	Structure
	Salient Features of Each Region of Large Intestine
		Vermiform Appendix (Box 12.12)
		Caecum and Colon (Box 12.13)
		Rectum
	Anal Canal
	Glands Associated With Digestive System
	Salivary Glands
	General Features
	Structure
		Parotid Salivary Gland (Box 12.14)
		Submandibular Salivary Gland (Box 12.15)
	Sublingual Salivary Gland (Box 12.16)
	Liver
	General Features
	Structure
		Liver Lobule (Box 12.17 and Fig. 12.14)
	Hepatocytes (Fig 12.16)
	Portal Lobule
	Hepatic Acinus
	Regeneration of Liver
		Pancreas
	General Features
	Structure
		Exocrine Pancreas (Box 12.18)
		Endocrine Pancreas (Box 12.18)
	Gall Bladder
	General Features
	Structure (Box 12.19)
Chapter 13 - Urinary System
	Introduction
		Kidney
	General Features
	Macroscopic Features
		Lobes and Lobules
	Renal Circulation
	Microscopic Structure
		Nephron
	Renal Corpuscle (Malpighian Corpuscle; Fig.13.2)
	Proximal Convoluted Tubule (Box 13.1; Fig.13.5)
	Loop of Henle (Fig.13.5)
	Distal Convoluted Tubule
	Collecting Tubule and Collecting Duct (Fig.13.5; Box 13.2)
	Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)
		Mode of Action of JGA
		Ureter
	General Features
	Structure
		Urinary Bladder
	General Features
	Structure
		Urethra
			Female Urethra
Chapter 14 - Male Reproductive System
	Introduction
		Testis
	General Architecture of Testis
	Seminiferous Tubules
	Spermatogenic Cells
		Sertoli Cells
			Functions
	Interstitial Tissue and Leydig Cells
		Genital Ducts
	Epididymis
	Vas Deferens (Ductus Deferens)
	Ejaculatory Duct
		Accessory Sex Glands
	Seminal Vesicle
	Prostate
	Bulbourethral Gland
		Penis
	Gross Features
	Microscopic Structure
Chapter 15 - Female Reproductive System
	Introduction
		Ovary
	General Features
	Structure
	Development of Ovarian Follicle
	Uterine Tube (Fallopian Tube)
	General Features
	Structure
	Uterus
	General Features
	Structure
	Cyclic Changes in the Endometrium
	Cervix of Uterus
	Vagina
	General Features
	Structure
	Mammary Gland (Breast)
	General Features
	Gross Structure
	Histological Structure
	Placenta
	General Features
	Structure (Box 15.9)
	Umbilical Cord
	General Features
	Structure
Chapter 16 - Respiratory System
	Introduction
	General Structure of the Conducting Portion of the Respiratory Tract
	Structural Changes in the Conducting Portion of the Respiratory Tract (from Larynx to Bronchiole)
		Nasal Cavity
	General Features
	Structure
		pharynx
	General Features
	Structure
		larynx
	General Features
	Structure
		Trachea
	General Features
	Structure
		Principal Bronchus
		Lungs: Intrapulmonary Bronchus and Its Subdivisions and Lung Parenchyma
	General Features
	Structure
Chapter 17 - Endocrine Glands
	Introduction
		Pituitary (Hypophysis Cerebri)
	General Features
	Development
		Subdivisions of Pituitary (Fig. 17.1)
		Blood Supply (Hypothalamo-hypophyseal Portal System)
	Adenohypophysis
	Neurohypophysis
	Thyroid
	General Features
	Development
	Structure
		Stroma
	Parenchyma (Thyroid Follicles)
	Synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones
	Effect of Thyroid Hormones
		Parathyroid
	General Features
	Development
	Structure
		Adrenal (Suprarenal)
	General Features
	Development
		Blood Supply
	Structure
		Adrenal Cortex (Box 17.4)
			Characteristics of Zones of Adrenal Cortex (Fig. 17.4)
		Adrenal Medulla (Fig. 17.6; Box 17.4)
		Pineal Body (Epiphysis)
	General Features
	Structure
	Functions
Chapter 18 - Special Senses
	Introduction
		Eye
	General Features
	Structure
		Coats of the Eyeball (Box 18.1)
			Outer Fibrous Coat/Sclerocorneal Layer
		Sclera
	Cornea
	Sclerocorneal Junction/Limbus (Box 18.3)
		Middle Vascular Pigmented Coat/Uveal Tract
	Choroid
	Ciliary Body
	Iris
	Inner Photosensitive Coat/Retina
	Microscopic Structure of Retina (Box 18.4)
	Refractive Media of Eyeball
	Accessory Structures of Eye
		Eyelid (Box 18.5)
		Lacrimal Gland (Box 18.6)
	Ear
	General Features
	Structure
		External Ear
	Middle Ear
	Internal Ear
		Bony Labyrinth
		Membranous Labyrinth
SOME IMPORTANTCELLS: THEIRLOCATION, FEATURESAND FUNCTIONS
INDEX
	Uploaded by [StormRG]