Textbook of Cultural Psychiatry

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 11
Foreword......Page 17
Preface......Page 19
PART I Theoretical background......Page 21
Introduction......Page 23
The uses of culture......Page 24
Comparative psychiatry and the legacy of colonialism......Page 25
Cultural essentialism and racism in psychiatry......Page 28
Ethnocultural diversity: settler societies and indigenous peoples......Page 29
Anthropology of psychiatry......Page 30
The contribution of psychological anthropology......Page 31
Conclusiona world in flux......Page 33
References......Page 34
Introduction......Page 40
Defining the convergence......Page 41
Theory, method and clinical relevance......Page 42
Shared research agendas......Page 43
Concluding considerations......Page 46
References......Page 47
Introduction......Page 53
Canadian Aboriginals......Page 54
Aboriginals of the South Pacific......Page 56
Women in Asia......Page 57
Adult males in Quebec......Page 59
Conclusions......Page 60
References......Page 61
Introduction......Page 63
Cultural psychiatry and the social health sciences......Page 64
The Problem Portrait Technique......Page 65
Depression: a classic debate in cultural psychiatry......Page 68
Acculturation......Page 71
Health and acculturation......Page 72
Practitioner-client communication......Page 73
Rethinking culture and pathology......Page 75
References......Page 77
Introduction......Page 79
Do spirituality and religiosity need to be distinguished?......Page 80
What role has spirituality played in psychiatry?......Page 81
Can we distinguish spiritual and cultural factors affecting mental illness?......Page 82
Depression......Page 83
Anxiety......Page 84
Views about treatments and ways of coping: religious coping, religiously influenced beliefs about the efficacy and acceptability of different treatments and coping methods......Page 85
Adherence......Page 86
Diagnosis and clinical management......Page 87
References......Page 88
The significance of biology in cultural psychiatry......Page 92
Culture and disease susceptibility......Page 93
Ethnicity, culture and biological markers......Page 95
Depression......Page 96
Substance abuse......Page 97
References......Page 98
Introduction......Page 101
Psychiatric and forensic services in the UK......Page 102
Primary care......Page 104
Community and organisational factors......Page 105
Cultural capability, policies and practice......Page 107
References......Page 109
PART II Culture and mental health......Page 113
Pioneer exploration......Page 115
Various attempts at studies in the early stages......Page 116
Social theory of psychopathology......Page 117
Pathoselective effects......Page 118
Pathoreactive effects......Page 119
Organic mental disorders......Page 120
Affective disorder: depression......Page 122
Substance abuse and dependency......Page 125
Minor psychiatric disorders......Page 126
Personality disorders......Page 127
Culture-related specific psychiatric syndromes......Page 129
Summary and clinical implications......Page 130
References......Page 131
Introduction......Page 133
Historical origins of social and cultural psychiatry......Page 135
Refugees and other traumatized populations......Page 136
A tenuous beginning......Page 137
Cross-cultural treatment......Page 138
Social and cultural psychiatry: an analysis of similarities and differences......Page 139
Contributions of cultural psychiatry to social psychiatry......Page 140
An international psychiatry......Page 141
Statecraft regarding behavioural disorders......Page 142
References......Page 143
Introduction......Page 147
What are illness explanatory models?......Page 148
Three formulations of illness explanatory model......Page 149
Conceptual underpinnings......Page 150
Relevance for clinical practice and training......Page 151
Critical assessment......Page 153
Research on explanatory models......Page 154
Studying explanatory models and directions for research......Page 156
References......Page 157
Introduction......Page 161
Definitions......Page 162
Varieties of culture-bound syndromes......Page 163
Views on semen loss in the West......Page 166
Latah......Page 171
References......Page 174
Introduction......Page 177
The second generation......Page 178
The alliance between culture and psychiatric epidemiology......Page 179
Cross-national comparisons and cultural psychiatry......Page 180
Cross-cultural applicability of psychiatric epidemiological instruments......Page 181
Cultural epidemiology: a brief introduction......Page 183
References......Page 185
Acculturation: cultural and individual......Page 189
Cultural identity......Page 190
Acculturation strategies......Page 191
Identity strategies......Page 193
Acculturative stress......Page 194
Adaptation: psychological and sociocultural......Page 196
References......Page 197
Introduction......Page 199
Orientations in the study of culture and health outcomes......Page 200
Background to a theory of cultural consonance......Page 203
Cultural consensus and cultural consonance......Page 204
Cultural consonance and health outcomes......Page 205
Issues in the study of cultural consonance......Page 207
References......Page 208
PART III Culture and mental disorders......Page 211
Introduction......Page 213
Clinical features......Page 214
Anxiety neurosis......Page 215
Epidemiology......Page 216
Epidemiology......Page 217
Clinical features......Page 218
Epidemiology......Page 219
Aetiology......Page 220
Dissociative identity disorder......Page 221
Aetiology......Page 222
Clinical features......Page 223
Clinical features......Page 224
Further reading/sources......Page 225
Introduction......Page 227
Schizophrenia: phenotypic comparability across populations......Page 229
Prevalence......Page 230
Comparative incidence data: the WHO ten-country study......Page 231
Variation in the incidence and prevalence of schizophrenia across populations: how much similarity and how much difference?......Page 233
Populations and groups with unusually high and low rates: genetic isolates......Page 234
High rates of psychosis in immigrants and ethnic minorities......Page 235
Course and outcome......Page 236
Acute and transient psychotic disorders......Page 238
Conclusions: prospects for epidemiology in the search for the causes of psychoses......Page 239
References......Page 240
Introduction......Page 244
The ways of feeling bad......Page 245
Ways of talking about feeling bad......Page 246
Ways of explaining bad feelings......Page 247
Biomedicine and feeling bad......Page 248
Kleinman in China......Page 249
Cultural influences on the frequency of affective disorder......Page 251
International comparisons of the prevalence of affective disorder......Page 252
The role of cultural attributes in explaining international differences in rates of affective disorder......Page 256
References......Page 257
Introduction......Page 262
World Health Organisation global prevalence picture......Page 263
The continuum of substance use, misuse/dependence......Page 264
Cultural context and substance use......Page 265
The culture of poverty and substance misuse......Page 266
Health implications of smoking khat......Page 267
Smoking the waterpipe......Page 268
Interventions for substance misuse problems......Page 269
Conclusions......Page 271
References......Page 272
Terminology and definitions......Page 275
Deliberate self-harm among ethnic minority groups in the United Kingdom......Page 276
Suicide among ethnic groups in the UK......Page 277
Eastern Europe and Russia......Page 278
United States of America......Page 279
Asian countries: India, Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong and China......Page 280
Aboriginal/indigenous populations......Page 282
Models of migration, mental illness and suicide......Page 283
The role of religion......Page 284
Help seeking and health-service utilisation......Page 285
Conclusions......Page 286
References......Page 287
Introduction......Page 292
A brief history of the term 'personality disorders’......Page 293
Cross-cultural perspectives on personality......Page 294
Are personality disorders really diseases?......Page 295
Gender and personality disorder......Page 296
The health-seeking behaviour of personality-disordered patients......Page 297
A need to re-define personality variation in the social context?......Page 298
References......Page 299
Introduction......Page 302
Culture and OCD......Page 303
The influence of religion......Page 304
Comparisons of OCD cognitions across cultures......Page 305
Implications for clinical practice......Page 306
References......Page 309
Eating disorders and the sociocultural risks......Page 312
Eating disorder, culture-bound, culture-specific or ethnic disorder......Page 313
The emergence of eating disorders in other cultures and societies......Page 314
Eating disorders – the shift from 'Western’ to Western-ised’......Page 315
Eating disorders as marker of cultures in transition......Page 316
Implications for prevention and intervention......Page 318
References......Page 319
Introduction......Page 321
Theoretical perspectives......Page 322
Schizophrenia......Page 323
Depression and self-harm......Page 324
Anxiety disorders......Page 325
Eating disorders......Page 326
Substance-use disorders......Page 328
Disorders of attention and concentration......Page 329
References......Page 330
Culture and the epidemiology of schizophrenia......Page 334
Culture and the rate of schizophrenia subtypes......Page 335
Hallucinations......Page 336
Schneider’s first rank symptoms (FRS)......Page 339
References......Page 340
Introduction......Page 343
Age......Page 344
Diagnostic issues......Page 345
Expression of depression and other emotional symptoms......Page 346
Development and validation of new diagnostic and screening instruments......Page 348
Available diagnostic and screening instruments for dementia......Page 349
Available screening and diagnostic instruments for depression......Page 350
Prevalence of mental disorders around the world......Page 351
Prevalence of mental disorders among ethnic elders in the UK and other countries......Page 352
The effect of patient and family factors on primary care consultations in the UK......Page 353
The effect of GP factors on consultations......Page 354
Assessing patients......Page 355
References......Page 356
PART IV Theoretical aspects of management......Page 365
Introduction......Page 367
Individual......Page 369
Individual......Page 371
Schemes on recovery and healing......Page 374
Nosology and diagnostic categories......Page 375
Interventions......Page 376
Collective......Page 377
Risk factors for collective violence......Page 378
Conclusions......Page 380
References......Page 381
Introduction......Page 384
Role of culture in sexual dysfunction......Page 385
Paraphilias across cultures......Page 387
Epidemiology of sexual dysfunction......Page 388
Sexual attraction......Page 392
Paraphilias across cultures......Page 393
Conclusions......Page 395
References......Page 396
Introduction......Page 399
Treatment expectations......Page 400
World view, values and emotions......Page 401
Culture and values......Page 402
Empathy......Page 403
Ethnic matching......Page 404
Humanities, again......Page 405
References......Page 406
Introduction......Page 408
Effective and equitable services......Page 409
Ethical foundations......Page 410
Problem definition......Page 411
Cultural accessibility......Page 413
Political decision-making......Page 414
Leadership for mental-health system development......Page 415
Conclusions......Page 418
References......Page 419
Introduction......Page 422
Pharmacokinetics......Page 424
Pharmacogenetics of CYP2D6......Page 425
CYP1A2......Page 426
Pharmacodynamics......Page 427
5-HTT......Page 428
Conclusions......Page 429
References......Page 430
Introduction......Page 434
Culture and psychopathology......Page 435
Twin cultures......Page 436
Example......Page 437
Cultural tension and identity......Page 438
Emic and etic elements of culture......Page 439
Preoccupying concern......Page 440
Congruent values and palatable flavours......Page 441
Empirical findings......Page 442
References......Page 443
Introduction......Page 444
Construction of the culture of psychology......Page 445
Deconstruction of the culture of psychology......Page 446
Reconstruction of the culture of mainstream psychology......Page 449
References......Page 451
Introduction......Page 454
Spiritual management......Page 455
Spirituality and spiritual healing......Page 456
Spiritual aspects in the management of a person with psychiatric disorder......Page 458
Spiritual healing: a complementary therapy with specific techniques......Page 459
Spiritual aspects of management for different psychiatric disorders......Page 461
Conclusions......Page 462
References......Page 463
International variation in suicide......Page 465
International variation in suicide attempts......Page 469
Ethnic minority and immigrant studies......Page 470
Cultural predictors of suicidal behaviour......Page 471
Conclusions......Page 475
References......Page 476
PART V Management with special groups......Page 479
Introduction......Page 481
The Middle Ages......Page 482
Disability across cultures......Page 483
The concept of intellectual disabilities......Page 484
Intellectual disabilities and mental health......Page 486
The needs of carers......Page 487
References......Page 488
Introduction......Page 491
Biological and pharmacological approaches......Page 492
Play therapy......Page 494
Family therapy......Page 495
Children’s social networks and communities......Page 496
Child-mental-health service models: similarities and differences across cultures and societies......Page 499
References......Page 500
Introduction......Page 504
Assessment across cultures......Page 505
Gay and lesbians......Page 506
Couple relationships......Page 507
Couples and the therapist......Page 510
Issues in assessment......Page 512
Pitfalls......Page 514
Management across cultures......Page 515
Management across cultures......Page 516
The Indian Subcontinent......Page 517
Physical therapies......Page 519
References......Page 520
Introduction......Page 523
Mental health of refugees......Page 524
Depression and PTSD......Page 526
What can mental-health professionals do to help refugees with mental problems?......Page 528
References......Page 529
Introduction......Page 532
Basic concepts......Page 533
Older persons in developing countries......Page 534
Ageing, culture and psychopathology – general principles......Page 535
Dementia......Page 537
Depression and suicide......Page 538
Diagnostic instruments......Page 540
Ethnicity and pharmacology......Page 541
Psychotherapy......Page 542
References......Page 543
Introduction......Page 546
Hybrid model......Page 547
Psycho-oncology......Page 548
Psycho-gynaecology......Page 549
Consultation–liaison specialities......Page 550
Somatizing patients in medical clinics......Page 552
Future of consultation-liaison psychiatry......Page 553
Sources, references and further reading......Page 554
PART VI Cultural research and training......Page 555
Introduction......Page 557
What is cultural psychiatry and why is it special?......Page 558
How did cultural psychiatry come into being?......Page 560
Where are cultural psychiatry’s exemplars to be found?......Page 561
Case illustrations......Page 562
Theoretical quandaries......Page 563
Unpacking biases of modern conceptions......Page 564
Cultural attires for ape exemplars......Page 565
Summary: the domain of cultural psychiatry......Page 567
References......Page 568
Introduction......Page 570
Social stressors and mental health......Page 571
The ethical perspective......Page 572
Methodological challenges in cultural psychiatry research......Page 573
Cultural adaptation of research tools......Page 574
Identifying and adjusting for confounding variables......Page 575
Interpreting research findings and putting research into practice......Page 576
Future work and developments......Page 577
References......Page 578
Beliefs, disbeliefs and cultural identity......Page 581
Social and political processes and research evidence......Page 582
Acculturation......Page 583
Globalization and culture......Page 584
Ethnic diversity vs. ethnic identity......Page 585
References......Page 586
Websites......Page 587
Index......Page 589