TEXTBOOK FOR TRANSCULTURAL HEALTH CARE a population approach.

Preface
Contents
Part I: Foundations for Cultural Competence
	1: Transcultural Diversity and Health Care: Individual and Organizational
		1.1	 Introduction
		1.2	 The Need for Culturally Competent Health Care
		1.3	 World Diversity and Migration
		1.4	 U.S. Population and Census Data
		1.5	 Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care
		1.6	 Culture and Essential Terminology
			1.6.1	 Culture Defined
			1.6.2	 Important Terms Related to Culture
			1.6.3	 Individualism, Collectivism, and Individuality
			1.6.4	 Variant Characteristics of Culture
		1.7	 Ethics across Cultures
		References
	2: The Purnell Model and Theory for Cultural Competence
		2.1	 Introduction
			2.1.1	 The Purposes of This Model Are the Following
			2.1.2	 The Major Explicit Assumptions upon Which the Model Is Based Are as Follows
		2.2	 Overview of the Theory, the Model, and the Organizing Framework
			2.2.1	 Macroaspects of the Model
			2.2.2	 The Twelve Domains of Culture
		2.3	 Overview, Inhabited Localities and Typography
			2.3.1	 Heritage and Residence
			2.3.2	 Reasons for Migration and Associated Economic Factors
			2.3.3	 Educational Status and Occupations
		2.4	 Communication
			2.4.1	 Dominant Language and Dialects
			2.4.2	 Cultural Communication Patterns
			2.4.3	 Temporal Relationships
			2.4.4	 Format for Names
		2.5	 Family Roles and Organization
			2.5.1	 Head of Household and Gender Roles
			2.5.2	 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Behaviors for Children and Adolescents
		2.6	 Family Goals and Priorities
			2.6.1	 Alternative Lifestyles
		2.7	 Workforce Issues
			2.7.1	 Culture in the Workplace
			2.7.2	 Issues Related to Autonomy
			2.7.3	 Generational Differences in the Workforce
		2.8	 Biocultural Ecology
			2.8.1	 Skin Color and Other Biological Variations
			2.8.2	 Diseases and Health Conditions
		2.9	 High-Risk Behaviors
			2.9.1	 Health-Care Practices
		2.10	 Nutrition
			2.10.1	 Meaning of Food
			2.10.2	 Common Foods and Food Rituals
			2.10.3	 Dietary Practices for Health Promotion
			2.10.4	 Nutritional Deficiencies and Food Limitations
		2.11	 Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices
			2.11.1	 Fertility Practices and Views toward Pregnancy
			2.11.2	 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Practices in the Childbearing Family
		2.12	 Death Rituals
			2.12.1	 Death Rituals and Expectations
			2.12.2	 Responses to Death and Grief
		2.13	 Spirituality
			2.13.1	 Dominant Religion and Use of Prayer
			2.13.2	 Meaning of Life and Individual Sources of Strength
			2.13.3	 Spiritual Beliefs and Health-Care Practices
		2.14	 Health-Care Practices
			2.14.1	 Health-Seeking Beliefs and Behaviors
			2.14.2	 Responsibility for Health Care
			2.14.3	 Folk and Traditional Practices
			2.14.4	 Barriers to Health Care
			2.14.5	 Cultural Responses to Health and Illness
			2.14.6	 Blood Transfusions and Organ Donation
		2.15	 Health-Care Providers
			2.15.1	 Traditional Versus Biomedical Providers
			2.15.2	 Status of Health-Care Providers
		References
	3: Individual Competence and Evidence-Based Practice (with Inclusion of the International Standards)
		3.1	 Introduction
		3.2	 Individual Cultural Competence
			3.2.1	 Self-Awareness and Health Professions
			3.2.2	 Measuring Individual Cultural Competence
			3.2.3	 Cultural General Approaches
			3.2.4	 The Clinical Encounter
		3.3	 Language Interpretation, Health Literacy, and Translation
			3.3.1	 Language
			3.3.2	 Health Literacy
			3.3.3	 Translation
		3.4	 Evidence-Based Practice and Culturally Congruent Best Practices
			3.4.1	 Health Professions Education
			3.4.2	 Evidence-Based Practice
			3.4.3	 Best Research Evidence
				3.4.3.1	 Moving to “As Needed” Evidence
				3.4.3.2	 Asking Clinical Questions to Gather Evidence
				3.4.3.3	 Locating Best Evidence from the Literature
				3.4.3.4	 Systematic Reviews
				3.4.3.5	 Practice Guidelines
				3.4.3.6	 Filtered and Non-filtered Single Studies
				3.4.3.7	 Grey Literature
		3.5	 Best Clinical Expertise
			3.5.1	 Patient Values and Preferences
			3.5.2	 Clinical Context
		References
	4: Organizational Cultural Competence
		4.1	 Introduction
		4.2	 Health Disparities
		4.3	 Culturally Competent Health-Care Organizations
		4.4	 CLAS Standards
			4.4.1	 The 15 CLAS Standards Are Organized According to the Following Themes
				4.4.1.1	 Principal Standard
				4.4.1.2	 Governance, Leadership and Workforce
				4.4.1.3	 Communication and Language Assistance
				4.4.1.4	 Engagement, Continuous Improvement, and Accountability
		4.5	 Cultural Competence Assessment Profile
		4.6	 The Purnell Model
		4.7	 Knowledge and Skill Acquisition
		4.8	 Language Assistance Services
		4.9	 Community Resources and Partnerships
		4.10	 Advocacy
		4.11	 Transparency
		4.12	 Outcomes Metrics to Assess Cultural Competence
		4.13	 Resources to Support Culturally Competent Health-Care Organizations
		4.14	 The Future of Culturally Competent Health-Care Organizations
		References
Part II: Aggregate Data for Cultural-Specific Groups
	5: People of African American Heritage
		5.1	 Introduction
		5.2	 Overview, Inhabited Localities, and Topography
			5.2.1	 Overview
			5.2.2	 Heritage and Residence
			5.2.3	 Reasons for Migration and Associated Economic Factors
			5.2.4	 Educational Status and Occupations
		5.3	 Communication
			5.3.1	 Dominant Language and Dialects
			5.3.2	 Cultural Communication Patterns
			5.3.3	 Temporal Relationships
			5.3.4	 Format for Names
		5.4	 Family Roles and Organization
			5.4.1	 Head of Household and Gender Roles
			5.4.2	 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Roles for Children and Adolescents
			5.4.3	 Family Roles and Priorities
			5.4.4	 Alternative Lifestyles
		5.5	 Workforce Issues
			5.5.1	 Culture in the Workplace
			5.5.2	 Issues Related to Autonomy
		5.6	 Biocultural Ecology
			5.6.1	 Skin Color and Other Biological Variations
			5.6.2	 Diseases and Health Conditions
			5.6.3	 Variations in Drug Metabolism
		5.7	 High-Risk Behaviors
			5.7.1	 Health-Care Practices
		5.8	 Nutrition
			5.8.1	 Meaning of Food
			5.8.2	 Common Foods and Food Rituals
			5.8.3	 Dietary Practices for Health Promotion
			5.8.4	 Nutritional Deficiencies and Food Limitations
		5.9	 Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices
			5.9.1	 Fertility Practices and Views Toward Pregnancy
			5.9.2	 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Practices in the Childbearing Family
			5.9.3	 Death Rituals and Expectations
			5.9.4	 Responses to Death and Grief
		5.10	 Spirituality
			5.10.1	 Dominant Religion and Use of Prayer
			5.10.2	 Meaning of Life and Individual Sources of Strength
			5.10.3	 Spiritual Beliefs and Health
		5.11	 Health-Care Practices
			5.11.1	 Health-Seeking Beliefs and Behaviors
			5.11.2	 Responsibility for Health Care
			5.11.3	 Folk and Traditional Practices
			5.11.4	 Barriers to Health Care
			5.11.5	 Cultural Responses to Health and Illness
			5.11.6	 Blood Transfusions and Organ Donation
		5.12	 Health-Care Providers
			5.12.1	 Traditional Versus Biomedical Providers
			5.12.2	 Status of Health-Care Providers
		References
	6: Indigenous American Indians and Alaska Natives
		6.1	 Introduction
		6.2	 Overview, Inhabited Localities, and Topography
			6.2.1	 Overview
			6.2.2	 Inhabited Localities and Topography
			6.2.3	 Heritage and Residence
			6.2.4	 Reasons for Migration and Associated Economic Factors
			6.2.5	 Educational Status and Occupations
		6.3	 Communication
			6.3.1	 Dominant Languages and Dialects
			6.3.2	 Cultural Communication Patterns
			6.3.3	 Temporal Relationships
			6.3.4	 Addressing Family Members
		6.4	 Family Roles and Organization
			6.4.1	 Head of Household and Gender Roles
			6.4.2	 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Behavior for Children and Adolescents
			6.4.3	 Family Goals and Priorities
			6.4.4	 Alternative Lifestyles
		6.5	 Workforce Issues
			6.5.1	 Culture in the Workplace
			6.5.2	 Issues Related to Autonomy
		6.6	 Biocultural Ecology
			6.6.1	 Skin Color and Other Biological Variations
			6.6.2	 Diseases and Health Conditions
			6.6.3	 Variations in Drug Metabolism
		6.7	 High-Risk Behaviors
			6.7.1	 Healthcare Practices
		6.8	 Nutrition
			6.8.1	 Meaning of Food
			6.8.2	 Common Foods and Food Rituals
			6.8.3	 Dietary Practices for Health Promotion
			6.8.4	 Nutritional Deficiencies and Food Limitations
		6.9	 Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices
			6.9.1	 Fertility Practices and Views toward Pregnancy
			6.9.2	 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Practices in the Childbearing Family
		6.10	 Death Rituals
			6.10.1	 Death Rituals and Expectations
			6.10.2	 Responses to Death and Grief
		6.11	 Spirituality
			6.11.1	 Dominant Religion and Use of Prayer
			6.11.2	 Meaning of Life and Individual Sources of Strength
			6.11.3	 Spiritual Beliefs and Healthcare Practices
		6.12	 Health Care Practices
			6.12.1	 Health-Seeking Beliefs and Behaviors
			6.12.2	 Responsibility for HealthCare
			6.12.3	 Folk and Traditional Practices
			6.12.4	 Folk and Traditional Practices Barriers to Health Care
			6.12.5	 Cultural Responses to Health and Illness
			6.12.6	 Blood Transfusions and Organ Donation
		6.13	 Health-Care Providers Practitioners
			6.13.1	 Traditional Versus Biomedical Providers Practitioners
			6.13.2	 Status of Health-Care Providers
		References
	7: People of Amish Heritage
		7.1	 Introduction
		7.2	 Overview, Inhabited Localities, and Topography
			7.2.1	 Overview
			7.2.2	 Heritage and Residence
			7.2.3	 Reasons for Migration and Associated Economic Factors
			7.2.4	 Educational Status and Occupations
		7.3	 Communication
			7.3.1	 Dominant Languages and Dialects
			7.3.2	 Cultural Communication Patterns
			7.3.3	 Temporal Relationships
			7.3.4	 Format for Names
		7.4	 Family Roles and Organization
			7.4.1	 Head of Household and Gender Roles
			7.4.2	 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Behaviors for Children and Adolescents
			7.4.3	 Family Goals and Priorities
			7.4.4	 Alternative Lifestyles
		7.5	 Workforce Issues
			7.5.1	 Culture in the Workplace
			7.5.2	 Issues Related to Autonomy
		7.6	 Biocultural Ecology
			7.6.1	 Skin Color and Other Biological Variations
			7.6.2	 Diseases and Health Conditions
			7.6.3	 Variations in Drug Metabolism
		7.7	 High-Risk Behaviors
			7.7.1	 Health-Care Practices
		7.8	 Nutrition
			7.8.1	 Meaning of Food
			7.8.2	 Common Foods and Food Rituals
		7.9	 Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices
			7.9.1	 Fertility Practices and Views toward Pregnancy
			7.9.2	 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Practices in the Childbearing Family
		7.10	 Death Rituals
			7.10.1	 Death Rituals and Expectations
			7.10.2	 Responses to Death and Grief
		7.11	 Spirituality
			7.11.1	 Dominant Religion and Use of Prayer
			7.11.2	 Meaning of Life and Individual Sources of Strength
			7.11.3	 Spiritual Beliefs and Health-Care Practices
		7.12	 Health-Care Practices
			7.12.1	 Health-Seeking Beliefs and Behaviors
			7.12.2	 Responsibility for Health Care
			7.12.3	 Folk and Traditional Practices
			7.12.4	 Barriers to Health Care
			7.12.5	 Cultural Responses to Health and Illness
			7.12.6	 Blood Transfusions and Organ Donation
		7.13	 Health-Care Providers
			7.13.1	 Traditional Versus Biomedical Providers
			7.13.2	 Status of Health-Care Providers
		References
	8: People of Appalachian Heritage
		8.1	 Introduction
		8.2	 Overview, Inhabited Localities, and Topography
			8.2.1	 Overview
			8.2.2	 Heritage and Residence
			8.2.3	 Reasons for Migration and Associated Economic Factors
			8.2.4	 Educational Status and Occupations
		8.3	 Communication
			8.3.1	 Dominant Language and Dialects
			8.3.2	 Cultural Communication Patterns
			8.3.3	 Temporal Relationships
			8.3.4	 Format for Names
		8.4	 Family Roles and Organization
			8.4.1	 Appalachian Family Culture, Head of Household and Gender Roles
			8.4.2	 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Behaviors for Children and Adolescents
			8.4.3	 Family Goals and Priorities
			8.4.4	 Family Decision Making at End of Life
			8.4.5	 Community as Family
			8.4.6	 Alternative Lifestyles
		8.5	 Workforce Issues
			8.5.1	 Culture in the Workplace
			8.5.2	 Issues Related to Autonomy
		8.6	 Biocultural Ecology
			8.6.1	 Skin Color and Other Biological Variations
			8.6.2	 Diseases and Health Conditions
			8.6.3	 Variations in Drug Metabolism
		8.7	 High-Risk Behaviors
			8.7.1	 Substance Misuse and Mental Health Disorders
		8.8	 Nutrition
			8.8.1	 Meaning of Food
			8.8.2	 Common Foods and Food Rituals
			8.8.3	 Dietary Practices for Health Promotion
			8.8.4	 Nutritional Deficiencies and Food Limitations
		8.9	 Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices
			8.9.1	 Fertility Practices and Views toward Pregnancy
			8.9.2	 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Practices in the Childbearing Family
			8.9.3	 Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
		8.10	 Death Rituals
			8.10.1	 Death Rituals and Expectations
			8.10.2	 Responses to Death and Grief
		8.11	 Spirituality
			8.11.1	 Dominant Religion and Use of Prayer
			8.11.2	 Rural Appalachian Faith
			8.11.3	 Less Common Spiritual Practices
			8.11.4	 Meaning of Life and Individual Sources of Strength
			8.11.5	 Spiritual Beliefs and Health-Care Practices
		8.12	 Health-Care Practices
			8.12.1	 Health-Seeking Beliefs and Behaviors
			8.12.2	 Responsibility for Health Care
			8.12.3	 Folk and Traditional Practices
			8.12.4	 Barriers to Health Care
			8.12.5	 Cultural Responses to Health and Illnesses
			8.12.6	 Blood Transfusions and Organ Donation
		8.13	 Health-Care Providers
			8.13.1	 Traditional Versus Biomedical Providers
			8.13.2	 Status of Health-Care Providers
		References
	9: People of Arab Heritage
		9.1	 Introduction
		9.2	 Overview, Inhabited Localities, and Topography
			9.2.1	 Heritage and Residence
			9.2.2	 Reasons for Migration and Associated Economic Factors
			9.2.3	 Educational Status and Occupations
		9.3	 Communication
			9.3.1	 Dominant Language and Dialects
			9.3.2	 Cultural Communication Patterns
			9.3.3	 Guidelines for Communicating with Arab Americans Include the Following:
			9.3.4	 Temporal Relationships
			9.3.5	 Format for Names
		9.4	 Family Roles and Organization
			9.4.1	 Head of Household and Gender Roles
			9.4.2	 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Behaviors for Children and Adolescents
			9.4.3	 Family Goals and Priorities
			9.4.4	 Alternative Lifestyles
		9.5	 Workforce Issues
			9.5.1	 Culture in the Workplace
			9.5.2	 Issues Related to Autonomy
		9.6	 Biocultural Ecology
			9.6.1	 Skin Color and Other Biological Variations
			9.6.2	 Diseases and Health Conditions
			9.6.3	 Variations in Drug Metabolism
		9.7	 High-Risk Health Behaviors
		9.8	 Nutrition
			9.8.1	 Meaning of Food
			9.8.2	 Common Foods and Food Rituals
			9.8.3	 Dietary Practices for Health Promotion
			9.8.4	 Nutritional Deficiencies and Food Limitations
		9.9	 Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices
			9.9.1	 Fertility Practices and Views toward Pregnancy
			9.9.2	 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Practices in the Childbearing Family
		9.10	 Death Rituals
			9.10.1	 Death Rituals and Expectations
			9.10.2	 Responses to Death and Grief
		9.11	 Spirituality
			9.11.1	 Religious Practices and Use of Prayer
			9.11.2	 Meaning of Life and Individual Sources of Strength
			9.11.3	 Spiritual Beliefs and Health-Care Practices
		9.12	 Health-Care Practices
			9.12.1	 Health-Seeking Beliefs and Behaviors
			9.12.2	 Responsibility for Health Care
			9.12.3	 Folk Practices
			9.12.4	 Barriers to Health Care
			9.12.5	 Cultural Responses to Health and Illness
			9.12.6	 Blood Transfusions and Organ Donation
		9.13	 Health-Care Providers
			9.13.1	 Traditional Versus Biomedical Providers
			9.13.2	 Status of Health-Care Providers
		References
	10: People of Brazilian Heritage
		10.1	 Introduction
		10.2	 Overview, Inhabited Localities, and Topography
			10.2.1 Overview
			10.2.2 Heritage and Residence
			10.2.3 Reasons for Migration and Associated Economic Factors
			10.2.4 Educational Status and Occupations
		10.3	 Communication
			10.3.1 Dominant Languages and Dialects
			10.3.2 Cultural Communication Patterns
			10.3.3 Temporal Relationships
			10.3.4 Format for Names
		10.4	 Family Roles and Organization
			10.4.1 Head of Household and Gender Roles
			10.4.2 Family Goals and Priorities
			10.4.3 Alternative Lifestyles
		10.5	 Workforce Issues
			10.5.1 Culture in the Workplace
			10.5.2 Issues Related to Autonomy
		10.6	 Biocultural Ecology
			10.6.1 Skin Color and Other Biological Variations
			10.6.2 Diseases and Health Conditions
			10.6.3 Variations in Drug Metabolism
		10.7	 High-Risk Behaviors
		10.8	 Nutrition
			10.8.1 Meaning of Food
			10.8.2 Common Foods and Food Rituals
			10.8.3 Dietary Practices for Health Promotion
			10.8.4 Nutritional Deficiencies and Food Limitations
		10.9	 Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices
			10.9.1 Fertility Practices and Views toward Pregnancy
			10.9.2 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Practices in the Childbearing Family
		10.10	 Death Rituals
			10.10.1 Death Rituals and Expectations
			10.10.2 Responses to Death and Grief
		10.11	 Spirituality
			10.11.1 Dominant Religion and Use of Prayer
			10.11.2 Meaning of Life and Individual Sources of Strength
			10.11.3 Spiritual Beliefs and Health-Care Practices
		10.12	 Health-Care Practices
			10.12.1 Health-Seeking Beliefs and Behaviors
			10.12.2 Responsibility for Health Care
			10.12.3 Blood Transfusions and Organ Donation
			10.12.4 Self-medication Practices
			10.12.5 Pain/Sick Role
			10.12.6 Mental Health and Disabilities
			10.12.7 Barriers to Health Care
		10.13	 Health-Care Providers
			10.13.1 Folk and Traditional Practices
			10.13.2 Traditional Healers
			10.13.3 Professional Health-Care Providers
		References
	11: People of Chinese Heritage
		11.1	 Introduction
		11.2	 Overview, Inhabited Localities, and Topography
			11.2.1	 Overview
			11.2.2	 Heritage and Residence
			11.2.3	 Reasons for Migration and Associated Economic Factors
			11.2.4	 Educational Status and Occupations
		11.3	 Communication
			11.3.1	 Cultural Communication Patterns
			11.3.2	 Format for Names
		11.4	 Family Roles and Organization
			11.4.1	 Head of Household and Gender Roles
			11.4.2	 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Behaviors for Children and Adolescents
			11.4.3	 Family Goals and Priorities
			11.4.4	 Alternative Lifestyles
		11.5	 Workforce Issues
			11.5.1	 Culture in the Workplace
			11.5.2	 Issues Related to Autonomy
		11.6	 Biocultural Ecology
			11.6.1	 Skin Color and Other Biologicsal Variations
			11.6.2	 Diseases and Health Conditions
			11.6.3	 Variations in Drug Metabolism
		11.7	 High-Risk Behaviors
		11.8	 Nutrition
			11.8.1	 Meaning of Food
			11.8.2	 Common Foods and Food Rituals
			11.8.3	 Dietary Practices for Health Promotion
			11.8.4	 Nutritional Deficiencies and Food Limitations
		11.9	 Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices
			11.9.1	 Fertility Practices and Views Toward Pregnancy
			11.9.2	 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Practices in the Childbearing Family
		11.10	 Death Rituals
			11.10.1	 Death Rituals and Expectations
			11.10.2	 Responses to Death and Grief
		11.11	 Spirituality
			11.11.1	 Dominant Religion and Use of Prayer
			11.11.2	 Meaning of Life and Individual Sources of Strength
		11.12	 Health-Care Practices
			11.12.1	 Health-Seeking Beliefs and Behaviors
			11.12.2	 Responsibility for Health Care
			11.12.3	 Traditional Chinese Medicine Practices
			11.12.4	 Barriers to Health Care
			11.12.5	 Cultural Responses to Health and Illness
			11.12.6	 Blood Transfusions and Organ Donation
		11.13	 Health Care Providers
			11.13.1	 Traditional Versus Biomedical Providers
			11.13.2	 Status of Health-Care Providers
		References
	12: People of Cuban Heritage
		12.1	 Introduction
		12.2	 Overview, Inhabited Localities, and Topography
			12.2.1	 Overview
			12.2.2	 Cuban Economy
			12.2.3	 Heritage and Residence
			12.2.4	 Reasons for Migration and Associated Economic Factors
			12.2.5	 Educational Status and Occupations
		12.3	 Communication
			12.3.1	 Dominant Language and Dialects
			12.3.2	 Cultural Communication Patterns
			12.3.3	 Temporal Relationships
			12.3.4	 Format for Names
		12.4	 Family Roles and Organization
			12.4.1	 Head of Household and Gender Roles
			12.4.2	 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Practices for Children and Adolescents
			12.4.3	 Family Goals and Priorities
			12.4.4	 Alternative Lifestyles
		12.5	 Workforce Issues
			12.5.1	 Culture in the Workplace
			12.5.2	 Issues Related to Autonomy
		12.6	 Biocultural Ecology
			12.6.1	 Skin Color and Other Biological Variations
			12.6.2	 Diseases and Health Conditions
			12.6.3	 Variations in Drug Metabolism
		12.7	 High-Risk Behaviors
			12.7.1	 Health-Care Practices
		12.8	 Nutrition
			12.8.1	 Meaning of Food
			12.8.2	 Common Foods and Food Rituals
			12.8.3	 Nutritional Deficiencies and Food Limitations
		12.9	 Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices
			12.9.1	 Fertility Practices and Views Toward Pregnancy
			12.9.2	 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Practices in the Childbearing Family
		12.10	 Death Rituals
			12.10.1 Death Rituals and Expectations
			12.10.2 Responses to Death and Grief
		12.11	 Spirituality
			12.11.1 Dominant Religion and Use of Prayer
			12.11.2 Meaning of Life and Individual Sources of Strength
			12.11.3 Spiritual Beliefs and Health-Care Practices
		12.12	 Health-Care Practices
			12.12.1 Health-Seeking Beliefs and Behaviors
			12.12.2 Responsibility for Health Care
			12.12.3 Folk and Traditional Practices
			12.12.4 Barriers to Health Care
			12.12.5 Cultural Responses to Health and Illness
			12.12.6 Blood Transfusions and Organ Donation
		12.13	 Health-Care Providers
			12.13.1 Traditional Versus Biomedical Providers
			12.13.2 Status of Health-Care Providers
		References
	13: People of European American Heritage
		13.1	 Introduction
		13.2	 Overview, Inhabited Localities, and Topography
			13.2.1 Overview
			13.2.2 Heritage and Residence
			13.2.3 Reasons for Migration and Associated Economic Factors
			13.2.4 Educational Status and Occupations
		13.3	 Communication
			13.3.1 Dominant Language and Dialects
			13.3.2 Cultural Communication Patterns
			13.3.3 Temporal Relationships
			13.3.4 Format for Names
		13.4	 Family Roles and Organization
			13.4.1 Head of Household and Gender Roles
			13.4.2 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Behaviors for Children and Adolescents
			13.4.3 Family Goals and Priorities
			13.4.4 Alternative Lifestyles
		13.5	 Workforce Issues
			13.5.1 Culture in the Workplace
			13.5.2 Issues Related to Autonomy
		13.6	 Biocultural Ecology
			13.6.1 Skin Color and Other Biological Variations
			13.6.2 Diseases and Health Conditions
			13.6.3 Variations in Drug Metabolism
		13.7	 High-Risk Behaviors
			13.7.1 Health-Care Practices
		13.8	 Nutrition
			13.8.1 Meaning of Food
			13.8.2 Common Foods and Food Rituals
			13.8.3 Dietary Practices for Health Promotion
			13.8.4 Nutritional Deficiencies and Food Limitations
		13.9	 Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices
			13.9.1 Fertility Practices and Views Toward Pregnancy
			13.9.2 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Practices in the Childbearing Family
		13.10	 Death Rituals
			13.10.1 Death Rituals and Expectations
			13.10.2 Responses to Death and Grief
		13.11	 Spirituality
			13.11.1 Dominant Religion and Use of Prayer
			13.11.2 Meaning of Life and Individual Sources of Strength
			13.11.3 Spiritual Beliefs and Healthcare Practices
		13.12	 HealthCare Practices
			13.12.1 Health-Seeking Beliefs and Behaviors
			13.12.2 Responsibility for Health Care
			13.12.3 Folk and Traditional Practices
			13.12.4 Barriers to Health Care
			13.12.5 Cultural Responses to Health and Illness
			13.12.6 Blood Transfusions and Organ Donation
		13.13	 HealthCare Providers
			13.13.1 Traditional Versus Biomedical Providers
			13.13.2 Status of Healthcare Providers
		References
	14: People of Filipino Heritage
		14.1	 Introduction
		14.2	 Overview, Inhabited Localities, and Topography
			14.2.1 Overview
			14.2.2 Heritage and Residence
			14.2.3 Reasons for Migration and Associated Economic Factors
			14.2.4 Educational Status and Occupations
		14.3	 Communication
			14.3.1 Dominant Language and Dialects
			14.3.2 Cultural Communication Patterns
			14.3.3 Temporal Relationships
			14.3.4 Format for Names
		14.4	 Family Roles and Organization
			14.4.1 Head of Household and Gender Roles
			14.4.2 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Behaviors for Children and Adolescents
			14.4.3 Family Goals and Priorities
			14.4.4 Alternative Lifestyles
		14.5	 Workforce Issues
			14.5.1 Culture in the Workforce
			14.5.2 Issues Related to Autonomy
		14.6	 Biocultural Ecology
			14.6.1 Skin Color and Other Biological Variations
			14.6.2 Diseases and Health Conditions
			14.6.3 Variations in Drug Metabolism
		14.7	 High-Risk Behaviors
			14.7.1 Health-Care Practices
		14.8	 Nutrition
			14.8.1 Meaning of Food
			14.8.2 Common Foods and Food Rituals
			14.8.3 Dietary Practices for Health Promotion
			14.8.4 Nutritional Deficiencies and Food Limitations
		14.9	 Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices
			14.9.1 Fertility Practices and Views Toward Pregnancy
			14.9.2 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Practices in the Childbearing Family
		14.10	 Death Rituals
			14.10.1 Death Rituals and Expectations
			14.10.2 Responses to Death and Grief
		14.11	 Spirituality
			14.11.1 Dominant Religion and the Use of Prayer
			14.11.2 Meaning of Life and Individual Sources of Strength
			14.11.3 Spiritual Beliefs and Health-Care Practices
		14.12	 Health-Care Practices
			14.12.1 Health-Seeking Beliefs and Behaviors
			14.12.2 Responsibility for Health Care
			14.12.3 Folk and Traditional Practices
			14.12.4 Barriers to Health Care
			14.12.5 Cultural Responses to Health and Illness
			14.12.6 Blood Transfusions and Organ Donation
		14.13	 Health-Care Providers
			14.13.1 Traditional Versus Biomedical Providers
			14.13.2 Status of Health-Care Providers
		References
	15: People of German Heritage
		15.1	 Introduction
		15.2	 Overview, Inhabited Localities, and Topography
			15.2.1 Overview
			15.2.2 Heritage and Residence
			15.2.3 Reasons for Migration and Associated Economic Factors
			15.2.4 Educational Status and Occupations
		15.3	 Communication
			15.3.1 Dominant Language and Dialects
			15.3.2 Cultural Communication Patterns
			15.3.3 Temporal Relationships
			15.3.4 Format for Names
		15.4	 Family Roles and Organization
			15.4.1 Head of Household and Gender Roles
			15.4.2 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Behaviors for Children and Adolescents
			15.4.3 Family Goals and Priorities
			15.4.4 Alternative Lifestyles
		15.5	 Workforce Issues
			15.5.1 Culture in the Workplace
			15.5.2 Issues Related to Autonomy
		15.6	 Biocultural Ecology
			15.6.1 Skin Color and Other Biological Variations
			15.6.2 Diseases and Health Conditions
			15.6.3 Variations in Drug Metabolism
		15.7	 High-Risk Behaviors
			15.7.1 Health-Care Practices
		15.8	 Nutrition
			15.8.1 Meaning of Food
			15.8.2 Common Foods and Food Rituals
			15.8.3 Dietary Practices for Health Promotion
			15.8.4 Nutritional Deficiencies and Food Limitations
		15.9	 Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices
			15.9.1 Fertility Practices and Views toward Pregnancy
			15.9.2 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Practices in the Childbearing Family
		15.10	 Death Rituals
			15.10.1 Death Rituals and Expectations
			15.10.2 Responses to Death and Grief
		15.11	 Spirituality
			15.11.1 Dominant Religion and Use of Prayer
			15.11.2 Meaning of Life and Individual Sources of Strength
			15.11.3 Spiritual Beliefs and Health-Care Practices
		15.12	 Health-Care Practices
			15.12.1 Health-Seeking Beliefs and Behaviors
			15.12.2 Responsibility for Health Care
			15.12.3 Folk and Traditional Practices
			15.12.4 Barriers to Health Care
			15.12.5 Cultural Responses to Health and Illness
			15.12.6 Blood Transfusions and Organ Donation
		15.13	 Health-Care Providers
			15.13.1 Traditional Versus Biomedical Providers
			15.13.2 Status of Health-Care Providers
		References
	16: People of Greek Heritage
		16.1	 Introduction
		16.2	 Overview, Inhabited Localities, and Topography
			16.2.1 Overview
			16.2.2 Heritage and Residence
			16.2.3 Reasons for Migration and Associated Economic Factors
			16.2.4 Educational Status and Occupations
		16.3	 Communication
			16.3.1 Dominant Languages and Dialects
			16.3.2 Cultural Communication Patterns
			16.3.3 Temporal Relationships
			16.3.4 Format for Names
		16.4	 Family Roles and Organization
			16.4.1 Head of Household and Gender Roles
			16.4.2 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Behaviors for Children and Adolescents
			16.4.3 Family Goals and Priorities
			16.4.4 Alternative Lifestyles
		16.5	 Workforce Issues
			16.5.1 Culture in the Workplace
			16.5.2 Issues Related to Autonomy
		16.6	 Biocultural Ecology
			16.6.1 Skin Color and Other Biological Variations
			16.6.2 Diseases and Health Conditions
			16.6.3 Variations in Drug Metabolism
		16.7	 High-Risk Behaviors
			16.7.1 Health-Care Practices
		16.8	 Nutrition
			16.8.1 Meaning of Food
			16.8.2 Common Foods and Food Rituals
			16.8.3 Dietary Practices for Health Promotion
			16.8.4 Nutritional Deficiencies and Food Limitations
		16.9	 Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices
			16.9.1 Fertility Practices and Views Toward Pregnancy
			16.9.2 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Practices in the Childbearing Family
		16.10	 Death Rituals
			16.10.1 Death Rituals and Expectations
			16.10.2 Responses to Death and Grief
		16.11	 Spirituality
			16.11.1 Dominant Religion and Use of Prayer
			16.11.2 Meaning of Life and Individual Sources of Strength
			16.11.3 Spiritual Beliefs and Health-Care Practices
		16.12	 Health-Care Practices
			16.12.1 Health-Seeking Beliefs and Behaviors
			16.12.2 Responsibility for Health Care
			16.12.3 Folk and Traditional Practices
			16.12.4 Barriers to Health Care
			16.12.5 Cultural Responses to Health and Illness
			16.12.6 Blood Transfusions and Organ Donation
		16.13	 Health-Care Providers
			16.13.1 Traditional Versus Biomedical Providers
			16.13.2 Status of Health-Care Providers
		References
	17: People of Guatemalan Heritage
		17.1	 Introduction
		17.2	 Overview, Inhabited Localities, and Topography
			17.2.1	 Overview
			17.2.2	 Heritage and Residence
			17.2.3	 Reasons for Migration and Associated Economic Factors
			17.2.4	 Educational Status and Occupations
		17.3	 Communication
			17.3.1	 Dominant Languages and Dialects
			17.3.2	 Cultural Communication Practices
			17.3.3	 Temporal Relationships
			17.3.4	 Format for Names
		17.4	 Family Roles and Organization
			17.4.1	 Head of Household and Gender Roles
			17.4.2	 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Behavior for Children and Adolescents
			17.4.3	 Family Goals and Priorities
			17.4.4	 Alternative Lifestyles
		17.5	 Workforce Issues
			17.5.1	 Culture in the Workplace
			17.5.2	 Issues Related to Autonomy
		17.6	 Biocultural Ecology
			17.6.1	 Skin Color and Other Biological Variations
			17.6.2	 Diseases and Health Conditions
			17.6.3	 Variations in Drug Metabolism
		17.7	 High-Risk Behaviors
			17.7.1	 Health Care Practices
		17.8	 Nutrition
			17.8.1	 Meaning of Food
			17.8.2	 Common Foods and Food Rituals
			17.8.3	 Dietary Practices for Health Promotion
			17.8.4	 Nutritional Deficiencies and Food Limitations
		17.9	 Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices
			17.9.1	 Fertility Practices and Views Toward Pregnancy
			17.9.2	 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Practices in the Childbearing Family
		17.10	 Death Rituals
			17.10.1	 Death Rituals and Expectations
			17.10.2	 Responses to Death and Grief
		17.11	 Spirituality
			17.11.1	 Dominant Religion and Use of Prayer
			17.11.2	 Meaning of Life and Individual Sources of Strength
			17.11.3	 Spiritual Beliefs and Health Care Practices
		17.12	 Health Care Practices
			17.12.1	 Health-Seeking Beliefs and Behaviors
			17.12.2	 Folk and Traditional Practices
			17.12.3	 Responsibility for Health Care
			17.12.4	 Barriers to Health Care
			17.12.5	 Cultural Responses to Health and Illness
			17.12.6	 Blood Transfusions and Organ Donation
		17.13	 Health Care Providers
			17.13.1	 Traditional Versus Biomedical Providers
			17.13.2	 Status of Health Care Providers
		References
	18: People of Haitian Heritage
		18.1	 Introduction
		18.2	 Overview, Inhabited Localities, and Topography
			18.2.1	 Overview
			18.2.2	 Heritage and Residence
			18.2.3	 Reasons for Migration and Associated Economic Factors
			18.2.4	 Educational Status and Occupations
		18.3	 Communication
			18.3.1	 Dominant Language and Dialects
			18.3.2	 Cultural Communication Patterns
			18.3.3	 Temporal Relationships
			18.3.4	 Format for Names
		18.4	 Family Roles and Organization
			18.4.1	 Head of Household and Gender Roles
			18.4.2	 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Practices for Children and Adolescents
			18.4.3	 Family Goals and Priorities
			18.4.4	 Alternative Lifestyles
		18.5	 Workforce Issues
			18.5.1	 Culture in the Workplace
			18.5.2	 Issues Related to Autonomy
		18.6	 Biocultural Ecology
			18.6.1	 Skin Color and Other Biological Variations
			18.6.2	 Diseases and Health Conditions
			18.6.3	 Variations in Drug Metabolism
		18.7	 High-Risk Behaviors
			18.7.1	 Health-Care Practices
		18.8	 Nutrition
			18.8.1	 Meaning of Food
			18.8.2	 Common Foods and Food Rituals
			18.8.3	 Dietary Practices for Health Promotion
			18.8.4	 Nutritional Deficiencies and Food Limitations
		18.9	 Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices
			18.9.1	 Fertility Practices and Views Toward Pregnancy
			18.9.2	 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Practices in the Childbearing Family
		18.10	 Death Rituals
			18.10.1	 Death Rituals and Expectations
			18.10.2	 Responses to Death and Grief
		18.11	 Spirituality
			18.11.1	 Dominant Religion and Use of Prayer
			18.11.2	 Meaning of Life and Individual Sources of Strength
			18.11.3	 Spiritual Beliefs and Health-Care Practices
		18.12	 Health-Care Practices
			18.12.1	 Health-Seeking Beliefs and Behaviors
			18.12.2	 Responsibility for Health Care
			18.12.3	 Folk and Traditional Practices
			18.12.4	 Barriers to Health Care
			18.12.5	 Cultural Responses to Health and Illness
			18.12.6	 Blood Transfusions and Organ Donation
		18.13	 Health-Care Providers
			18.13.1	 Traditional Versus Biomedical Providers
			18.13.2	 Status of Health-Care Providers
		References
	19: People of Hindu Heritage
		19.1	 Introduction
		19.2	 Overview, Inhabited Localities and Topography
			19.2.1	 Overview
			19.2.2	 Inhabited Localities
			19.2.3	 Heritage and Residence
			19.2.4	 Reasons for Migration and Associated Economic Factors
			19.2.5	 Educational Status and Occupations
		19.3	 Communication
			19.3.1	 Dominant Language and Dialects
			19.3.2	 Cultural Communication Patterns
			19.3.3	 Temporal Relationships
			19.3.4	 Format for Names
		19.4	 Family Roles and Organization
			19.4.1	 Head of Household and Gender Roles
			19.4.2	 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Behaviors for Children and Adolescents
			19.4.3	 Family Goals and Priorities
			19.4.4	 Alternative Lifestyles
		19.5	 Workforce Issues
			19.5.1	 Culture in the Workplace
			19.5.2	 Issues Related to Autonomy
		19.6	 Biocultural Ecology
			19.6.1	 Skin Color and Other Biological Variations
			19.6.2	 Diseases and Health Conditions
			19.6.3	 Variations in Drug Metabolism
		19.7	 High-Risk Behaviors
			19.7.1	 Health-Care Practices
		19.8	 Nutrition
			19.8.1	 Meaning of Food
			19.8.2	 Common Foods and Food Rituals
			19.8.3	 Dietary Practices for Health Promotion
			19.8.4	 Nutritional Deficiencies and Food Limitations
		19.9	 Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices
			19.9.1	 Fertility Practices and Views Toward Pregnancy
			19.9.2	 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Practices in the Childbearing Family
		19.10	 Death Rituals
			19.10.1 Death Rituals and Expectations
			19.10.2 Responses to Death and Grief
		19.11	 Spirituality
			19.11.1 Dominant Religion and Use of Prayer
			19.11.2 Meaning of Life and Individual Sources of Strength
			19.11.3 Spiritual Beliefs and Health-Care Practices
		19.12	 Health-Care Practices
			19.12.1 Health-Seeking Beliefs and Behaviors
			19.12.2 Responsibility for Health Care
			19.12.3 Folk and Traditional Practices
			19.12.4 Barriers to Health Care
			19.12.5 Cultural Responses to Health and Illness
			19.12.6 Blood Transfusions and Organ Donation
		19.13	 Health-Care Providers
			19.13.1 Traditional Versus Biomedical Providers
			19.13.2 Status of Health-Care Providers
		References
	20: People of Iranian Heritage
		20.1	 Introduction
		20.2	 Overview, Inhabited Localities, and Topography
			20.2.1 Overview
			20.2.2 Heritage and Residence
			20.2.3 Educational Status and Occupations
		20.3	 Communication
			20.3.1 Dominant Languages and Dialects
			20.3.2 Cultural Communication Patterns
			20.3.3 Temporal Relationships
			20.3.4 Format for Names
		20.4	 Family Roles and Organization
			20.4.1 Head of Household and Gender Roles
			20.4.2 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Behaviors for Children and Adolescents
			20.4.3 Family Goals and Priorities
			20.4.4 Alternative Lifestyles
		20.5	 Workforce Issues
			20.5.1 Culture in the Workplace
		20.6	 Biocultural Ecology
			20.6.1 Skin Color and Other Biological Variations
			20.6.2 Diseases and Health Conditions
			20.6.3 Health-Care Practices
		20.7	 Nutrition
			20.7.1 Meaning of Food and Food Rituals
		20.8	 Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices
			20.8.1 Fertility Practices and Views Toward Pregnancy
			20.8.2 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Practices in the Childbearing Family
		20.9	 Death Rituals
			20.9.1 Death Rituals and Expectations
			20.9.2 Responses to Death and Grief
		20.10	 Spirituality
			20.10.1 Dominant Religion and Use of Prayer
			20.10.2 Meaning of Life and Individual Sources of Strength
			20.10.3 Spiritual Beliefs and Health-Care Practices
		20.11	 Health-Care Practices
			20.11.1 Health-Seeking Beliefs and Behaviors
			20.11.2 Responsibility for Health Care
			20.11.3 Folk and Traditional Practices
			20.11.4 Barriers to Health Care
			20.11.5 Cultural Responses to Health and Illness
			20.11.6 Blood Transfusions and Organ Donation
		20.12	 Health-Care Providers
			20.12.1 Traditional Versus Biomedical Providers
			20.12.2 Status of Health-Care Providers
		References
	21: People of Italian Heritage
		21.1	 Introduction
		21.2	 Overview, Inhabited Localities and Topography
			21.2.1 Overview
			21.2.2 Heritage and Residence
			21.2.3 Reasons for Migration and Associated Economic Factors
			21.2.4 Educational Status and Occupations
		21.3	 Communication
			21.3.1 Dominant Language and Dialects
			21.3.2 Cultural Communication Patterns
			21.3.3 Temporality
			21.3.4 Format for Names
		21.4	 Family Roles and Organization
			21.4.1 Head of Household and Gender Roles
			21.4.2 Prescriptive, Restrictive and Taboo Behaviors for Children and Adolescents
			21.4.3 Family Goals and Priorities
			21.4.4 Alternative Lifestyles
		21.5	 Workforce Issues
			21.5.1 Culture in the Workplace
			21.5.2 Issues Related to Autonomy
		21.6	 Biocultural Ecology
			21.6.1 Skin Color and Other Biological Variations
			21.6.2 Diseases and Heath Conditions
			21.6.3 Variations Is Drug Metabolism
		21.7	 High-Risk Behaviors
		21.8	 Nutrition
			21.8.1 Meaning of Food
			21.8.2 Common Foods and Food Rituals
			21.8.3 Dietary Practices for Health Promotion
		21.9	 Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices
			21.9.1 Fertility Practices and Views Towards Pregnancy
			21.9.2 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Practices in the Childbearing Family
		21.10	 Death Rituals
			21.10.1 Death Rituals and Expectations
			21.10.2 Responses to Death and Grief
		21.11	 Spirituality
			21.11.1 Dominant Religion and Use of Prayer
			21.11.2 Meaning of Life and Individual Sources of Strength
			21.11.3 Spiritual Beliefs and Health-Care Practices
		21.12	 Health-Care Practices
			21.12.1 Responsibility for Health Care
			21.12.2 Folk and Traditional Practices
			21.12.3 Responsibility for Health Care
			21.12.4 Cultural Responses to Health Care
			21.12.5 Blood Transfusions and Organ Donation
		21.13	 Healthcare Providers
			21.13.1 Traditional Versus Biomedical Providers
		References
	22: People of Jewish Heritage
		22.1	 Introduction
		22.2	 Overview, Inhabited Localities, and Topography
			22.2.1 Overview
			22.2.2 History and Residence Patterns
			22.2.3 Reasons for Migration and Associated Economic Factors
			22.2.4 Educational Status and Occupations
		22.3	 Communication
			22.3.1 Dominant Language and Dialects
			22.3.2 Cultural Communication Patterns
			22.3.3 Temporal Relationships
			22.3.4 Format for Names
		22.4	 Family Roles and Organization
			22.4.1 Head of Household and Gender Roles
			22.4.2 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Behaviors for Children and Adolescents
			22.4.3 Family Goals and Priorities
			22.4.4 Alternative Lifestyles
		22.5	 Workforce Issues
			22.5.1 Culture in the Workplace
			22.5.2 Issues Related to Autonomy
		22.6	 Biocultural Ecology
			22.6.1 Skin Color and Other Biological Variations
			22.6.2 Diseases and Health Conditions
			22.6.3 Variations in Drug Metabolism
		22.7	 High-Risk Behaviors
			22.7.1 Healthcare Practices
		22.8	 Nutrition
			22.8.1 Meaning of Food
			22.8.2 Common Foods and Food Rituals
			22.8.3 Dietary Practices for Health Promotion
			22.8.4 Nutritional Deficiencies and Food Limitations
		22.9	 Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices
			22.9.1 Fertility Practices and Views Toward Pregnancy
			22.9.2 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Practices in the Childbearing Family
		22.10	 Death Rituals
			22.10.1 Death Rituals and Expectations
			22.10.2 Responses to Death and Grief
		22.11	 Spirituality
			22.11.1 Dominant Religion and Use of Prayer
			22.11.2 Meaning of Life and Individual Sources of Strength
			22.11.3 Spiritual Beliefs and Healthcare Practices
		22.12	 HealthCare Practices
			22.12.1 Health-Seeking Beliefs and Behaviors
			22.12.2 Responsibility for Health Care
			22.12.3 Folk and Traditional Practices
			22.12.4 Barriers to Health Care
			22.12.5 Cultural Responses to Health and Illness
			22.12.6 Immunizations
			22.12.7 Blood Transfusions and Organ Donation
		22.13	 Health-Care Providers
			22.13.1 Status of Health-Care Providers
		References
	23: People of Korean Heritage
		23.1	 Introduction
		23.2	 Overview, Inhabited Localities, and Topography
			23.2.1 Overview
			23.2.2 Heritage and Residence
			23.2.3 Reasons for Migration and Associated Economic Factors
		23.3	 Communication
			23.3.1 Dominant Language and Dialects
			23.3.2 Cultural Communication Patterns
			23.3.3 Temporal Relationships
			23.3.4 Format for Names
		23.4	 Family Roles and Organization
			23.4.1 Head of Household and Gender Roles
			23.4.2 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Behaviors for Children and Adolescents
			23.4.3 Family Goals and Priorities
			23.4.4 Alternative Lifestyles
		23.5	 Workforce Issues
			23.5.1 Culture in the Workplace
			23.5.2 Issues Related to Autonomy
		23.6	 Biocultural Ecology
			23.6.1 Skin Color and Other Biological Variations
			23.6.2 Diseases and Health Conditions
			23.6.3 Variations in Drug Metabolism
		23.7	 High-Risk Behaviors
			23.7.1 Health-Care Practices
		23.8	 Nutrition
			23.8.1 Meaning of Food
			23.8.2 Common Foods and Food Rituals
			23.8.3 Dietary Practices for Health Promotion
			23.8.4 Nutritional Deficiencies and Food Limitations
		23.9	 Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices
			23.9.1 Fertility Practices and Views Toward Pregnancy
			23.9.2 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Practices in the Childbearing Family
		23.10	 Death Rituals
			23.10.1 Death Rituals and Expectations
			23.10.2 Responses to Death and Grief
		23.11	 Spirituality
			23.11.1 Dominant Religion and Use of Prayer
			23.11.2 Meaning of Life and Individual Sources of Strength
			23.11.3 Spiritual Beliefs and Health-Care Practices
		23.12	 Health-Care Practices
			23.12.1 Health-Seeking Beliefs and Behaviors
			23.12.2 Responsibility for Health Care
			23.12.3 Folk and Traditional Practices
			23.12.4 Barriers to Health Care
			23.12.5 Cultural Responses to Health and Illness
			23.12.6 Blood Transfusions and Organ Donation
		23.13	 Health-Care Providers
			23.13.1 Traditional Versus Biomedical Providers
			23.13.2 Status of Health-Care Providers
		References
	24: People of Mexican Heritage
		24.1	 Introduction
		24.2	 Overview, Inhabited Localities, and Topography
			24.2.1 Overview
			24.2.2 Heritage and Residence
			24.2.3 Reasons for Migration and Associated Economic Factors
			24.2.4 Educational Status and Occupations
		24.3	 Communication
			24.3.1 Dominant Language and Dialects
			24.3.2 Cultural Communication Patterns
			24.3.3 Temporal Relationships
			24.3.4 Format for Names
		24.4	 Family Roles and Organization
			24.4.1 Head of Household and Gender Roles
			24.4.2 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Behaviors for Children and Adolescents
			24.4.3 Family Goals and Priorities
			24.4.4 Alternative Lifestyles
		24.5	 Workforce Issues
			24.5.1 Culture in the Workplace
			24.5.2 Issues Related to Autonomy
		24.6	 Biocultural Ecology
			24.6.1 Skin Color and Other Biological Variations
			24.6.2 Diseases and Health Conditions
			24.6.3 Variations in Drug Metabolism
		24.7	 High-Risk Behaviors
			24.7.1 Health-Care Practices
		24.8	 Nutrition
			24.8.1 Meaning of Food
			24.8.2 Common Foods and Food Rituals
			24.8.3 Dietary Practices for Health Promotion
			24.8.4 Nutritional Deficiencies and Food Limitations
		24.9	 Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices
			24.9.1 Fertility Practices and Views toward Pregnancy
			24.9.2 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Practices in the Childbearing Family
		24.10	 Death Rituals
			24.10.1 Death Rituals and Expectations
			24.10.2 Responses to Death and Grief
		24.11	 Spirituality
			24.11.1 Dominant Religion and Use of Prayer
			24.11.2 Meaning of Life and Individual Sources of Strength
			24.11.3 Spiritual Beliefs and Health-Care Practices
		24.12	 Health-Care Practices
			24.12.1 Health-Seeking Beliefs and Behaviors
			24.12.2 Responsibility for Health Care
			24.12.3 Folk and Traditional Practices
			24.12.4 Barriers to Health Care
			24.12.5 Cultural Responses to Health and Illness
			24.12.6 Blood Transfusions and Organ Donation
		24.13	 Health-Care Providers
			24.13.1 Traditional Versus Biomedical Providers
			24.13.2 Status of Health-Care Providers
		References
	25: People of Puerto Rican Heritage
		25.1	 Introduction
		25.2	 Overview Inhabited Localities, and Topography
			25.2.1 Overview
			25.2.2 Heritage and Residence
			25.2.3 Reasons for Immigration and Associated Economic Factors
			25.2.4 Educational Status and Occupations
		25.3	 Communication
			25.3.1 Dominant Language and Dialects
			25.3.2 Cultural Communication Patterns
			25.3.3 Temporal Relationships
			25.3.4 Format for Names
		25.4	 Family Roles and Organization
			25.4.1 Head of Household and Gender Roles
			25.4.2 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Behaviors for Children and Adolescents
			25.4.3 Family Goals and Priorities
			25.4.4 Alternative Lifestyles
		25.5	 Workforce Issues
			25.5.1 Culture in the Workplace
			25.5.2 Issues Related to Autonomy
		25.6	 Biocultural Ecology
			25.6.1 Skin Color and Biological Variations
			25.6.2 Disease and Health Conditions
			25.6.3 Variations in Drug Metabolism
		25.7	 High-Risk Behaviors
		25.8	 Nutrition
			25.8.1 Meaning of Food
			25.8.2 Common Foods and Food Rituals
			25.8.3 Dietary Practices for Health Promotion
			25.8.4 Nutritional Deficiencies and Food Limitations
		25.9	 Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices
			25.9.1 Fertility Practices and Views Toward Pregnancy
			25.9.2 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Practices in the Childbearing Family
		25.10	 Death Rituals
			25.10.1 Death Rituals and Expectations
			25.10.2 Responses to Death and Grief
		25.11	 Spirituality
			25.11.1 Dominant Religion and Use of Prayer
			25.11.2 Meaning of Life and Individual Sources of Strength
			25.11.3 Spiritual Beliefs and Health-Care Practices
		25.12	 Health-Care Practices
			25.12.1 Health-Seeking Beliefs and Behaviors
			25.12.2 Responsibility for Health Care
			25.12.3 Folk and Traditional Practices
			25.12.4 Barriers to Health Care
			25.12.5 Cultural Responses to Health and Illness
			25.12.6 Blood Transfusions and Organ Donation
		25.13	 Health-Care Providers
			25.13.1 Traditional Versus Biomedical Health-Care Providers
			25.13.2 Status of Health-Care Providers
		References
	26: People of Russian Heritage
		26.1	 Introduction
		26.2	 Overview, Heritage, and Topography
			26.2.1 Heritage and Residence
			26.2.2 Economic Factors and Migration
			26.2.3 Education and Professions
		26.3	 Communication
			26.3.1 Primary Language and Dialects
			26.3.2 Cultural Communication and Relationships
			26.3.3 Time
			26.3.4 Greetings
			26.3.5 Family Roles and Organization
				26.3.5.1	 Head of Household and Gender Roles
				26.3.5.2	 Behaviors for Children and Adolescents
				26.3.5.3	 Family Goals and Priorities
				26.3.5.4	 Alternative Lifestyles
		26.4	 Workforce Issues
			26.4.1 Acculturation
		26.5	 Biocultural Ecology
			26.5.1 Skin Color, Diseases, and Health Conditions
			26.5.2 Variations in Drug Metabolism
		26.6	 High-Risk Behaviors
		26.7	 Nutrition
			26.7.1 Meaning of Food
			26.7.2 Common Meals and Food Rituals
			26.7.3 Dietary Practices for Health Promotion
			26.7.4 Nutritional Deficiencies and Food Limitations
		26.8	 Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices
			26.8.1 Fertility Practices and Cultural Beliefs
			26.8.2 Childbearing Family
		26.9	 Death Rituals
			26.9.1 Death Rituals and Expectations
			26.9.2 Bereavement
		26.10	 Religion and Spirituality
			26.10.1 Religious Practices and Use of Prayer
			26.10.2 Meaning of Life and Individual Sources of Strength
			26.10.3 Spiritual Beliefs and Health-Care Practices
		26.11	 Health-Care Practices
			26.11.1 Focus of Health Care
			26.11.2 Health-Seeking Beliefs and Behaviors
			26.11.3 Health Care Responsibility
			26.11.4 Folk and Traditional Practices
			26.11.5 Barriers to Health Care
			26.11.6 Cultural Responses to Health and Illness
			26.11.7 Blood Transfusion and Organ Donation
		26.12	 Health-Care Providers
			26.12.1 Traditional Versus Holistic Medical Care
			26.12.2 Status of Health-Care Providers
		References
	27: People of Thai Heritage
		27.1	 Introduction
		27.2	 Overview, Inhabited Localities, and Topography
			27.2.1 Overview
			27.2.2 Heritage and Residence
			27.2.3 Reasons for Migration and Associated Economic Factors
		27.3	 Communication
			27.3.1 Dominant Language and Dialects
			27.3.2 Cultural Communication Patterns
			27.3.3 Temporal Relationships
			27.3.4 Format for Names
		27.4	 Family Roles and Organization
			27.4.1 Head of Household and Gender Roles
			27.4.2 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Behaviors for Children and Adolescents
			27.4.3 Family Goals and Priorities
			27.4.4 Alternative Lifestyles
		27.5	 Workforce Issues
			27.5.1 Culture in the Workplace
			27.5.2 Issues Related to Autonomy
		27.6	 Biocultural Ecology
			27.6.1 Skin Color and Other Biological Variations
			27.6.2 Diseases and Health Conditions
			27.6.3 Variations in Drug Metabolism
		27.7	 High-Risk Behaviors
			27.7.1 Health-Care Practices
		27.8	 Nutrition
			27.8.1 Meaning of Food
			27.8.2 Common Foods and Food Rituals
			27.8.3 Dietary Practices for Health Promotion
			27.8.4 Nutritional Deficiencies and Food Limitations
		27.9	 Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices
			27.9.1 Fertility Practices and Views Toward Pregnancy
			27.9.2 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Practices in the Childbearing Family
		27.10	 Death Rituals
			27.10.1 Death Rituals and Expectations
			27.10.2 Responses to Death and Grief
		27.11	 Spirituality
			27.11.1 Dominant Religion and Use of Prayer
			27.11.2 Meaning of Life and Individual Sources of Strength
			27.11.3 Spiritual Beliefs and Health-Care Practices
		27.12	 Health-Care Practices
			27.12.1 Health-Seeking Beliefs and Behaviors
			27.12.2 Responsibility for Health Care
			27.12.3 Folk and Traditional Practices
			27.12.4 Barriers to Health Care
			27.12.5 Cultural Responses to Health and Illness
			27.12.6 Blood Transfusions and Organ Donation
		27.13	 Health-Care Providers
			27.13.1 Traditional Versus Biomedical Providers
			27.13.2 Status of Health-Care Providers
		References
	28: People of Turkish Heritage
		28.1	 Introduction
		28.2	 Overview, Inhabited Localities, and Topography
			28.2.1	 Overview
			28.2.2	 Heritage and Residence
			28.2.3	 Reasons for Migration and Associated Economic Factors
			28.2.4	 Educational Status and Occupations
		28.3	 Communication
			28.3.1	 Dominant Language and Dialects
			28.3.2	 Cultural Communication Patterns
			28.3.3	 Temporal Relationships
			28.3.4	 Format for Names
		28.4	 Family Roles and Organization
			28.4.1	 Head of Household and Gender Roles
			28.4.2	 Family Goals and Priorities
			28.4.3	 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Behaviors for Children and Adolescents
			28.4.4	 Alternative Lifestyles
		28.5	 Workforce Issues
			28.5.1	 Culture in the Workplace
			28.5.2	 Issues Related to Autonomy
		28.6	 Biocultural Ecology
			28.6.1	 Skin Color and Other Biological Variations
			28.6.2	 Diseases and Health Conditions
			28.6.3	 Variations in Drug Metabolism
		28.7	 High-Risk Behaviors
			28.7.1	 Health-Care Practices
		28.8	 Nutrition
			28.8.1	 Meaning of Food
			28.8.2	 Common Foods and Food Rituals
			28.8.3	 Dietary Practices for Health Promotion
			28.8.4	 Nutritional Deficiencies and Food Limitations
		28.9	 Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices
			28.9.1	 Fertility Practices and Views Toward Pregnancy
			28.9.2	 Folk Practices for Fertility
			28.9.3	 Modern and Folk Practices for Preventing Pregnancy
			28.9.4	 Modern and Folk Practices for Terminating Pregnancy
			28.9.5	 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Practices in the Childbearing Family
			28.9.6	 Modern and Folk Practices to Facilitate Childbirth and Postpartum Period
			28.9.7	 Folk Practices for Newborns and Children
		28.10	 Death Rituals
			28.10.1	 Death Rituals and Expectations
			28.10.2	 Responses to Death and Grief
		28.11	 Spirituality
			28.11.1	 Dominant Religion and Use of Prayer
			28.11.2	 Meaning of Life and Individual Sources of Strength
			28.11.3	 Spiritual Beliefs and Health-Care Practices
		28.12	 Health-Care Practices
			28.12.1	 Health-Seeking Beliefs and Behaviors
			28.12.2	 Responsibility for Health Care
			28.12.3	 Folk and Traditional Practices
			28.12.4	 Cultural Responses to Health and Illness
			28.12.5	 Blood Transfusions and Organ Donation
			28.12.6	 Barriers to Health Care
		28.13	 Health-Care Providers
			28.13.1	 Traditional Versus Biomedical Providers
			28.13.2	 Status of Health-Care Providers
		References
	29: People of Vietnamese Heritage
		29.1	 Introduction
		29.2	 Overview, Inhabited Localities, and Topography
			29.2.1	 Overview
			29.2.2	 Heritage and Residence
			29.2.3	 Immigration to the United States
			29.2.4	 Today’s Vietnamese Americans
		29.3	 Communication
			29.3.1	 Dominant Languages and Dialects
			29.3.2	 Cultural Communication Patterns
			29.3.3	 Temporal Relationships
			29.3.4	 Format for Names
		29.4	 Family Roles and Organization
			29.4.1	 Head of Household and Gender Roles
			29.4.2	 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Behaviors for Children and Adolescents
			29.4.3	 Family Goals and Priorities
			29.4.4	 Alternative Lifestyles
		29.5	 Workforce Issues
			29.5.1	 Culture in the Workplace
			29.5.2	 Issues Related to Autonomy
			29.5.3	 Language Barriers
		29.6	 Biocultural Ecology
			29.6.1	 Skin Color and Other Biological Variations
			29.6.2	 Diseases and Health Conditions
			29.6.3	 Variations in Drug Metabolism
		29.7	 High-Risk Behaviors
		29.8	 Nutrition
			29.8.1	 Meaning of Food and Rituals
			29.8.2	 Dietary Practices for Health Promotion
			29.8.3	 Nutritional Deficiencies and Food Limitations
		29.9	 Pregnancy and Childbearing Practices
			29.9.1	 Fertility Practices and Views Toward Pregnancy
			29.9.2	 Prescriptive, Restrictive, and Taboo Practices in the Childbearing Family
		29.10	 Death Rituals
			29.10.1	 Death Rituals and Expectations
			29.10.2	 Responses to Death and Grief
		29.11	 Spirituality
			29.11.1	 Dominant Religions
		29.12	 Health-Care Practices
			29.12.1	 Health-Seeking Beliefs and Behaviors
			29.12.2	 Responsibility for Health-Care
			29.12.3	 Folk and Traditional Practices
			29.12.4	 Barriers to Health-Care
			29.12.5	 Cultural Responses to Health and Illness
			29.12.6	 Blood Transfusions and Organ Donation
		29.13	 Health-Care Providers
			29.13.1	 Traditional Versus Biomedical Providers
			29.13.2	 Status of Health-Care Providers
		References
Glossary