Tensile Fabric Structures - Design, Analysis, and Construction

001.pdf......Page 1
Table of Contents......Page 0
Preface......Page 4
List of Contributors......Page 6
002.pdf......Page 8
Preface......Page 11
List of Contributors......Page 13
Table of Contents......Page 15
1.1 Introduction......Page 21
1.2 Definition and Scope of Technical Textiles......Page 22
1.3 Milestones in the Development of Technical Textiles......Page 26
1.4 Textile Processes......Page 30
1.5 Applications......Page 31
1.6 Globalisation of Technical Textiles......Page 38
1.7 Future of the Technical Textiles Industry......Page 39
References......Page 43
2.1 Introduction......Page 44
2.2 Conventional Fibres......Page 45
2.3 High Strength and High Modulus Organic Fibres......Page 49
2.4 High Chemical- and Combustion-Resistant Organic Fibres......Page 50
2.5 High Performance Inorganic Fibres......Page 51
2.6 Ultra-Fine and Novelty Fibres......Page 53
2.7 Civil and Agricultural Engineering......Page 54
2.8 Automotive and Aeronautics......Page 56
2.9 Medical and Hygiene Applications......Page 57
2.10 Protection and Defence......Page 58
2.12 Conclusions......Page 59
References......Page 60
3.2 Staple Fibre Yarns......Page 62
3.3 Filament Yarns......Page 75
Bibliography......Page 80
4.1 Introduction......Page 82
4.2 Weave Structures......Page 83
4.3 Selvedge......Page 94
4.4 Fabric Specifications and Fabric Geometry......Page 97
4.5 Weaving – Machines (Looms) and Operations......Page 100
References......Page 114
5.1 Terms and Definitions......Page 115
5.2 Weft Knitting Machines......Page 117
5.4 Process Control in Weft Knitting......Page 125
5.5 End-Use Applications of Weft-Knitted Fabrics......Page 130
5.6 Warp-Knitting Machines......Page 133
5.7 Warp-Knitted Structures......Page 139
References......Page 149
6.1 Introduction......Page 150
6.2 Methods of Batt Production Using Carding Machines......Page 151
6.3 Air Laying......Page 154
6.5 Dry Laying Wood Pulp......Page 156
6.6 Spun Laying......Page 157
6.7 Flash Spinning......Page 158
6.8 Melt Blown......Page 159
6.9 Chemical Bonding......Page 160
6.10 Thermal Bonding......Page 163
6.12 Needlefelting......Page 165
6.13 Stitch Bonding......Page 168
6.14 Hydroentanglement......Page 170
Bibliography......Page 171
7.2 Finishing Processes......Page 172
7.3 Mechanical Finishes......Page 173
7.4 Heat Setting......Page 181
7.5 Chemical Processes......Page 184
References......Page 192
8.2 Chemistry of Coated Textiles......Page 193
8.3 Coating Techniques......Page 199
8.4 Fusible Interlinings......Page 203
8.5 Laminating......Page 205
References......Page 206
9.2 Objectives of Coloration......Page 207
9.3 Coloration of Technical Textiles......Page 208
9.4 Dye Classes and Pigments......Page 212
9.5 Mass Coloration of Artificial Fibres......Page 220
9.6 Conventional Dyeing and Printing of Technical Textiles......Page 224
9.7 Total Colour Management Systems......Page 228
9.8 Dyeing Machinery......Page 231
9.9 Printing......Page 235
9.10 Colour Fastness of Technical Textiles......Page 237
References......Page 239
10.1 Introduction......Page 243
10.3 Thermal Behaviour of Fibres......Page 244
10.4 Selection of Fibres Suitable for Thermal and Flame Protection......Page 249
10.5 Fire-Retardant Finishes......Page 266
10.6 Flame-Retardant Test Methods......Page 272
10.7 Summary......Page 278
References......Page 279
11.1 Composite Materials......Page 284
11.2 Textile Reinforcement......Page 285
11.3 Woven Fabric-Reinforced Composites......Page 290
11.4 Braided Reinforcement......Page 293
11.5 Knitted Reinforcement......Page 294
11.6 Stitched Fabrics......Page 297
References......Page 299
12.1 What are Waterproof Breathable Fabrics?......Page 302
12.2 Types of Waterproof Breathable Fabric......Page 304
12.3 Assessment Techniques......Page 314
12.4 Performance of Waterproof Breathable Fabrics......Page 323
References......Page 334
13.1 Introduction......Page 336
13.2 Dust Collection......Page 337
13.3 Fabric Construction......Page 346
13.4 Finishing Treatments......Page 348
13.5 Solid-Liquid Separation......Page 353
13.6 Yarn Types and Fabric Constructions......Page 361
13.7 Fabric Constructions and Properties......Page 367
13.8 Production Equipment......Page 371
13.9 Finishing Treatments......Page 372
13.10 Fabric Test Procedures......Page 375
References......Page 377
14.1 Introduction to Geotextiles......Page 378
14.2 Geosynthetics......Page 380
14.3 Essential Properties of Geotextiles......Page 382
14.4 Conclusions......Page 390
References......Page 391
14.6 Development of Natural Materials as Geotextiles......Page 392
14.7 Natural Fibres......Page 394
14.8 Applications for Natural Geotextiles......Page 398
14.9 Engineering Properties of Geotextiles......Page 411
14.10 Present State and Uses of Vegetable Fibre Geotextiles......Page 412
14.11 Performance of Natural Fibre Geotextiles for Soil Strengthening......Page 413
14.12 Geotextile Structure Forms......Page 415
14.13 Frictional Resistance of Geotextiles......Page 420
14.15 Relevant British Standards......Page 425
References......Page 426
14.1 Introduction to Geotextiles......Page 427
14.2 Geosynthetics......Page 429
14.3 Essential Properties of Geotextiles......Page 431
14.4 Conclusions......Page 439
References......Page 440
14.6 Development of Natural Materials as Geotextiles......Page 441
14.7 Natural Fibres......Page 443
14.8 Applications for Natural Geotextiles......Page 447
14.9 Engineering Properties of Geotextiles......Page 460
14.10 Present State and Uses of Vegetable Fibre Geotextiles......Page 461
14.11 Performance of Natural Fibre Geotextiles for Soil Strengthening......Page 462
14.12 Geotextile Structure Forms......Page 464
14.13 Frictional Resistance of Geotextiles......Page 469
14.15 Relevant British Standards......Page 474
References......Page 475
14.1 Introduction to Geotextiles......Page 476
14.2 Geosynthetics......Page 478
14.3 Essential Properties of Geotextiles......Page 480
14.4 Conclusions......Page 488
References......Page 489
14.6 Development of Natural Materials as Geotextiles......Page 490
14.7 Natural Fibres......Page 492
14.8 Applications for Natural Geotextiles......Page 496
14.9 Engineering Properties of Geotextiles......Page 509
14.10 Present State and Uses of Vegetable Fibre Geotextiles......Page 510
14.11 Performance of Natural Fibre Geotextiles for Soil Strengthening......Page 511
14.12 Geotextile Structure Forms......Page 513
14.13 Frictional Resistance of Geotextiles......Page 518
14.15 Relevant British Standards......Page 523
References......Page 524
15.1 Introduction......Page 525
15.2 Fibres Used......Page 526
15.3 Non-Implantable Materials......Page 528
15.4 Extracorporeal Devices......Page 530
15.5 Implantable Materials......Page 533
15.6 Healthcare/Hygiene Products......Page 538
References......Page 541
16.2 Historical Background......Page 543
16.4 Incompatibilities in Military Materials Systems......Page 545
16.5 Textiles for Environmental Protection......Page 548
16.6 Thermal Insulation Materials......Page 550
16.7 Water Vapour Permeable/Waterproof Materials......Page 553
16.8 Military Combat Clothing Systems......Page 554
16.9 Camouflage Concealment and Deception......Page 557
16.10 Flame-Retardant, Heat Protective Textiles......Page 566
16.11 Ballistic Protective Materials......Page 570
16.12 Biological and Chemical Warfare Protection......Page 575
References......Page 576
17.1 Introduction......Page 579
17.2 Short Term (Accident) Survival......Page 581
17.3 Long Term Survival......Page 584
References......Page 606
18.1 Introduction......Page 608
18.2 Textiles in Passenger Cars......Page 615
18.3 Textiles in Other Road Vehicles......Page 634
18.4 Rail Applications......Page 635
18.5 Textiles in Aircraft .......Page 637
18.6 Marine Applications......Page 639
Acknowledgements......Page 641
References......Page 642
19.1 Introduction......Page 647
19.2 Degradation......Page 648
19.3 Resource Depletion and Pollution......Page 649
19.4 Textile Sources of Environmental Harm......Page 650
19.5 Textile Sources of Pollution......Page 651
19.6 Effects on the Environment......Page 655
19.7 Environmental Harm Reduction......Page 656
19.8 Future Prospects......Page 657
References......Page 660
Index......Page 661