Temporomandibular Disorders and Orafacial Pain, An Issue of Dental Clinics (The Clinics: Dentistry)

tlink1......Page 1
0-1-Table of Contents......Page 3
Epidemiology of orofacial pain......Page 8
Human research......Page 10
Brain imaging studies......Page 12
Sex differences in analgesic systems......Page 13
Clinical relevance of experimental pain responses......Page 15
Mechanisms underlying sex differences in pain perception......Page 16
Summary and future directions......Page 18
References......Page 19
Peripheral Mechanisms of Odontogenic Pain......Page 26
G-protein-coupled receptors......Page 31
Voltage-gated ion channels......Page 32
Sodium channels: the Navs......Page 36
Potassium channels: the voltage-gated potassium channels and others......Page 38
Calcium channels: the voltage-gated Ca2+ channels and a few others......Page 39
The transient receptor potential channels......Page 40
The future: toward a molecular model of pain diagnosis and management......Page 42
References......Page 43
Central Mechanisms of Orofacial Pain......Page 52
Afferent sensory system: C-polymodal nociceptors and A-delta and A-beta fibers......Page 53
Central pain processing and central sensitization......Page 55
Pain-modulating circuits......Page 58
Glial influences on pain......Page 59
Myofascial pain......Page 60
Temporomandibular joint pain......Page 62
Neuropathic pain......Page 63
References......Page 64
Myogenous Temporomandibular Disorders: Diagnostic and Management Considerations......Page 67
Limited range of motion......Page 69
Comorbid conditions and complicating factors......Page 71
Pathophysiology and mechanisms......Page 72
Diagnostic tests......Page 73
Simple to complex......Page 74
Orthopedic intraoral splints......Page 77
Cognitive-behavioral therapy......Page 79
Muscle exercises......Page 80
Muscle therapy......Page 81
Pharmacotherapy......Page 82
Pain clinic team management......Page 84
References......Page 87
Normal function of the temporomandibular joint......Page 90
Etiology......Page 94
Clinical characteristics......Page 95
Nonsurgical management of intracapsular disorders......Page 96
Disc displacement with reduction......Page 98
Supportive therapies......Page 101
Disc dislocation without reduction......Page 102
Summary......Page 104
References......Page 105
Temporomandibular Disorders: Associated Features......Page 109
Historical background......Page 112
Central sensitivity syndrome......Page 113
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis......Page 115
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sleep......Page 117
Fibromyalgia......Page 119
Chronic fatigue syndrome......Page 120
Hyperprolactinemia......Page 121
Mitral valve prolapse dysautonomia......Page 122
Menstrual migraine......Page 123
The use of antidepressants......Page 124
Clinical evaluation......Page 125
38-year-old woman......Page 126
62-year-old man......Page 127
10-year-old girl......Page 128
References......Page 129
Temporomandibular Disorders and Headache......Page 132
The teeth and headache......Page 133
Temporomandibular disorders and headache......Page 134
Inflammation......Page 135
Disk displacement with reduction......Page 136
Myofascial pain......Page 137
Treating headache by targeting temporomandibular disorders......Page 139
Nonsurgical treatment......Page 140
Summary......Page 143
References......Page 144
Psychological Factors Associated with Orofacial Pains......Page 148
Biopsychosocial model and features of orofacial pain......Page 151
Biobehavioral approaches to orofacial pain management......Page 158
Summary......Page 160
References......Page 161
Temporomandibular Disorders, Head and Orofacial Pain: Cervical Spine Considerations......Page 164
Physical therapy management of temporomandibular disorders......Page 165
Hypermobility......Page 166
Disc displacement......Page 167
Disc displacement without reduction......Page 168
Fibrous adhesions......Page 169
Masticatory muscle pain......Page 170
Cervical spine considerations in the management of temporomandibular disorders and head and orofacial pain......Page 171
Cervical spine considerations with temporomandibular disorders-arthrogenous involvement......Page 172
Theory two......Page 173
Cervical spine considerations with oral appliances......Page 174
Cervical spine considerations with head and orofacial pain......Page 175
Head and orofacial pain of cervical spine origin......Page 177
Cervicogenic headache......Page 179
Dizziness......Page 180
Subjective tinnitus and secondary otalgia......Page 181
Physical examination......Page 182
Invasive procedures......Page 183
Conservative care......Page 184
Patient education......Page 186
Mechanical cervical traction......Page 187
References......Page 188
Temporomandibular joint arthrocentesis......Page 197
Indications for temporomandibular joint surgery......Page 199
Temporomandibular joint arthroscopy......Page 200
Modified condylotomy......Page 202
Open joint surgery (arthrotomy)......Page 203
Disk repositioning......Page 204
Diskectomy......Page 205
Temporomandibular joint replacement......Page 206
Summary......Page 208
References......Page 209
Neuropathic Orofacial Pain: Proposed Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Considerations......Page 211
Pathophysiology......Page 212
Trigeminal neuralgia......Page 217
Pre-trigeminal neuralgia......Page 218
Atypical odontalgia/non-odontogenic toothache......Page 220
Post-herpetic neuralgia......Page 221
Reactivation of the dormant virus......Page 222
References......Page 223
Four oral movement disorders......Page 227
Bruxism......Page 229
Oromandibular dystonia......Page 230
Dyskinesia......Page 231
Drug-induced dystonic-type extrapyramidal reactions......Page 232
Stimulant drugs and other medications that cause extrapyramidal reactions......Page 233
Treatment of orofacial motor disorders......Page 234
Surgical microvascular decompression......Page 235
Treatment of drug-induced dyskinesia and dystonic extrapyramidal reactions......Page 236
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor agonist therapy......Page 237
Skeletal muscle relaxants......Page 240
Botulinum toxin......Page 241
References......Page 242
A Critical Review of the Use of Botulinum Toxin in Orofacial Pain Disorders......Page 246
Off-label botulinum neurotoxin use......Page 247
Training and injection procedures......Page 250
Cautions and contraindications......Page 251
Botulinum neurotoxin and experimental pain in humans......Page 253
Myofascial trigger points......Page 254
Temporomandibular pain and dysfunction......Page 255
Chronic tension-type headache......Page 257
Trigeminal neuralgia......Page 258
Summary......Page 259
References......Page 260
Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Persistent Facial Pain......Page 263
Data on the use of complementary and alternative medicine......Page 264
Published reports......Page 266
Biofeedback......Page 267
Relaxation......Page 268
Acupuncture......Page 269
Emerging data......Page 270
Summary......Page 271
References......Page 272