Telemedicine: The Computer Transformation of Healthcare

Foreword
Preface I
Preface II
Contents
1: Telemedicine and Its Role in Innovating the Provision of Healthcare
	1.1	 Introduction
		1.1.1	 Telemedicine: As a Facilitator of Access and Affordability in Healthcare
	1.2	 Background of Telemedicine [6, 7]
	1.3	 Types of Telemedicine
	1.4	 Telemedicine Principles [11]
		1.4.1	 Prior to Every Telemedicine Appointment, There Are a Few Things to Remember…..[12]
	1.5	 Identification of the Registered Medical Practitioner and the Patient Is Required
	1.6	 Modes of Connectivity and Technologies Included
		1.6.1	 First Consult Means
			1.6.1.1	 Follow-Up Consult(s) Means
	1.7	 Patient Evaluation
	1.8	 Patient Management
		1.8.1	 Telemedicine’s Challenges and Prospects [13, 14]
		1.8.2	 Final Thoughts
	References
2: Infrastructure and System of Telemedicine and Remote Health Monitoring
	2.1	 Introduction
	2.2	 Literature Review
	2.3	 General Architecture of Telemedicine: Conventional vs Modern
	2.4	 Functionality of Telemedicine
		2.4.1	 Services Interlinked
			2.4.1.1	 Wired/Wireless Connectivity
			2.4.1.2	 Availability of Information
			2.4.1.3	 Knowledge of Computers
			2.4.1.4	 Tele-Pathology and Teleradiology
	2.5	 Role of QoS
	2.6	 Wireless Strategies in Telemedicine
	2.7	 Emerging Technologies in Telemedicine
		2.7.1	 Artificial Intelligence
		2.7.2	 Tele-Robots
		2.7.3	 A-V Reality
		2.7.4	 Internet of things
		2.7.5	 Three-Dimensional Printing
	2.8	 Factors Facilitating the Development of Telemedicine
	2.9	 Barriers Towards Telemedicine
	2.10	 Application in Remote Health Monitoring
	2.11	 Conclusion
	References
3: Infrastrucuture and Systems of Telemedicine
	3.1	 Introduction
	3.2	 Projects for Early Telemedicine
	3.3	 Chronic Illness
		3.3.1	 Enhance Access to Specialist Care
		3.3.2	 Monitor Changes in Patient Lifestyle
		3.3.3	 Real-Time Triage of New Symptoms
		3.3.4	 Reduce Readmissions in Hospitals
	3.4	 Policy Change Required for Telemedicine in Context with Present Scenario
		3.4.1	 Telemedicine in India
		3.4.2	 Guidelines Telemedicine Practices and Policies
	3.5	 Telemedicine Patient and Provider Receptivity
	3.6	 Budget Constraint
	3.7	 Design of Telemedicine Workflow
		3.7.1	 Centre and Representative Telemedicine
		3.7.2	 Direct Telemedicine
	3.8	 Future Demands and Prospect
	References
4: Patient–Physician Relationship in Telemedicine
	4.1	 Introduction
	4.2	 Evolution of the Patient–Physician Relationship in History
	4.3	 Definition of Health and Telemedicine
		4.3.1	 Health
		4.3.2	 Telemedicine
	4.4	 Actuality of the Patient–Physician Relationship
	4.5	 Be a Good Physician
	4.6	 Be a Good Patient
	4.7	 The Pillars of the Patient–Physician Relationship
	4.8	 What Changes with Digitization
	4.9	 What Changes with Telemedicine in the Patient–Physician Relationship
		4.9.1	 The Mediator
		4.9.2	 The Communication
		4.9.3	 The Physician and Telemedicine
		4.9.4	 The Patient and Telemedicine
		4.9.5	 The Role of the Machine
		4.9.6	 Potential Conflicts
		4.9.7	 Health Policies and Social Justice
	4.10	 The Pillars of the Patient–Physician Relationship Added by Telemedicine
		4.10.1	 Proactive Medicine
		4.10.2	 Integrated Care Pathways
		4.10.3	 Computational Support
	4.11	 Limits of the Machine Mediator
	4.12	 Advantages of Telemedicine in the Patient–Physician Relationship (When Everything Works)
	4.13	 Disadvantages (Even If Everything Works) and Risks of Telemedicine for the Patient–Physician Relationship
	4.14	 Conclusions
	References
5: Smart Health Monitoring System
	5.1	 Introduction
	5.2	 Health Monitoring System and False Alarms
		5.2.1	 Alarms: Causes and Results
		5.2.2	 Proposed Approaches for False Alarm Reduction
	5.3	 Machine Learning Techniques
		5.3.1	 Real-Time Support Vector Machines
		5.3.2	 K-Prototypes Clustering Method
	5.4	 Proposed Approach: The SMS
		5.4.1	 Real-Time SVM for Monitoring System
		5.4.2	 Improvement Monitoring System Using K-Prototypes
	5.5	 Data Stream for Monitoring System
	5.6	 Experiments
		5.6.1	 The Used Databases
		5.6.2	 Evaluation Criteria
		5.6.3	 Experimental Results
	5.7	 Conclusion
	References
6: Machine Learning Techniques for Big Data Analytics in Healthcare: Current Scenario and Future Prospects
	6.1	 Introduction
		6.1.1	 Big Data
		6.1.2	 Inclination Towards the Study
		6.1.3	 Characteristics of Big Data
	6.2	 Literature Review
	6.3	 Big Data Healthcare Analytics (BDHA)
	6.4	 Various Big Data Platforms for Healthcare Analytics
		6.4.1	 Horizontal Scaling Platforms
			6.4.1.1	 Peer-to-Peer Networks
			6.4.1.2	 Apache Hadoop
				Data Collection
				Data Processing
				Big Data Storage
				Big Data Analysis
		6.4.2	 Vertical Scaling Platforms
	6.5	 Materials and Methods
		6.5.1	 Machine Learning Techniques
		6.5.2	 Description of Dataset
		6.5.3	 Proposed Framework
	6.6	 Case Study and Application
	6.7	 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
7: Efficient Analysis in Healthcare Domain using Machine Learning
	7.1	 Background and Driving Forces
		7.1.1	 The Machine Learning Realm
		7.1.2	 Inception of ML for m-Health Domain
		7.1.3	 Python’s Role in mHealth
	7.2	 The Rise of Telemedicine: Machine Learning Methodology to the Rescue
		7.2.1	 Integrating Machine Learning Aid to Telemedicine Trends
		7.2.2	 ML: The Care Model for m-Health Intelligence
		7.2.3	 Adopting ML for Telemedicine
	7.3	 Summary
	References
8: Choice of Embedded Processor for IoT-Based Teleradiology Applications and a Pilot Study on Need for Portable Teleradiology System in Rural Areas
	8.1	 Introduction
	8.2	 Materials and Methods
		8.2.1	 Need for Telemedicine in India
		8.2.2	 Choice of an Embedded Processor for Telemedicine Application
			8.2.2.1	 Hypothesis of Study
	8.3	 Hardware Implementation of Medical Image Processing Algorithms for Telemedicine Applications
	8.4	 Conclusion
	References
9: Providing Efficient Healthcare System: Web-Based Telemedicine System
	9.1	 Introduction
	9.2	 Background and Problem Definition
	9.3	 What Is Telemedicine
		9.3.1	 History of Telemedicine
		9.3.2	 The Birth of Present-Day Telemedicine
	9.4	 e-Health/Telemedicine for Development of Healthcare
	9.5	 Advantages of e-Health/Telemedicine
	9.6	 Coordination and Networking
	9.7	 Literature Review
		9.7.1	 Significance of the Study
		9.7.2	 e-Healthcare System: Aim and Objectives
	9.8	 Various Telemedicine System Frameworks
		9.8.1	 Web-Based Telemedicine System
			9.8.1.1	 Web-Based Telemedicine System Based on Languages
			9.8.1.2	 Case Study: Khresmoi: A Web-Based Telemedicine System
		9.8.2	 Mobile-Based Telemedicine System
			9.8.2.1	 Case Study: Mobile-Based Alert System for Healthcare
		9.8.3	 Other Initiatives
	9.9	 Conclusions
	References
10: Potential of Blockchain in Telemedicine
	10.1	 Introduction to Telemedicine
	10.2	 Integration of Blockchain with Telemedicine
	10.3	 Dependencies of Blockchain Technology
		10.3.1	 Smart Contract
		10.3.2	 Consensus
		10.3.3	 InterPlanetary File System (IPFS)
	10.4	 Application of Blockchain in Healthcare
		10.4.1	 Sharing of Data in Traditional Care and Telemedicine
		10.4.2	 Personalized Medical Documents for Comprehensive Medical Information Ownership and Manage
		10.4.3	 Cancer Registry Sharing
		10.4.4	 Blockchain in Medical Fraud Detection
		10.4.5	 Blockchains in Neuroscience
	10.5	 Blockchain Opportunities in Telemedicine and Telehealth
		10.5.1	 Management of Patient Consent
		10.5.2	 Remote Treatment Traceability
		10.5.3	 Timestamping of Healthcare Supplies and Equipment at Homes
		10.5.4	 Automated Payments
		10.5.5	 Faith in the Supervision of Aged Care Facilities
		10.5.6	 Tracing the Delivery of Drug
		10.5.7	 Reliable Medical Insurance Solutions
		10.5.8	 Professional Recommendation Solutions with a Good Experience
		10.5.9	 Follow-Up Care Service for Patients Automatically
	10.6	 Comparison Between the Centralized Telemedicine System and the Blockchain-Based Telemedicine System
	10.7	 Proposed Framework for the Integration of Blockchain with Telemedicine
		10.7.1	 Background or Literature View
		10.7.2	 Proposed Framework
	10.8	 Case Studies
		10.8.1	 Medicalchain [22]
		10.8.2	 HealPoint [23]
	10.9	 Research Challenges in Integration of Blockchain with Telemedicine
		10.9.1	 Adoption of Blockchain by Various Organizations
		10.9.2	 Security Vulnerabilities of Smart Contracts
		10.9.3	 Large Medical Information and Rising Transaction Rates
		10.9.4	 Support for Cross-Platform Transaction Interoperability
	10.10	 Conclusion
	References
11: Security and Privacy issue in Telemedicine: Issues, Solutions, and Standards
	11.1	 Introduction
		11.1.1	 Cloud Computing Is Backbone for Telehealthcare System
		11.1.2	 Machine Learning in Healthcare
	11.2	 Literature Review
	11.3	 Network Security Attacks
	11.4	 Telemedicine Security Services and Their Application
	11.5	 Two-Factor Authentication Scheme for Telemedicine Systems
		11.5.1	 Limbasiya et al.’s (2017) Authentication Scheme
			11.5.1.1	 Registration Phase
			11.5.1.2	 Authentication Phase
			11.5.1.3	 Password Update
	11.6	 Conclusion
	References
12: Virtual Diet Counseling as an Integral Part of Telemedicine in COVID-19 Phases
	12.1	 Introduction
		12.1.1	 Telehealth
		12.1.2	 Telemedicine
		12.1.3	 COVID-19 and Economic Crisis
		12.1.4	 Lockdown Phases
		12.1.5	 Health Crisis due to COVID-19 in India
	12.2	 Methodology
	12.3	 Discussion
		12.3.1	 Role of Telehealth and Telemedicine in COVID-19 Outbreak in Indian Perspective
		12.3.2	 Importance of Diet in COVID-19 Pandemic
		12.3.3	 Initiatives by the Government of India on Telemedicine and Nutritional Awareness
		12.3.4	 Telemedicine Management in International Perspectives
		12.3.5	 Teleconsultation and Diet Consultation [19, 20]
		12.3.6	 The Basic Process for Telecommunication [21]
		12.3.7	 Web-Based Appointments
		12.3.8	 E-pharmacy
		12.3.9	 There Are a few Drawbacks of Internet Pharmacy [24]
		12.3.10 Role of Virtual Laboratory (E-Lab)
		12.3.11 Flow Chart of LIMS Technique
		12.3.12 International Telemedicine Companies and their Business/Sales [26]
		12.3.13 Indian Telemedicines Companies and Their Business [27]
		12.3.14 Quality Assurance of Teleconsultation of Following Parameters [21, 28]
			12.3.14.1	 Operational Management
			12.3.14.2	 Role of Doctors and Dietitians in COVID-19 Phases [29, 30]
			12.3.14.3	 Role of Nurses
			12.3.14.4	 Role of Functional Medicine Coach and Practitioners
			12.3.14.5	 Patients Records and Feedbacks [33]
			12.3.14.6	 Continuum Care
			12.3.14.7	 Growing Demand of Virtual Diet Consultation: A Clinical Evidence
		12.3.15 Significant Challenges in Telemedicine and Diet Consultations
	12.4	 Conclusion
	References
13: Telemedicine and Healthcare Ecosystem in India: A Review, Critique and Research Agenda
	13.1	 Introduction
	13.2	 A Blueprint of Telemedicine Adoption
	13.3	 Rationale and Significance of the Study
	13.4	 Objectives, Data and Methodology
	13.5	 Tabular Summary on Telemedicine: Review of literature
	13.6	 Strategic Implications and Key Discussions
	13.7	 Policy Imperatives
	13.8	 Concluding Remarks
	References
14: Methodologies for Improving the Quality and Safety of Telehealth Systems
	14.1	 Introduction
	14.2	 Literature Review
	14.3	 Tele-Based Healthcare Vs Conventional Method
	14.4	 Blockchain in Telemedicine
	14.5	 Methodology
		14.5.1	 Phase 1: User Registration Phase with Medical Registration Cloud
		14.5.2	 Phase 2: Doctor Registration Phase with Medical Registration Cloud
		14.5.3	 Phase 3: User Login Phase
		14.5.4	 Phase 4: Doctor Login Phase
		14.5.5	 Phase 5: User Treatment Plan Checking Phase
	14.6	 Conclusion
	References
15: Application of Bioinformatics in Telemedicine System
	15.1	 Introduction
	15.2	 Tele-Based Healthcare vs Conventional Method
	15.3	 Relation Between Bioinformatics, Telegenomics, Telemedicine, and Telegenetics
	15.4	 Tele-Based System Categories
		15.4.1	 Telediagnosis
		15.4.2	 Teleconsultation
		15.4.3	 Telenursing
		15.4.4	 Telerehabilitation
	15.5	 Telemedicine System Authentication
	15.6	 Telehealth: Database, Techniques, Approach
	15.7	 Challenges
	15.8	 Conclusions
	References
16: Role of Telemedicine in Children Health
	16.1	 Introduction
		16.1.1	 Telemedicine for the Health of the Children
	16.2	 Literature Review
	16.3	 Financial Impact of Telemedicine
		16.3.1	 Expenses
		16.3.2	 Return on Investment
		16.3.3	 Sustainability
	16.4	 Infrastructure for Paediatric Telemedicine
		16.4.1	 Equipment
		16.4.2	 Connection
		16.4.3	 Security and Privacy
	16.5	 Application Areas
		16.5.1	 Children with Medical Complexity (CMC)
		16.5.2	 Telemedicine for Asthma Management
		16.5.3	 Telemedicine for the Paediatric Trauma Patient
		16.5.4	 Telemedicine for Paediatric Cardiology
		16.5.5	 Use of Telemedicine in Paediatric Sleep
	16.6	 Case Studies
	16.7	 Research Challenges in Paediatric Telemedicine
		16.7.1	 Technological Barriers
		16.7.2	 Provider Issues
		16.7.3	 Patient Issues
		16.7.4	 Financial Issues
		16.7.5	 Credentialing and Licencing Barriers
		16.7.6	 Legal Issues
	16.8	 The Future
	16.9	 Conclusion
	References
17: Telemedicine: The Immediate and Long-Term Functionality Contributing to Treatment and Patient Guidance
	17.1	 Introduction
	17.2	 Types of Telemedicine
	17.3	 Positive and Negative Aspects of Telemedicine
		17.3.1	 The Positive Aspect of Telemedicine
		17.3.2	 Provision of Previously Unavailable Treatment
		17.3.3	 Provision of Previously Unavailable Treatment
		17.3.4	 The Negative Aspect of Telemedicine
	17.4	 Physician Perspective of Telemedicine
	17.5	 Patient Perspective of Telemedicine
		17.5.1	 Drawback from Patients
	17.6	 Current Scenario of Telemedicine
	17.7	 Limitations of Telemedicine
		17.7.1	 Limitations for Patients
		17.7.2	 Mission for Healthcare Worker/Providers
	17.8	 Future Prospective
	17.9	 Conclusion
	References
18: Web Application Based on Deep Learning for Detecting COVID-19 Using Chest X-Ray Images
	18.1	 Introduction
	18.2	 Literature Review
	18.3	 Methodology
		18.3.1	 Dataset
		18.3.2	 Preprocessing
		18.3.3	 ConvNet Models
		18.3.4	 Convolutional Layer
			18.3.4.1	 Pooling layer
			18.3.4.2	 Fully Connected Layer
				Training and Validation of the Model
	18.4	 Results and Discussion
		18.4.1	 Training and Testing
		18.4.2	 Confusion Matrix
		18.4.3	 Web Applicataion for Detecting COVID-19 Using Chest X-Ray Images
	18.5	 Conclusion
	References
19: Telemedicine in Healthcare System: A Discussion Regarding Several Practices
	19.1	 Introduction
	19.2	 Primary Components in Telemedicine
	19.3	 Key Elements Needed for Successful Telemedicine Program
		19.3.1	 Cooperative Tools
		19.3.2	 Protocols and Procedures
		19.3.3	 Scope of Services (SOS)
		19.3.4	 Secure Communication Method
		19.3.5	 Agreement Between Organization and Patients
		19.3.6	 Authentic Documentation
	19.4	 Review of Literature
	19.5	 A Modern Means of Telemedicine: E-Health
	19.6	 Applications of Telemedicine
		19.6.1	 Real-Time Consultation
			19.6.1.1	 Remote Patient Monitoring(Tele-Monitoring)
			19.6.1.2	 Store-and-Forward Practices
			19.6.1.3	 Discussion Between Masters and Essential Caregivers
			19.6.1.4	 Medical Imaging
			19.6.1.5	 Telemedicine Networks
			19.6.1.6	 Reaching Out to Patients
	19.7	 How Do Telehealth and Telemedicine Work?
	19.8	 Case Study: Apollo Hospital Using ICT Tools and VSAT
		19.8.1	 Objectives of the Study
		19.8.2	 History of Apollo Hospitals
		19.8.3	 Mode of Operation of Telemedicine
		19.8.4	 Challenges in Telemedicine
	19.9	 Conclusion
	References
20: Telemedicine: Present, Future and Applications
	20.1	 Introduction
	20.2	 Origin and History of Telemedicine
	20.3	 Advancements and Applications of Telemedicine
	20.4	 Future of Telemedicine
	References
21: Secure and Privacy Issues in Telemedicine: Issues, Solutions, and Standards
	21.1	 Introduction
	21.2	 Associated Work
	21.3	 Main Components of Telemedicine
		21.3.1	 Collaboration Software
		21.3.2	 Medical Peripherals
		21.3.3	 Workflow
		21.3.4	 Cloud-Based Services
	21.4	 Telemedicine Advantages and Disadvantages
	21.5	 Opportunities in Telemedicine
	21.6	 Challenges in Telemedicine
	21.7	 Security and Privacy Issues
		21.7.1	 User Authentication
		21.7.2	 Confidentiality and Integrity
		21.7.3	 Access Control
		21.7.4	 Data Ownership
		21.7.5	 Data Protection Policies
		21.7.6	 User Profiles
		21.7.7	 Misuse of Health Record of Patients
	21.8	 Security and Privacy Threats
		21.8.1	 Active Attacks
			21.8.1.1	 Masquerade
			21.8.1.2	 Modification of Messages
			21.8.1.3	 Denial of Service
		21.8.2	 Passive Attacks
			21.8.2.1	 Release of Message Content
			21.8.2.2	 Traffic Analysis
	21.9	 Security and Privacy Solutions
		21.9.1	 Enabled by Smart Card E-prescribing Systems That Protect Your Privacy
	21.10	 Conclusion
	References
22: Perception of Parents About Children’s Nutritional Counseling Through Telemedicine
	22.1	 Introduction
		22.1.1	 Child Malnutrition
		22.1.2	 Children Nutrition and SARS CoV-2 Infections
		22.1.3	 Urban and Rural Differences
		22.1.4	 Opportunities and Challenges of Telemedicine and Nutritional Awareness During COVID-19 Outbreak
	22.2	 Methodology
	22.3	 Results
		22.3.1	 Frequency and Percentage Analysis
		22.3.2	 Analysis of 8 Attributes Cum Themes Applied in Questionnaires and FGD
		22.3.3	 Focus Group Discussions Analysis
	22.4	 Discussion
		22.4.1	 FGD Process and Data Transcription
		22.4.2	 Nutritional Guidelines for Parents
	22.5	 Conclusion
	References
23: Telemedicine: A Future of Healthcare Sector in India
	23.1	 Introduction
	23.2	 Telehealth and Telemedicine
		23.2.1	 Telemedicine
		23.2.2	 Types of Telemedicine
		23.2.3	 History of Telemedicine
	23.3	 Telehealth Regulations
		23.3.1	 Benefits of Telemedicine
		23.3.2	 Shortcomings of Telemedicine
		23.3.3	 Researches on Telemedicine
		23.3.4	 Application of Telemedicine
	23.4	 Technologies for Telemedicine
	23.5	 Telemedicine in India
	23.6	 Telemedicine’s Perception in India
	23.7	 Humanization of Telemedicine
	23.8	 Future of Telemedicine in India
	23.9	 Conclusion
	References