Telecommunications engineer's reference book

Front Cover......Page 1
Telecommunications Engineer's Reference Book......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Table of Contents......Page 4
Foreword......Page 8
Preface......Page 10
Acknowledgements......Page 12
List of Contributors......Page 13
Chapter1. Statistical analysis......Page 16
 1.3 Averages......Page 18
 1.4 Dispersion from the average......Page 19
 1.7 Regression and correlation......Page 20
 1.8 Probability......Page 21
 1.9 Probability distributions......Page 22
 1.10 Sampling......Page 24
 1.11 Tests of significance......Page 25
 1.12 Bibliography......Page 26
Chapter2. Fourier analysis......Page 28
 2.1 Introduction......Page 30
 2.2 Generalised Fourier expansion......Page 31
 2.3 Fourier transforms......Page 33
 2.4 Discrete sequences......Page 34
 2.5 The discrete Fourier transform......Page 35
 2.7 The fast Fourier transform......Page 36
 2.8 Linear time-invariant digital systems......Page 37
 2.9 The inverse z-transform......Page 42
 2.10 Data truncation......Page 43
 2.12 References......Page 44
Chapter3. Queuing theory......Page 46
 3.1 Introduction......Page 48
 3.2 Models based on the exponential,Markov process and Markov chains......Page 50
 3.3 Transform methods......Page 53
 3.4 Queuing networks......Page 57
 3.5 Queuing models for multi-accesschannels......Page 60
 3.6 References......Page 62
Chapter4. Information theory......Page 64
 4.1 Introduction......Page 66
 4.2 Information capacity of a store......Page 67
 4.4 Mutual and self information......Page 68
 4.5 Discrete memoryless channels......Page 69
 4.6 Discrete channels with memory......Page 72
 4.7 Continuous channels......Page 74
 4.8 References......Page 76
Chapter5. Teletraffic theory......Page 78
 5.2 Single link models......Page 80
 5.3 Network models......Page 83
 5.4 Dynamic routeing strategies......Page 88
 5.5 Bibliography......Page 91
Chapter6. Electromagnetic waves......Page 92
 6.1 Principles......Page 94
 6.2 Generation of the electromagnetic wave......Page 98
 6.3 Reception of the electromagnetic wave......Page 103
 6.4 The space wave......Page 104
 6.5 The sky wave......Page 111
 6.6 The surface wave......Page 113
 6.7 References......Page 116
Chapter7. Optics and vision......Page 118
 7.3 Radiometry and photometry......Page 120
 7.4 Units of measurement......Page 121
 7.5 Instrumentation......Page 123
 7.7 Structure of the eye......Page 126
 7.8 The eye as an optical instrument......Page 127
 7.10 Interaction of light with matter......Page 128
 7.11 References......Page 130
Chapter8. Sound, speech and hearing......Page 132
 8.1 Sound waves......Page 134
 8.2 Decibels......Page 135
 8.3 Hearing......Page 136
 8.4 Speech and music......Page 139
 8.5 Acoustics......Page 141
 8.6 Psychoacoustics......Page 144
 8.7 References......Page 147
Chapter9. The Ionosphere and the Troposphere......Page 148
 9.2 Formation of the ionosphere and its morphology......Page 150
 9.3 Ionospheric effects on radio signals......Page 152
 9.4 Communication and monitoring systems relying on ionospheric propagation......Page 153
 9.5 Ionospheric probing techniques......Page 154
 9.6 Propagation prediction procedures......Page 157
 9.7 The troposphere......Page 158
 9.8 Survey of propagation modes in the troposphere......Page 159
 9.9 Tropospheric effects in space communications......Page 162
 9.10 Propagation and co-channel interference......Page 163
 9.12 References......Page 164
Chapter10. Signals and noise......Page 168
 10.2 Waveform and frequency......Page 170
 10.4 Examples of signals......Page 172
 10.5 Classification of signals......Page 173
 10.6 Signal representation......Page 174
 10.7 Distortion of signals......Page 175
 10.8 Types of noise......Page 177
 10.9 Noise units and measurements......Page 178
 10.11 Noise factor......Page 180
 10.12 Noise waveforms......Page 181
 10.13 Bibliography......Page 182
Chapter11. The telecommunications industry......Page 184
 11.2 The telecommunications model......Page 186
 11.3 The key players......Page 187
 11.4 Economic considerations......Page 193
 11.5 Services and technology......Page 196
 11.6 References......Page 201
Chapter12. Open systems interconnection reference model......Page 202
 12.2 OSI environment......Page 204
 12.3 Layered architecture......Page 205
 12.4 Additional layer elements......Page 209
 12.5 Specific OSI layers......Page 210
 12.6 Additional provisions......Page 211
Chapter13. Multiple access techniques......Page 214
 13.2 Queuing theory......Page 216
 13.3 Performance parameters......Page 217
 13.5 Pure contention systems......Page 218
 13.6 Contention minimisation systems......Page 221
 13.7 Non-contention systems......Page 226
 13.8 References......Page 234
Chapter14. Coding......Page 236
 14.2 Principles of ECC......Page 238
 14.3 Block coding......Page 239
 14.5 Cyclic codes......Page 241
 14.6 Convolutional codes......Page 244
 14.7 Encryption......Page 246
 14.8 Spread spectrum systems......Page 247
 14.9 References......Page 248
Chapter15. Telecommunication cables......Page 250
 15.2 Symmetric pair cables......Page 252
 15.3 Coaxial pair cables......Page 254
 15.5 Optical fibres......Page 258
 15.6 Optical fibre cables......Page 260
 15.7 Cable design......Page 262
 15.10 Future developments......Page 265
 15.14 Appendix 15.2......Page 266
 15.17 Appendix 15.5......Page 267
 15.18 Appendix 15.6......Page 268
Chapter16. Network management......Page 270
 16.2 Network management structure......Page 272
 16.3 Network management hierarchy......Page 273
 16.4 Network management functions......Page 274
 16.5 Trends in network management......Page 275
 16.6 The OSI model......Page 276
 16.7 OSI network management concepts......Page 280
 16.8 The Telecommunication ManagementNetwork......Page 283
 16.9 The Simple Network Management Protocol......Page 288
 16.10 Bibliography......Page 293
Chapter17. Antennas......Page 296
 17.1 Types of antennas......Page 298
 17.2 Basic properties......Page 299
 17.3 Generic antenna types......Page 300
 17.4 Specific antenna types......Page 303
 17.5 Antennas used in communication systems......Page 307
 17.6 References......Page 312
Chapter18. Analogue modulation......Page 314
 18.2 Amplitude modulation......Page 316
 18.3 Frequency and phase modulation......Page 320
 18.4 Pulse modulation......Page 325
 18.6 References......Page 329
Chapter19. Digital modulation......Page 330
 19.2 Digital transmission......Page 332
 19.3 Digital modulation of a carrier......Page 336
 19.4 Pulse code modulation......Page 340
 19.5 Differential pulse code modulation......Page 346
 19.6 Delta modulation......Page 348
 19.10 References......Page 350
Chapter20. Frequency division multiplexing......Page 352
 20.3 FDM hierarchy......Page 354
 20.4 Frequency translation......Page 356
 20.5 Carriers......Page 358
 20.6 Pilots......Page 359
 20.7 Noise contributions......Page 360
 20.8 Measurement of noise contributions......Page 365
 20.9 Overload......Page 366
 20.10 Hypothetical reference system......Page 367
 20.11 Companding......Page 368
 20.13 Transmultiplexers......Page 369
 20.14 Repeatered cable line equipment......Page 371
 20.15 References......Page 373
Chapter21. Time division multiplexing......Page 374
 21.1 General definition......Page 376
 21.2 Digital time division multiplex structure......Page 377
 21.3 The digital hierarchy levels......Page 378
 21.4 The T carrier framing and coding formats......Page 379
 21.5 The CEPT PCM-30 framing format......Page 382
 21.6 T1 and PCM-30 alarms and error conditions......Page 383
 21.7 Coding schemes......Page 385
 21.8 Examples of digital network services......Page 387
 21.9 References......Page 389
Chapter22. Telecommunication standards......Page 390
 22.2 The standards making process......Page 392
 22.3 International standards organisations......Page 394
 22.4 European standards......Page 404
 22.5 USA standards organisations......Page 412
 22.8 Australian standards organisations......Page 415
 22.10 Bibliography......Page 416
Chapter23. Safety and EMC......Page 418
 23.3 Basic elements of telecom safety......Page 420
 23.4 Classical safety standards......Page 421
 23.5 Telecom safety considerations......Page 422
 23.6 EN 41003......Page 424
 23.7 Choice of relevant safety requirements......Page 425
 23.8 Documentation......Page 426
 23.9 Electromagnetic compatibility......Page 427
 23.10 EMC legislation and standards......Page 429
 23.11 Interference coupling mechanisms......Page 432
 23.12 Circuit design and layout......Page 433
 23.13 Shielding......Page 435
 23.14 Filtering......Page 437
 23.15 Cables and connectors......Page 441
 23.16 References......Page 443
Chapter24. Telecommunication power systems......Page 446
 24.2.2 Local power supplies......Page 448
 24.3 D.C. systems......Page 453
 24.4 Battery systems......Page 457
 24.5 Power supply distribution......Page 458
 24.11 Power plant accommodation......Page 459
 24.14 Future developments......Page 460
 24.15 References......Page 461
 24.16 Acknowledgement......Page 462
Chapter25. Software systems in telecommunications......Page 464
 25.2 Stages in the software lifecycle......Page 466
 25.3 Software design techniques......Page 468
 25.4 Lifecycle for each software design technique......Page 470
 25.5 Software simulation......Page 474
 25.6 Programming languages......Page 475
 25.7 Testing procedures......Page 477
 25.8 Software development environments......Page 479
 25.9 Software configuration management......Page 480
 25.10 Software cost estimating......Page 481
 25.12 References......Page 482
Chapter26. Radio spectrum management......Page 484
 26.2 Frequency assignment......Page 486
 26.3 International frequency allocation......Page 489
 26.4 International spectrum management......Page 490
 26.6 Efficient spectrum utilisation......Page 497
 26.7 References......Page 501
Chapter27. Radiowave propagation......Page 502
 27.2 The radio frequency spectrum......Page 504
 27.4 The propagation medium......Page 505
 27.6 High frequency skywave propagation......Page 507
 27.7 Terrestrial line of site propagation......Page 511
 27.8 Over the horizon transmissions......Page 514
 27.11 References......Page 515
Chapter28. Digital transmission......Page 518
 28.1 Design principles......Page 520
 28.2 Transmission error performance......Page 522
 28.3 Line codes......Page 526
 28.4 Clock extraction......Page 529
 28.5 Frame alignment......Page 533
 28.6 References......Page 536
Chapter29. Telephone networks......Page 538
 29.1 Introduction......Page 540
 29.2 Network architecture......Page 541
 29.4 Transmission......Page 545
 29.5 Integrated digital networks......Page 547
 29.7 Numbering and charging......Page 549
 29.8 Routing......Page 552
 29.9 Dimensioning......Page 553
 29.10 References......Page 556
Chapter30. Transmission planning......Page 558
 30.3 Typical service groups......Page 560
 30.4 End to end requirements......Page 561
 30.5 Meeting end to end requirements......Page 565
 30.6 Key influences on end to end performance......Page 566
 30.8 Example transmission plan......Page 568
 30.10 References......Page 571
Chapter31. Principles of switching systems......Page 572
 31.1 Introduction......Page 574
 31.2 Structure of telephone systems......Page 575
 31.3 Teletraffic......Page 579
 31.4 Analogue switching......Page 580
 31.5 Digital switching......Page 583
 31.6 Stored program control......Page 586
 31.7 Operational security......Page 587
 31.8 Bibliography......Page 588
Chapter32. Telephone exchanges......Page 590
 32.3 The TXE2 system......Page 592
 32.4 The TXE4 system......Page 593
 32.5 System 12 overview......Page 596
 32.6 System 12 architecture......Page 597
 32.8 The AXE system concept......Page 601
 32.9 AXE implementation......Page 603
 32.10 AXE applications and features......Page 606
 32.13 DMS Peripheral Modules (PM)......Page 608
 32.14 DMS-Core......Page 611
 32.17 DMS-Link......Page 612
 32.19 Further evolution with DMS......Page 613
Chapter33. Structured cabling systems and voice distribution frames......Page 614
 33.2 Structured cabling......Page 616
 33.3 System components......Page 617
 33.4 Network topology......Page 618
 33.6 System performance......Page 619
 33.7 Testing......Page 620
 33.9 Computer aided cable layout......Page 621
 33.11 Relevant standards......Page 623
Chapter34. PABX and key systems......Page 624
 34.1 Purpose of key systems and PABXs......Page 626
 34.2 PABX architecture......Page 627
 34.3 Trunk circuits......Page 628
 34.4 Private networking......Page 630
 34.6 Control and administration......Page 634
 34.8 Cordless PABX and key systems......Page 637
Chapter35. Centrex......Page 640
 35.2 Centrex services......Page 642
 35.3 Development of the Centrex market......Page 645
Chapter36. Call Management......Page 646
 36.3 Special needs......Page 648
 36.4 Call accounting......Page 650
 36.5 System interfaces......Page 651
 36.7 References......Page 652
Chapter37. Voice processing......Page 654
 37.1 The voice processing market......Page 656
 37.2 Anatomy of a voice processing system......Page 658
 37.3 Future directions......Page 661
 37.4 Bibliography......Page 662
Chapter38. Electronic data interchange......Page 664
 38.3 Messaging standards......Page 666
 38.4 Technical infrastructure......Page 668
 38.7 Security......Page 669
 38.9 Future trends......Page 670
Chapter39. Modems......Page 672
 39.2 Principles of operation......Page 674
 39.3 Modem standards......Page 676
 39.4 Types of modem......Page 680
 39.5 Typical modem features......Page 681
 39.6 Applications......Page 683
 39.7 References......Page 684
Chapter40. Multiplexers......Page 686
 40.2 Time Division Multiplexers......Page 688
 40.3 Statistical time division multiplexing......Page 691
 40.4 High order multiplexing......Page 693
 40.5 Multiplexing and packet switching......Page 694
 40.6 X.25 and OSI......Page 695
 40.7 Physical layer standards......Page 698
 40.8 Multiplexers in communications networks......Page 699
 40.9 The future of multiplexing......Page 701
 40.10 References......Page 703
Chapter41. Asynchronous Transfer Mode......Page 704
 41.3 ATM basic principles......Page 706
 41.4 Standards for ATM......Page 711
 41.5 Quality of service performance requirements......Page 721
 41.6 References......Page 723
Chapter42. The Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)......Page 724
 42.2 PDH deficiencies......Page 726
 42.3 The basis of SDH......Page 728
 42.4 The SDH standards......Page 731
 42.5 Control and management......Page 741
 42.6 SDH based networks......Page 742
 42.8 Future technologies......Page 749
 42.10 References......Page 750
Chapter43. Signalling systems......Page 752
 43.1 Analogue network signalling......Page 754
 43.2 Common channel signalling......Page 758
 43.3 Digital network signalling......Page 759
 43.4 References......Page 762
Chapter44. The Integrated Services Digital Network......Page 764
 44.3 ISDN services aspects......Page 766
 44.4 Network aspects......Page 768
 44.5 User/network interfaces......Page 769
 44.6 ISDN developments in the U.K.......Page 773
 44.8 Broadband ISDN......Page 776
 44.9 Bibliography......Page 780
Chapter45. Radio paging......Page 782
 45.3 Frequency allocations......Page 784
 45.5 On site paging......Page 785
 45.6 Large on site systems......Page 787
 45.7 Wide area paging......Page 790
 45.8 Paging receiver design......Page 792
 45.10 Pan-European systems......Page 796
 45.11 Indirect satellite paging......Page 798
 45.12 Bibliography......Page 799
Chapter46. PMR and trunked radio systems......Page 800
 46.2 PMR systems......Page 802
 46.3 Trunked mobile radio......Page 804
 46.4 Band III......Page 805
 46.6 Transmission standards......Page 807
 46.7 Analogue signalling......Page 808
 46.8 Data transmission......Page 809
 46.11 References......Page 812
Chapter47. Cellular radio systems......Page 814
 47.2 Principles of operation......Page 816
 47.3 Radio planning......Page 818
 47.4 Overview of systems......Page 820
 47.5 Detailed description of GSM......Page 822
 47.6 Services......Page 827
 47.7 Future developments......Page 829
 47.9 References......Page 830
Chapter48. Personal communications networks......Page 832
 48.3 PCN definition......Page 834
 48.5 Call set up......Page 835
 48.6 Planning a PCN......Page 836
 48.7 Mobility......Page 838
 48.8 Radio channel coding......Page 839
 48.9 PCN base station design......Page 840
 48.10 Microcells......Page 842
 48.11 Bibliography......Page 843
Chapter49. Cordless telecommunications......Page 844
 49.2 Digital technology......Page 846
 49.3 CT2/CAI digital specification......Page 847
 49.4 DECT digital specification......Page 851
 49.5 References......Page 856
Chapter50. Line of sight radio systems......Page 858
 50.1 Microwave system path design considerations......Page 860
 50.2 Short haul and millimetre path design......Page 864
 50.3 Digital and analogue microwave systems......Page 867
 50.4 System specification and equipment design......Page 871
Chapter51. Communication satellites and systems......Page 876
 51.2 International regulations......Page 878
 51.3 Spacecraft technology......Page 880
 51.4 The communication chain......Page 885
 51.6 Satellite systems......Page 890
 51.7 Future developments......Page 893
 51.9 References......Page 894
 51.10 Bibliography......Page 895
Chapter52. Point to multipoint urban and rural radio......Page 896
 52.2 Urban multipoint systems......Page 898
 52.3 Rural multipoint systems......Page 902
 52.4 Economics of urban and rural systems......Page 906
 52.5 References......Page 907
 52.6 Bibliography......Page 909
Chapter53. Fibre optic communications......Page 910
 53.1 Principles of light transmission......Page 912
 53.2 Optical sources......Page 918
 53.3 Optical detectors......Page 923
 53.4 Optical receivers and transmitters......Page 927
 53.5 Optical system design......Page 931
 53.6 Applications of fibre optic communications......Page 933
 53.7 The future of fibre networks......Page 934
Chapter54. Packet switching......Page 936
 54.1 History and underlying concepts......Page 938
 54.2 Packet switched call......Page 939
 54.3 The packet switched network......Page 940
 54.4 Packet switching and the OSI model......Page 942
 54.6 Routeing over packet switched networks......Page 947
Chapter55. Fast packet switching......Page 952
 55.2 Frame Relay......Page 954
 55.3 Cell Relay......Page 957
 55.4 Conclusions......Page 960
 55.5 References......Page 961
Chapter56. Local and Wide Area Networking......Page 962
 56.2 Network development......Page 964
 56.3 Digital networks......Page 965
 56.4 Development of Local Area Networks (LANs)......Page 967
 56.5 Internetworking devices......Page 972
 56.6 LAN/WAN challenge for the 1990s......Page 977
 56.7 Acknowledgement......Page 978
Chapter57. Video transmission......Page 980
 57.2 Television transmission......Page 982
 57.3 Cable distribution systems......Page 996
 57.4 Digital video coding......Page 1002
 57.5 Videophony and videoconferencing......Page 1008
 57.6 References......Page 1013
Chapter58. Telephones and headsets......Page 1016
 58.3 Telephone transmitters......Page 1018
 58.4 Telephone receivers......Page 1019
 58.5 Telephone handset design......Page 1020
 58.6 Telephone transmission performance......Page 1021
 58.7 Signalling......Page 1023
 58.8 Loudspeaking telephones......Page 1025
 58.13 Headset technical considerations......Page 1026
 58.14 The growing need for headsets......Page 1027
 58.16 Headset design criteria......Page 1028
Chapter59. Telex communications......Page 1030
 59.3 Telex signalling......Page 1032
 59.5 Telex protocol......Page 1034
 59.7 References......Page 1035
Chapter60. Facsimile transmission......Page 1036
 60.2 Facsimile types......Page 1038
 60.4 G3 facsimile equipment......Page 1040
 60.5 64kbit/s facsimile equipment......Page 1047
 60.6 G3 networks, switches, gateways and PC fax.......Page 1049
 60.8 Bibliography......Page 1050
Chapter61. Telecommunication system measurements......Page 1052
 61.2 Interface measurements......Page 1054
 61.3 Error performance measurements......Page 1058
 61.4 Data communications network measurement......Page 1063
 61.5 ISDN test equipment......Page 1067
 61.6 Introduction to cellular radio......Page 1072
 61.7 Analogue cellular test equipment......Page 1073
 61.8 Digital cellular test equipment......Page 1074
 61.10 The radio path or Physical Layer(Layer 1)......Page 1075
 61.14 Test set up configurations......Page 1081
 61.15 References......Page 1083
Chapter62. Glossary......Page 1084
 62.2 Acronyms......Page 1086
 62.3 Glossary of terms......Page 1101
INDEX......Page 1116