Teeth (Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology)

HALF-TITLE......Page 2
SERIES-TITLE......Page 3
TITLE......Page 4
COPYRIGHT......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 6
FIGURES......Page 9
TABLES......Page 13
PREFACE......Page 14
INTRODUCTION......Page 16
What is included......Page 22
General structure......Page 23
Jaws, teeth and dentitions......Page 24
Form, function and identification......Page 28
Henry Fairfield Osborn and the tritubercular theory......Page 29
Bunodont molars......Page 32
Intermediate forms in the rodents......Page 33
Order Marsupialia......Page 34
Family Talpidae......Page 35
Family Soricidae......Page 40
Family Macroscelididae......Page 41
Suborder Microchiroptera......Page 44
Family Vespertilionidae......Page 45
Family Molossidae......Page 47
Family Nycteridae......Page 49
Family Desmodontidae......Page 52
Family Pteropodidae......Page 55
Order Primates......Page 57
Family Hominidae......Page 59
Order Carnivora......Page 60
Family Canidae......Page 62
Family Mustelidae......Page 66
Family Felidae......Page 72
Family Ursidae......Page 75
Family Procyonidae......Page 77
Order Pinnipedia......Page 78
Subfamily Phocinae......Page 80
Family Odobenidae......Page 82
Family Ziphiidae......Page 84
Family Physteridae......Page 85
Family Delphinidae......Page 86
Order Rodentia......Page 88
Family Muridae......Page 90
Subfamily Hesperomyinae......Page 93
Subfamily Gerbillinae......Page 94
Subfamily Myospalacinae......Page 100
Family Dipodidae......Page 106
Family Geomyidae......Page 110
Family Hystricidae......Page 113
Family Castoridae......Page 114
Family Aplodontidae......Page 115
Family Sciuridae......Page 117
Family Hydrochaeridae......Page 122
Order Lagomorpha......Page 125
Order Edentata and Order Pholidota......Page 126
Family Dasypodidae......Page 129
Family Megatheriidae......Page 130
Order Proboscidea......Page 132
Family Elephantidae......Page 133
Family Dugongidae......Page 135
Family Trichechidae......Page 136
Order Perissodactyla......Page 137
Family Tapiridae......Page 138
Family Rhinocerotidae......Page 139
Family Equidae......Page 141
Family Suidae......Page 143
Family Tayassuidae......Page 144
Suborder Ruminantia (Pecora)......Page 147
Family Cervidae......Page 153
Subfamilies Antilopinae and Caprinae......Page 155
Family Camelidae......Page 158
Conclusions......Page 160
Calcium phosphate minerals and their preservation......Page 161
Collagen......Page 163
Enamel protein......Page 164
Trace element studies......Page 165
Preservation of DNA......Page 166
Isotopes and dental tissues......Page 167
Policy on taking samples for analysis or sectioning......Page 169
Amelogenesis, the formation of enamel......Page 170
The prismatic structure of mature enamel......Page 171
Enamel preservation......Page 173
Incremental structures in enamel......Page 174
Variation in the brown striae of Retzius......Page 179
Enamel incremental structures and archaeology......Page 181
Hereditary defects......Page 183
Developmental defects of enamel......Page 184
The course of the prisms through the enamel......Page 191
Organisation of enamel structure in different mammals......Page 193
Incisor enamel in rodents......Page 195
Rodent molar enamel......Page 198
Composition and structural components of dentine......Page 199
Formation of dentine......Page 200
The structure of dentine......Page 201
Dentine preservation......Page 204
Dentine incremental structures......Page 206
Composition and structural components of cement......Page 208
Formation of cement......Page 209
Types of cement......Page 210
Incremental structures in cement......Page 211
Resorption of root and crown......Page 213
Sectioning......Page 214
Cameras and scanners......Page 216
Conventional transmitted light microscopes......Page 217
Formation of images in the light microscopy......Page 218
Scanning electron microscopy......Page 220
Conclusion......Page 221
Growth......Page 222
Tooth growth......Page 223
Age determination from tooth growth......Page 225
Initial eruption and establishment of the periodontium......Page 226
Dental age......Page 227
The dentition after initial eruption......Page 228
Tooth wear......Page 229
Recording wear......Page 230
Determining age from wear......Page 231
Crown height methods......Page 232
Patterns of dental wear......Page 233
Microwear......Page 234
Age estimation from dental development, eruption and wear in different orders of mammals......Page 238
Humans......Page 240
Sheep and goats......Page 244
Cattle......Page 247
Pigs......Page 248
Cervidae......Page 249
Other Artiodactyla......Page 252
Horses......Page 255
Carnivores......Page 256
Insectivores......Page 258
Marine mammals......Page 260
Land mammals......Page 264
Archaeological applications......Page 267
Secondary dentine deposition......Page 268
Root dentine sclerosis......Page 269
Conclusion......Page 270
Genetics, development and morphology......Page 272
Archaeological assemblages and living populations......Page 274
Measurement of teeth......Page 275
Definitions of measurements......Page 276
Relationships between teeth......Page 279
Field and clone theory......Page 280
Dental asymmetry......Page 281
Sexual dimorphism......Page 282
Dental reduction in human evolution......Page 284
Domestication......Page 285
Inheritance of non-metrical variation......Page 287
Recording non-metrical dental variation......Page 289
Morphological variation of teeth in the Hominoidea......Page 290
Morphological variation of teeth in other mammals......Page 294
Occlusion and malocclusion......Page 296
Conclusion......Page 299
Dental plaque......Page 301
Dental calculus......Page 303
Dental caries......Page 305
Coronal caries......Page 306
Root surface caries......Page 307
Gross caries......Page 308
The histology of caries......Page 309
Counting carious lesions......Page 310
The distribution of caries......Page 312
Immunity and inflammation......Page 318
Periodontal disease......Page 319
Periapical inflammation......Page 322
More widespread inflammatory lesions......Page 325
Patterns of bone loss in the alveolar process......Page 326
Trauma......Page 329
Anomalies of eruption, resorptions and abrasions......Page 330
Cysts, odontomes and tumours......Page 331
Conclusion – palaeoepidemiology and recording......Page 332
APPENDIX A THE GRANT DENTAL ATTRITION AGE ESTIMATION METHOD......Page 334
REFERENCES......Page 338
INDEX......Page 379