Technology of Lunar Soft Lander

Foreword By Fanpei Lei
Foreword By Peijian Ye
Preface I
Preface II
Contents
Acronyms
1 Introduction
	1.1 Significance of and General Approaches to Lunar Exploration
		1.1.1 Significance of Lunar Exploration
		1.1.2 General Approaches to Lunar Exploration
	1.2 Status of Lunar Lander Technology Development Outside China
		1.2.1 Development of Lunar Lander Technology in the Soviet Union [1, 14]
		1.2.2 Development of Lunar Lander Technology in the United States [1, 6−13]
	1.3 China’s Lunar Exploration Program
		1.3.1 General Plan of CLEP
		1.3.2 Brief Information on Chang’E Probes
	1.4 Technical Challenges to Development of Lunar Lander [5, 14, 16]
	1.5 Summary
	References
2 Environment Analysis of Lunar Soft Landing Exploration
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Lunar Radiation Environment
		2.2.1 Galactic Cosmic Rays
		2.2.2 Solar Energetic Particles
		2.2.3 Plasma Environment in Lunar Orbit
	2.3 Lunar Thermal Environment
		2.3.1 Solar Radiation
		2.3.2 Lunar Albedo
		2.3.3 Lunar Radiation
		2.3.4 Earth Albedo
		2.3.5 Earth Radiation
	2.4 Lunar Landform and Topography
		2.4.1 Lunar Landform
		2.4.2 Lunar Topography
	2.5 Lunar Soil and Dust
		2.5.1 Physical Properties
		2.5.2 Mechanical Properties
		2.5.3 Electromagnetic Properties
	2.6 Other Lunar Environments
		2.6.1 Lunar Gravity
		2.6.2 Near Vacuum Environment of the Moon
		2.6.3 Illumination Environment on the Lunar Surface
	2.7 Summary
	References
3 System Design of Lunar Lander
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Principles of System Design
	3.3 Mission Analysis
		3.3.1 Analysis of Mission Characteristics
		3.3.2 Analysis of Landing Site
		3.3.3 Analysis of Flight Profile
		3.3.4 Analysis of Environment Effects
		3.3.5 Analysis of Payload Configuration
	3.4 Trajectory Design
		3.4.1 Overview of Flight Profile
		3.4.2 Constraints of Trajectory Design
		3.4.3 Determination of Landing Window
		3.4.4 Analysis of Circumlunar Orbit
		3.4.5 Determination of LTO
		3.4.6 Analysis of Launch Window
	3.5 System Components and Specifications
		3.5.1 System Components
		3.5.2 Major System Specifications
		3.5.3 Propellant Budget
	3.6 System Configuration Design
		3.6.1 Design Principles
		3.6.2 System Configuration
	3.7 Planning of TT&C Link
	3.8 Design of Powered Descent and Soft Landing
		3.8.1 Initial Status and Setup of Powered Descent
		3.8.2 Process of Powered Descent and Soft Landing
		3.8.3 Landing Cushion
		3.8.4 Downloading of Descent Images
	3.9 Analysis and Simulation of Landing Stability
	3.10 Summary
	References
4 Structure and Mechanism Technology of Lunar Lander
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Structural and Mechanism Features of Lunar Lander
		4.2.1 Structural Features of Lunar Lander
		4.2.2 Mechanism Features of Lunar Lander
	4.3 Design and Verification of Lunar Lander Structure
		4.3.1 Structural Design
		4.3.2 Structural Analysis of Lunar Lander
		4.3.3 Structural Tests of Lunar Lander
	4.4 Mechanism Design and Verification of Lunar Lander
		4.4.1 Solar Panel Mechanism
		4.4.2 Separation Mechanism for Lunar Rover
		4.4.3 Transfer Mechanism for Lunar Rover
	4.5 Summary
	References
5 Thermal Control Technology of Lunar Lander
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Current Status of Thermal Control Technology
	5.3 Thermal Technical Characteristics
		5.3.1 Design Constraints
		5.3.2 Technical Characteristics
	5.4 Design Methodology
		5.4.1 Principles of Thermal Design
		5.4.2 Design of Thermal Control
		5.4.3 Thermal Analysis and Calculation
	5.5 Typical Technologies
		5.5.1 Variable Thermal Conductive Technology
		5.5.2 Protection Technology for High-Temperature Engine
		5.5.3 RHU Application Technology
		5.5.4 Two-Phase Fluid Loop Technology
	5.6 Testing and Verification
		5.6.1 Thermal Balance Test of Lunar Lander
		5.6.2 VCHP Test
		5.6.3 Vacuum Thermal Insulation Testing of High-Temperature Heat Shield
		5.6.4 Two-Phase Fluid Loop Test
		5.6.5 Flight Testing on Orbit
	5.7 Summary
	References
6 Power Technology of Lunar Lander
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Status of Power Supply Technology Development
	6.3 Mission Requirements and Characteristics
		6.3.1 Functional Requirements
		6.3.2 Performance Requirements
		6.3.3 Mission Characteristics and Analysis
	6.4 Design Methodology
		6.4.1 Design Principles
		6.4.2 Illumination Conditions
		6.4.3 Lightweight Design
		6.4.4 Analysis of Space Environmental Effects
		6.4.5 Energy Balance Analysis
		6.4.6 Analysis of Power System Architecture
	6.5 Typical Technology
		6.5.1 Design of Power Controller
		6.5.2 Design of Battery Pack
		6.5.3 Design of Solar Cell Circuits
		6.5.4 Design of Hibernation and Awakening Control
		6.5.5 Power Supply Reuse Between Probes
	6.6 Testing and Verification
		6.6.1 Contents of Verification
		6.6.2 Verification of Hibernation and Awakening
		6.6.3 Verification of Large Incident Angle for Solar Cells
		6.6.4 Extreme Temperature Verification of Solar Cells Performance
	6.7 Summary
	References
7 Guidance, Navigation and Control Technology of Lunar Lander
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Development of GNC Technology
	7.3 Analysis of Technical Characteristics
	7.4 Design Methodology
		7.4.1 System Configuration
		7.4.2 Operational Modes
		7.4.3 Component Design
		7.4.4 Software Design [7]
		7.4.5 Autonomous Failure Diagnosis and Handling Logic Design
	7.5 Typical Technology
		7.5.1 Procedure of GNC Powered Descent Phase [8]
		7.5.2 Powered Descent Trajectory Design
		7.5.3 Navigation Method for Powered Descent Phase
		7.5.4 Guidance Law Design of Powered Descent Process
		7.5.5 Hazard Detection and Safe Landing Area Selection Method [9]
		7.5.6 Attitude Control Method for Powered Descent Process [10]
	7.6 Testing and Verification
		7.6.1 Key Navigation Sensors Calibration
		7.6.2 GNC Subsystem Flight Testing
		7.6.3 Hardware-in-the-Loop Test [11]
	7.7 Summary
	References
8 Propulsion Technology of Lunar Lander
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Development Status [2, 3]
	8.3 Design Constraints and Analysis
		8.3.1 Configurational Constraints
		8.3.2 Functional Requirements
		8.3.3 Technical Specification Requirements [4]
		8.3.4 Flight Environment
		8.3.5 Long-Term Storage Environment on Lunar Surface
	8.4 Propulsion Subsystem Design [5–7]
		8.4.1 Fundamental Design Conditions
		8.4.2 Determination of Major Specifications of Propulsion Subsystem
		8.4.3 Design of Propellant Feed System [4]
		8.4.4 Electronics Design of Propulsion Subsystem
		8.4.5 AIT Design of Propulsion Subsystem
		8.4.6 Major Components Design for Propulsion Subsystem
		8.4.7 Ground Test and Propellant Filling of Propulsion Subsystem
	8.5 Testing and Verification of Propulsion Subsystem
		8.5.1 Subsystem Ground Hot Firing
		8.5.2 Throttling Engine Test
		8.5.3 Propellant Tank Test
		8.5.4 Long-Term Pressure-Bearing Storage Test of Gas Tank
		8.5.5 Propellant Filling Test
	8.6 Summary
	References
9 OBDH Technology of Lunar Lander
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Development Status
	9.3 Analysis of Technical Characteristics
		9.3.1 Mission Analysis
		9.3.2 Constraints
	9.4 Design Methodology
		9.4.1 Principles of Design
		9.4.2 System Architecture and Configuration
		9.4.3 Miniaturized and Integrated System Design
		9.4.4 Bus Network Design
		9.4.5 Information Management Design
		9.4.6 Design of Spacecraft Autonomous Management
		9.4.7 Reliable Design of Highly-Integrated and Lightweight Devices
		9.4.8 Software Design
	9.5 Testing and Verification
		9.5.1 Simulation and Test Environment for OBDH Subsystem
		9.5.2 Content of Verification
	9.6 Summary
	References
10 TT&C and Telecommunication Technology of Lunar Lander
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Development Status
	10.3 Analysis of Technical Characteristics
		10.3.1 Requirements
		10.3.2 Mission Characteristics
		10.3.3 Design Constraints
	10.4 Design of Telemetry/Telecommand and Telecommunication Technology
		10.4.1 Overview
		10.4.2 Design Method
		10.4.3 Telemetry/Telecommand and Telecommunication of Lunar Lander to Ground
		10.4.4 Telecommunication Between Lunar Lander and Lunar Rover
	10.5 Testing and Verification
		10.5.1 Compact Field Test
		10.5.2 Testing of Interface to Ground System
		10.5.3 UHF Field Test
	10.6 Summary
	References
11 Landing Gear Technology of Lunar Lander
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Development Status
	11.3 Configuration and Technical Features of Landing Gear System
	11.4 Common Cushion Methods and Their Features
		11.4.1 Cellular Material Deformation
		11.4.2 Deformation of Thin-Walled Metal Tube
		11.4.3 Hydraulic Damping
		11.4.4 Tensile Deformation of Special Material
	11.5 Design of Landing Gear Mechanism
		11.5.1 Requirements Analysis
		11.5.2 Design and Simulation
	11.6 Testing and Verification
		11.6.1 Performance Verification of Cushion Material
		11.6.2 Friction Test of Deployment and Cushion
		11.6.3 Performance Testing of Lunar Surface Sensing Probe
		11.6.4 Cushion Performance Test and Verification of Single Set of Landing Gear Mechanism
		11.6.5 Simulation Verification of Combined Cushion Performance for Landing Gear Subsystem
	11.7 Summary
	References
12 Integration and Assembly Technology of Lunar Lander
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Development Status
	12.3 Characteristics of System Integration and Assembly
		12.3.1 Task Analysis
		12.3.2 Features of Assembly Technology
	12.4 Design of System Integration and Assembly
		12.4.1 Design of Systematic Assembly Process
		12.4.2 Planning of Technological Equipment
		12.4.3 Planning of Process Test
		12.4.4 Design of Technical Process Flow
		12.4.5 Digital Assembly Simulation
	12.5 Typical Application of System Integration and Assembly
		12.5.1 Propulsion Subsystem Assembly
		12.5.2 Instrument Assembly
		12.5.3 Cable Assembly
		12.5.4 Structural Assembly
		12.5.5 Mechanism Assembly
		12.5.6 Assembly of Thermal Control Unit
		12.5.7 Turnover and Attitude Adjustment of Lunar Lander
		12.5.8 Lifting of Lunar Lander
		12.5.9 Transshipment and Transportation of Lunar Lander
		12.5.10 Assembly of Radioisotope
		12.5.11 Reassembly at Launch Site
	12.6 Summary
	References
13 Metrology Technology of Lunar Lander
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Development Status of Metrology Technology
	13.3 Technical Characteristics Analysis of Metrology Technology
	13.4 Application of Special Measurement Technology
		13.4.1 Normal Direction Measurement of Ranging and Speedometer Antenna End-Surface Based on Common Point Transformation
		13.4.2 Laser Scanning for Interface Ring Based on General USMN Adjustment
		13.4.3 High Accuracy and Automated Leak Test of Propulsion Subsystem
		13.4.4 Quick Leak Positioning Technology for Propulsion Subsystem
		13.4.5 Mass Property Test of Lunar Lander with Multiple DOF Transformation
		13.4.6 Testing Data Correction Technology for Propellant Load
		13.4.7 Integrated Mass Center Parameter Correction Technology by Propellant and Ballast
	13.5 Summary
	References
14 Electrical Testing Technology of Lunar Lander
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Development Status
	14.3 Requirements and Technical Characteristics
		14.3.1 Requirements
		14.3.2 Technical Characteristics
	14.4 Electrical Testing Plan
		14.4.1 Testing Process
		14.4.2 Testing Mode
		14.4.3 Design of Test Coverage
		14.4.4 Test Data Analysis Technology
	14.5 Ground Test System
		14.5.1 Ground Power Supply
		14.5.2 Information Flow Between Lunar Lander and Ground Equipment
		14.5.3 Configuration of Ground Test System
		14.5.4 Verification of Ground Test Equipment
	14.6 Electrical Testing Methodology
		14.6.1 Tests
		14.6.2 Flight Simulation Test for All Mission Phases
		14.6.3 Flight Simulation Test for Powered Descent Phase
		14.6.4 Test of Communication Function Between the Lunar Lander and the Lunar Rover
		14.6.5 Function Test of Hibernation and Awakening
	14.7 Summary
	References
15 System Testing and Validation Technology of Lunar Lander
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Development Status
		15.2.1 System Test Implemented in the United States
		15.2.2 System Test Implemented in the Soviet Union
	15.3 Requirement
		15.3.1 Principles of Test Planning
		15.3.2 Validation Requirements
	15.4 Hovering, Obstacle Avoidance and Slow Descent Tests
		15.4.1 Test Objective
		15.4.2 Test Constraints and Methodology
		15.4.3 Design of Test System
		15.4.4 Test Example
	15.5 Landing Impact Tests
		15.5.1 Test Objective
		15.5.2 Test Constraints and Methodology
		15.5.3 Design of Test System
		15.5.4 Test Example
	15.6 Landing Stability Tests
		15.6.1 Test Objective
		15.6.2 Test Constraints and Methodology
		15.6.3 Design of Test System
		15.6.4 Test Example
	15.7 Test of Engine Thrust Pulsation Effect on GNC Sensors
		15.7.1 Test Objective
		15.7.2 Test Constraints and Methodology
		15.7.3 Design of Test System
		15.7.4 Test Example
	15.8 Joint Firing Test of Throttling Engine and GNC CCU
		15.8.1 Test Objective
		15.8.2 Test Constraints and Methodology
		15.8.3 Design of Test System
	15.9 Test of Plume Effect on Thermal Control
		15.9.1 Test Objective
		15.9.2 Test Constraints and Methodology
		15.9.3 Design of Test System
		15.9.4 Test Example
	15.10 Summary
	References
16 Scientific Instrument Technology of Lunar Lander
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Development Status
		16.2.1 Instruments on Surveyor Lunar Landers and Major Achievements
		16.2.2 Instruments on Luna Probes and Major Achievements
	16.3 Requirements
		16.3.1 Requirements for Scientific Exploration
		16.3.2 Requirements for Engineering Measurement
		16.3.3 Analysis of Target Feature
	16.4 Design Principles
		16.4.1 Scientific Instrument Configuration
		16.4.2 Engineering Instrument Configuration
		16.4.3 Functions, Performances and Implementation
	16.5 Calibration and Special Testing
		16.5.1 Calibration and Special Testing of Descent Camera
		16.5.2 Calibration and Special Testing of Morphology Camera
		16.5.3 Calibration and Special Testing of LUT
		16.5.4 Calibration and Special Testing of EUV Camera
		16.5.5 Calibration and Special Testing of Monitoring Camera
		16.5.6 Calibration and Special Testing of Lunar Dust Detector
	16.6 Summary
	References
17 Future Prospects of Lunar Lander Technology
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Trends in Future Development of Lunar Exploration
	17.3 New Challenges for Lunar Lander Technology
	References
Appendix