Technological Advancement in Mechanical and Automotive Engineering: Proceeding of International Conference in Mechanical Engineering Research 2021

Preface
Contents
Automotive Technology
Finite Element Analysis of Automotive Door Hinge
	1 Introduction
	2 Finite Element Analysis of Door Hinge
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Graphene as an Alternative Additive in Automotive Cooling System
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Graphene
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Preparation of Graphene Nanofluid
		3.2 Measurement of Thermophysical Properties
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Thermal Conductivity and Effusivity
		4.2 Density
		4.3 Viscosity
		4.4 Specific Heat Capacity
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Review on Torque Performance for Different Type of Carrier Fluid in Magnetorheological Brake
	1 Introduction
	2 Carrier Fluid
		2.1 MR Fluid
		2.2 MR Grease
	3 Improvement of Rheological Properties
		3.1 Magnetic Particle
		3.2 Additives
	4 Conclusion
	References
Study of Engine Performance, Emission and Combustion of Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) Mode Engine
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Methodology
		2.1 Fuel Preparation
		2.2 Engine Specification
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Pressure in Cylinder
		3.2 Torque
		3.3 Power
		3.4 Exhaust Gas Temperature
		3.5 Emission
	4 Conclusion
	References
Effect of Primary Reference Fuel on Reactivity-Controlled Compression Ignition Engine Emission Produce
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Engine Laboratory Design
		2.2 Operating Conditions
		2.3 Fuel Properties
		2.4 Reliability Test
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Emission
	4 Conclusion
	References
Emission Characteristics Effect on Rice Bran Oil Enriched with Diesel Fuel on Compression Ignition Engine
	1 Introduction
	2 Application Rice Bran Oil (RBO) in Compression Ignition (CI) Engine
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Experimental Setup
	4 Emission Analysis
		4.1 Carbon Monoxide (CO)
		4.2 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
		4.3 Hydrocarbon (HC)
		4.4 Nitrogen Oxide (NOx)
	5 Conclusion
	References
The Performance of Beta Type Stirling Engine Using Different Fuel
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Geometrical Specifications
		2.2 Kinematic Evaluation
		2.3 Working Fluid
		2.4 Heat Source
		2.5 Thermodynamics Cycle Evaluation
		2.6 Ideal Adiabatic Analysis
		2.7 Schmidt Analysis
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Data Tabulation of Research Outcome
		3.2 Research Outcome with Graphical Illustration
	4 Conclusion
	References
Dual Fuel Soy Biodiesel and Natural Gas Swirl Combustion for Toxic Emissions Reduction
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup
	3 Results and Discussions
	4 Conclusions
	References
Design and Analysis of Composite Materials for Vehicle Engine Mount
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology and Experimental Setup
		2.1 Conceptual Design
		2.2 Materials
	3 Result and Discussions
		3.1 Structural Analysis
		3.2 Random Vibration Analysis
		3.3 Explicit Analysis
		3.4 Static Deflection
		3.5 Weight of Mounts
		3.6 Equations
		3.7 Discussions
	4 Conclusion and Recommendation
	References
Experimental Investigation of a Diesel Engine Using Waste Plastic Oil Blends
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Engine Setup
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Performances of WPO Blends
		3.2 Emission Characteristics of WPO Blends
	4 Conclusion
	References
Biocrude Potential Assessment of Macroalgae for Sustainable Biofuel Production
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background
		1.2 Classification and Distribution of Seaweeds
		1.3 Different Conversion Process
		1.4 Significance of Biocrude and Hydrothermal Liquefaction Process
	2 Experimental Methodology
		2.1 Study Area and Macroalgae Collection
		2.2 Estimation of Biocrude Yield
	3 Results
		3.1 Biocrude Content of Red Seaweed
		3.2 Biocrude Content of Brown Seaweed
		3.3 Biocrude Content of Green Seaweed
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
		5.1 Significance of the Study
		5.2 Limitations
		5.3 Future Scope
	References
Advanced Fluid
Thermal–Hydraulic Performance of Water: Ethylene Glycol Mixture Through Guide-Vane Swirl Generator: A Numerical Simulation
	1 Introduction
	2 Numerical Modeling
		2.1 Governing Equations
		2.2 Parameter Definitions
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Photodegradation of Biobased Oils Polymer Blended with High Density Polyethylene upon Ultraviolet Irradiation Exposure
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Instruments and Process
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Effects of Solvents on ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesis via Sol–gel Method
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental
		2.1 Preparation of ZnO
		2.2 Characterization Methods
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 XRD Analysis
		3.2 FESEM and EDX Analysis
	4 Conclusions
	References
A Comparative Study and ANSYS Simulation on Thermal Performance of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Operated with Al2O3-Water and TiO2-Water Nanofluids
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Research Overview
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Specification of Heat Exchanger
		2.2 Meshing
		2.3 Boundary Condition
		2.4 Simulation of Temperature Profile and Pressure Drop Using Ansys
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Temperature Difference Versus Nanoparticle Concentration for Al2O3-water Nanofluid
		3.2 Temperature Difference Versus Nanoparticle Concentration for TiO2-water Nanofluid
		3.3 Comparison of Temperature Difference Versus Nanoparticle Concentration Between Al2O3-water and TiO2-water Nanofluids
		3.4 Comparison of Pressure Drop Versus Nanoparticle Concentration Between Al2O3-water and TiO2-water Nanofluids
		3.5 Simulation Results of Al2O3-water Nanofluid Versus Findings from Existing Journals
		3.6 Simulation Results of TiO2-water Nanofluid Versus Findings from Existing Journals
	4 Conclusion
	References
Classification of Lubricants Base Oils for Nanolubricants Applications—A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Classification of Lubricants
		2.1 Mineral Oil
		2.2 Synthetic Oil
		2.3 Biological Lubricant
	3 Conclusion
	References
An Experimental Evaluation of Specific Heat of Mono and Hybrid Nanofluids
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology of the Experiment
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Preparation and Characterization of Cross-Linked Chitosan/Cellulose Bionanohybrids
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Synthesis of Chitosan Nanoparticles and Chitosan Crosslinked Cellulose Bionanohybrids
		2.3 Characterization
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
		3.2 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
		3.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
		3.4 X-Ray Powder Diffraction
		3.5 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
	4 Conclusions
	References
Effect of Catalyst in the Pyrolysis of Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Plastics
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
		2.1 Conceptual Framework
		2.2 Research Design
		2.3 Research Material and Equipment
		2.4 Experimental Set-Up
		2.5 Experimental Procedure
		2.6 Statistical Treatment of Data
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Thermal and Catalytic Pyrolysis Test Result
	4 Conclusion and Future Works
	References
Advanced Material
Optimization of WC-Tac-Co for Green Porosity via Metal Injection Moulding
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methodology for MIM Process
		2.1 Material Characterisation
		2.2 Green Part Preparation
		2.3 Design of Experiment
		2.4 Porosity
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
The Change of Solidification Parameters on Hypoeutectic Aluminum–Silicon Alloy Under Different Cooling Rates
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Procedure
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Brief Overview on the Utilization of High Strength Steel (HSS) for Automotive Structural Welding Applications
	1 High Strength Steels
	2 Application in Car Body Parts
	3 Boron Steel in Automotive
	4 Conclusion
	References
Evaluation of Tin Slag Polymer Concrete Column Compressive Behavior Using Finite Element Analysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Data
	3 Finite Element Modeling
		3.1 Part and Model
		3.2 Material Property
		3.3 Assembly and Step Definition
		3.4 Load and Boundary Condition
		3.5 Mesh and Job Setup
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Stress–Strain Comparison Between Numerical Model and Experimental
		4.2 Failure Mode Comparison Between Numerical Model and Experimental
	5 Conclusions
	References
Creep Life Prediction of P91 Steel Using Omega Method
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Framework
	3 Material and Experimental Setup
		3.1 Material
		3.2 Experimental Procedure
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Microstructure of P91
		4.2 Result of Creep
		4.3 Results Predicted by Omega Method
	5 Conclusions
	References
Effect of Cavity Thickness on Copper Alloy Corrosion Resistance
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
pH-Responsive Nanocapsules as Smart Coating for Corrosion Protection: A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Fundamentals of pH Responsive Micro/nano-Capsule
	3 Formulation of pH Responsive Micro/nano Capsule
	4 Evaluation of pH Responsive Micro/nano Capsule
	5 Conclusion
	References
Effect of Artificial Aging on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AJ62 Magnesium Alloys
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Microstructure Observation
		3.2 Mechanical Properties of AJ62 Alloys
	4 Conclusion
	References
Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of AlSi10Mg Additively Manufactured Material Using Direct Metal Laser Sintering Technique
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Microstructure of As-Built vs Heat Treated on AlSi10Mg
		3.2 Tensile Test
		3.3 Fatigue Test
	4 Conclusions
	References
Quenching Heat Transfer Characteristics of Copper Rod in Saturated and Various Subcooled Condition
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Experimental Setup
		2.2 Experimental Procedure
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
The Effect of Trawl Activities to Subsea Pipelines of East Coast Peninsular Malaysia: A Risk Analysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Trawl Gear Specification
		3.2 Calculation of Pull-Over Load and Pull-Over Force
		3.3 Frequency Index, Severity Index and Risk Matrix for Fishing Activities
	4 Conclusions
	References
Effect of Pullulan Amount on ZnO NPs Via Sol–Gel Technique
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methodology
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
		2.3 Characterizations
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Effect of Porosity and Permeability Characteristics on the Silver Catalyst of the Hydrogen Peroxide Monopropellant Thruster Performances
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Governing Equations
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Simulation Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Surface Roughness on the Throttling Characteristics for Multi-stage Pressure Reducing Valves
	1 Introduction
	2 Numerical Simulations
		2.1 Control Equations and Turbulence Models
		2.2 Surface Roughness Modeling
		2.3 Geometric Structures and Computational Models
		2.4 Boundary Conditions and Grid-Independence
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Influence of Temperature and pH Value in 3.5% NaCl Solution on Electrochemical Performance of 316L Stainless Steel
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Part
		2.1 Materials and Samples
		2.2 Electrochemical Measurements
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Potential Polarization Curve
		3.2 AC Impedance Curve
		3.3 Mott-Schottky Curve
		3.4 Corrosion Morphology Observation
	4 Conclusions
	References
The Influence of Coal Water Slurry Particle Size on the Erosion of Reducing Pipe
	1 Introduction
	2 Numerical Simulation Model
		2.1 Boundary Conditions
		2.2 Turbulence Model
		2.3 Discrete Phase Model
		2.4 Erosion Model
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Flow Field Velocity and Pressure Analysis
		3.2 Turbulence Intensity Analysis of Flow Field
		3.3 Analysis of Particle Mass Concentration and Movement Trajectory
		3.4 Analysis of the Influence of Different Particle Sizes on Erosion Wear Rate
	4 Conclusion
	References
Study on Nozzle Baffle in Shield Machine Remote Pressure Maintaining System
	1 Introduction
	2 Composition and Working Principle of Nozzle Baffle Mechanism
	3 Simulation Analysis of Nozzle Baffle Mechanism
		3.1 Nozzle Model
		3.2 Grid Independence Test
		3.3 Analysis of Flow Field Characteristics of Nozzle Baffle
	4 Influence of Nozzle Baffle Inclination on Back Pressure in Engineering Practice
	5 Analysis of Experimental Results and Establishment of Linear Regression Model
		5.1 Relationship Between Baffle Angle and Pressure in Back Pressure Chamber
		5.2 Relationship Between Nozzle Baffle Clearance, Baffle Inclination and Pressure in the Back Pressure Chamber
	6 Conclusions
	References
Geometry and Kinematics Analysis of Seven-Bar Three-Axis Fixed Compound Mechanism
	1 Preface
	2 Equivalent Model of Seven-Bar Compound Mechanism
	3 The Geometric Analysis of the Mechanism and the Jacobin Matrix
	4 Movement Space of the Seven-Bar Mechanism
	5 Kinetic Analysis
		5.1 A Establishment of Mathematical Model
		5.2 Simulation Result Analysis
	6 Application Scenarios of Institutions
	7 Conclusion
	References
Energy Management
Economic Analysis Comparison Between Payback Period and Net Present Value for Office Building Energy Consumption
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Reducing Lamps Number
		2.2 Changing the Lamps Specification
		2.3 Installing the Lamps Sensor Switch
		2.4 Controlling the Setting of Air Conditioner Temperature
		2.5 Applying the Sustainable Energy Management System
	3 Methodology
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Payback Period (PP)
		4.2 Net Present Value (NPV)
	5 Conclusions
	References
A Kinetic Mechanism Based on Lens Law Concept of Hybrid Generator
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology of Project
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Speed Test
	4 Conclusion
	References
Performance Testing of Pico Hydropower Turbine Prototype
	1 Introduction
	2 General Pico Hydropower Principles
	3 Pico Hydropower Design
		3.1 Pico Hydropower Concept Design
		3.2 Design Concept
		3.3 Pico Hydropower Turbine Prototype
		3.4 Assembled Pico Hydropower Turbine
		3.5 Performance Test
	4 Result and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Unsteady Free Convection with Volumetric-Radiation Using LBM
	1 Introduction
	2 Formulation
		2.1 Lattice Boltzmann Equation LBM for Velocity Fields and Density
		2.2 LBM for Thermal Field
		2.3 Boundary Conditions
		2.4 Computation of Radiative Information
	3 The CVFEM for RTE
	4 Results—Discussions
		4.1 Transient Free Convection
		4.2 Transient Natural Convection-Radiation
	5 Conclusions
	References
Numerical Study of Magneto-hydrodynamic Free Convection Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow
	1 Introduction
	2 LBM
	3 Mathematical Formulation
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Microwave Hybrid Heating as an Alternative Method for Soldering—A Brief Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Microwave Hybrid Heating as Joining Method
	3 Interfacial Reactions at Sn–Ag–Cu/Cu Joint
		3.1 Types of Intermetallic Compound
	4 Solder Joint Shear Strength
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
Effect of Opening Ratios with and Without Louvers in Cross Ventilation Using CFD
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Model Geometry and Simulation Cases
		2.2 Computational Domain
		2.3 Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) Condition
		2.4 Solver Settings
		2.5 Mesh Independence Analysis and Model Validation
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Dimensionless Velocity Ratio, U/Uref
		3.2 Pressure Coefficient (Cp)
		3.3 Dimensionless Flow Rate (DFR)
	4 Conclusion
	References
Applications of Graphene Nanomaterials in Energy Storage—A State-of-Art Short Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Application of Graphene Nanoparticles
		2.1 Graphene in High-Performance Fuel Cells
		2.2 Graphene in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
		2.3 Graphene in Batteries
		2.4 Graphene in Nuclear Power Plants
		2.5 Graphene in Thermoelectric
	3 Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Enhanced Smoke Wire Technique with Control Dripping Valve in a Small Scaled Quasi-atmospheric Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Set-up
		2.1 Quasi-atmospheric Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel
		2.2 Enhanced Smoke Wire Technique
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Experiment 1: Enhancement of SWT
		3.2 Experiment 2: Selection of Nichrome Wire and Nozzle Diameter
		3.3 Experiment 3: Flow Visualization Past Rigid Body
	4 Results and Discussions
	References
A Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer Characteristic of Twisted Tube in an Annular Heat Exchanger
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology and Experimental Setup
		2.1 Physical Models
		2.2 Mesh Generation
		2.3 Setup and Boundary Condition
		2.4 Numerical Validation
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Velocity
		3.2 Pressure Drop
		3.3 Heat Transfer Performance Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	Appendix
	References
Study on the Effects of Tube Arrangements to the Heat Transfer Performance of Evaporator Chiller System Based on Industrial Standards
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Initial Study
		2.2 Mathematical Approach
		2.3 Pre-processing
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Result
	4 Conclusion
	References
Effect of Air Filter Pressure on Fuel Consumption and Cost of Gas Turbine in Southern Power Generation, Malaysia
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Data Collection
		2.2 Fuel Consumption and Cost Analysis
		2.3 Fuel Cost Analysis
		2.4 Description of Equipment
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Relation Between the Air Filter House (AFH) Pressure Drop Value and Time
		3.2 Relation of the Fuel Consumption and Time
		3.3 Relation of Fuel Consumption and Air Filter House (AFH) Pressure Drop Value
	4 Conclusion
	References
Simulated Performance of an Improved District Cooling System (DCS) in Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia
	1 Introduction
	2 Simulation Method
		2.1 Overview of the DCS Case Study
		2.2 Existing and Proposed Feedback-Control Strategies
		2.3 Parameter Calculations
		2.4 DCS Modelling in Simulink
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Improved Cooling Efficiency
		3.2 Reduction in Over and Undersupply
		3.3 Energy Savings
		3.4 DCS Model Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Polyethylene Bubble Aluminium SB250-FR+ for Reduced Energy Consumption Building: An Experimental Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Work
		2.1 Thermal Insulation
		2.2 Measuring Equipment
	3 Result
		3.1 Temperature Distribution in the Guardhouse
		3.2 Cost Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
Improvements of the Cyclone Separator Performance for Wood Waste Combustion by an Aggregation Chamber
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Conceptual Framework
		2.2 Flue Gas Supply System
		2.3 Nozzle Design
		2.4 Sampling Train
		2.5 Experimental Method
		2.6 Sampling Method
		2.7 Characterization of Samples
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Analysis of Samples
		3.2 Analysis Without Mists
		3.3 Analysis with Mists
		3.4 Effect of Concurrent Flow Orientation
		3.5 Cyclone Separator Efficiency
	4 Conclusions and Future Works
	References
Soil Characteristic Study to Improve Heat Conductivity Capability in Ground Heat Exchanger
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Boiler Efficiency Analysis Using Direct and Indirect Method
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Direct Method
		2.2 Indirect Method
		2.3 Data Collection
		2.4 Boiler Setup
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 The Effect of Boiler Load on Boiler Efficiency Using Direct Methods
		3.2 The Effect of Boiler Load on Boiler Parameters for Indirect Methods
		3.3 The Effect of Boiler Load on Boiler Efficiency for Indirect Methods
		3.4 Comparison for Direct and Indirect Methods
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Review of Active Day Lighting System in Commercial Buildings with the Application of Optical Fiber
	1 Introduction
	2 Daylight
		2.1 Availability Daylight
		2.2 Effect of Day Light Over Human Health
	3 Daylight System
		3.1 Parameters of Daylight
		3.2 Daylight Factors of an Office Block
		3.3 Elements of Daylight System
	4 Optical Fiber in Daylight System
		4.1 Types of Optical Fiber in Daylight System
		4.2 Progress of Optical Fiber in Daylight System
		4.3 Some Noteworthy Contributions
		4.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Optical Fiber in Daylight System
	5 Conclusion
	References
Numerical Simulation and Flow Characteristic Analysis of Labyrinth Control Valve
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Model of Flow Calculation
		2.1 Physical Model
		2.2 Control Equations and Turbulence Models
		2.3 Calculation Model and Boundary Conditions
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Velocity Field Analysis
		3.2 Pressure Field Analysis
		3.3 Research on Flow Characteristics
	4 Conclusion
	References
Advanced Manufacturing
A Scrum-Based New Product Introduction (NPI) in Contract Manufacturing
	1 Introduction
	2 Scrum Methodology
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Organize Stage
		3.2 Plan Stage
		3.3 Do Stage
		3.4 Review Stage
	4 Case Study
		4.1 Organize Stage
		4.2 Plan Stage
		4.3 Do Stage
		4.4 Review Stage
	5 Conclusion
	References
End-Mill Carbide Tool Wear in Machining Metallic Biomaterial
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Manufacturing of Flat End-Mill Tool
		2.2 Evaluation of Cutting Tool Performance in Experimental Trials
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Tool Wear
		3.2 Tool Wear Mechanism
	4 Conclusion
	References
Defect Identification During Pulse Mode Laser Welding Process Through the Pattern Recognition Analysis of the Acquired Sound Frequency Spectrum
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Experimental and Data Acquisition Setup
		2.2 Experiment and Data Acquisition Setup
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Type of Defects Emerged from Pulse Mode Laser Welding Process
		3.2 Behaviour of the Acquired Sound Signal
		3.3 Defect Identification Through the Principal Component Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
Effect of Laser Micro-drilling Parameters on Hole Geometry and Hole Formation of Thin Sheet SS304
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup
		2.1 Material Preparation
		2.2 Experimental Procedure
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Effect of Laser Power on Hole Geometry
		3.2 Effect of Laser Power on Hole Geometry
	4 Conclusions
	References
A Simulation Study on Interfacial Reaction Between Sn3Ag0.5Cu and Sn0.7Cu Using Different Substrates After Reflow Soldering
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Investigation of Opening Position on Natural Cross Ventilation for an Isolated Building
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Model Geometry
		2.2 Computational Domain and Grid
		2.3 Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) Condition
		2.4 Solver Settings
		2.5 Grid Sensitivity Analysis
		2.6 Model Validation
		2.7 Simulation Cases
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Velocity and Pressure Coefficient
		3.2 Dimensionless U/Uref Velocity Profile
		3.3 Dimensionless Flow Rate (DFR)
	4 Conclusion
	References
Effect of Laser Frequency and Focal Length on Copper Surface Temperature During Laser Heating
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Surface Roughness Analysis of Five-Axis Flank Milling Strategies for Slanted Thin-Walled Pocketing: Aerospace Part
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 CAD Model Preparation
		2.2 CAM Program Preparation and Cutting Strategy
		2.3 CAM Program Preparation and Cutting Strategy
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Using X-Ray Computed Tomography for Effective Porosity Characterisation in Additively Manufactured Metallic Parts
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Effect of Sn-xCu Solder Alloy onto Intermetallic Formation After Laser Soldering
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Effect of IMC Thickness After Isothermal Aging
		3.2 Measurement of Spread Ratio, Spread Factor and Contact Angle: Wetting Behaviour
	4 Conclusion
	References
Effect of Particle Discretisation and Horizon Size on the Displacement and Damage Plot Using Bond-Based Peridynamics
	1 Introduction
	2 Bond-Based Peridynamics
	3 Adaptive Dynamic Relaxation
	4 Damage Criterion
	5 Numerical Simulations
	6 Results and Discussions
	7 Conclusions
	References
The Effect of Laser Power and Laser Scan Passes on Bending Angle of Stainless Steel AISI 304 Laser Bending
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Procedures
		2.1 Material and Sample Preparation
		2.2 Experimental Setup
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Short Review on Grain Refinement Techniques in Semisolid Metal Processing
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Semisolid Metal Processing
		1.2 Globular Microstructure
		1.3 Grain Refiner
	2 Types of Grain Refiner
		2.1 Boron
		2.2 Zirconium
		2.3 Calcium
		2.4 Carbon
		2.5 Scandium
	3 Analysis of Grain Refinement on Alloy
	4 Conclusion
	References
Review on Thermodynamic Properties of Plastic by Fused Deposition Modeling
	1 Introduction
	2 Analysis of 3D Printing Molding Problems
		2.1 Cracking of Molded Parts
		2.2 Consumables Drawing Problem
		2.3 Nozzle Clogged Problem
		2.4 Other Molding Issues
	3 Research Status of Thermodynamic Properties
		3.1 Research on Structural Design Method
		3.2 Research on Printing Process Parameters
	4 The Development Research and Trend of Thermodynamic Properties
		4.1 The Relationship Between Melt Viscosity and Temperature
		4.2 The Relationship Between Shape Shrinkage and Temperature
		4.3 The Relationship Between Fuse Friction and Feed Driving Force
	5 Conclusion and Prospect
	References
Research on Operation Data Mining of Pulse Dust Collector
	1 Introduction
	2 Collection of Dust Removal Data and Data Mining Scheme
		2.1 Pulse Bag Filter
		2.2 Collection of Dust Removal Data
		2.3 Data Mining Scheme
	3 Prediction Analysis of Pressure Difference Time Series
		3.1 Model Training
		3.2 Model Verification Experiment
	4 Finite Element Analysis of Dust Chamber Fault
	5 Fault Classifier
	6 Conclusion
	References
A Study on Tooling Design Procedure for Modeling a Vehicle Part and Its Mold Using CAD/CAM System
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Effect of Laser Surface Modification on SS316L Surface Roughness and Laser Heating Temperature
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup
		2.1 Material and Sample Preparation
		2.2 Laser Surface Modification (LSM)
		2.3 Surface Characterization
		2.4 Surface Characterization
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Effect of Laser Surface Modification Power on Surface Roughness
		3.2 Effect of Modified Surface Roughness by LSM on Laser Heating
	4 Conclusion
	References
Development of Cooling Necklace System Using Vortex Tube
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Effect of Geometrical Parameters to the Performance of Vortex Tube
	3 Experimental Set Up
		3.1 Experimental Procedure
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Indoor Results
		4.2 Outdoor Results
	5 Conclusions
	References